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Reitzinger S, Reiss M, Czypionka T. Costs attributable to hypercholesterolemia in a single period and over the life cycle. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2024:10.1007/s10198-024-01684-0. [PMID: 38517666 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-024-01684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease leading to reduced (healthy) life years. The aim of this study is to quantify the societal costs associated with hypercholesterolemia. We use epidemiologic data on the distribution of cholesterol levels as well as data on relative risks regarding ischemic heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. The analytical approach is based on the use of population-attributable fractions applied to direct medical, direct non-medical and indirect costs using data of Austria. Within a life-cycle analysis we sum up the costs of hypercholesterolemia for the population of 2019 and, thus, consider future morbidity and mortality effects on this population. Epidemiologic data suggest that approximately half of Austria's population have low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels above the target levels (i.e., are exposed to increased risk). We estimate that 8.2% of deaths are attributable to hypercholesterolemia. Total costs amount to about 0.33% of GDP in the single-period view. In the life-cycle perspective, total costs amount to €806.06 million, €312.1 million of which are medical costs, and about €494 million arise due to production loss associated with hypercholesterolemia. The study points out that significant shares of deaths, entries into disability pension and care allowance, full-time equivalents lost to the labor market as well as monetary costs for the health system and the society could be avoided if LDL-C-levels of the population were reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Reiss
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Josefstädter Str. 39, 1080, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Czypionka
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Josefstädter Str. 39, 1080, Vienna, Austria
- London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
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Glaus CEG, Kloeti A, Vokinger KN. Defining 'therapeutic value' of medicines: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e078134. [PMID: 38110384 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In recent years, discussions on the importance and scope of therapeutic value of new medicines have intensified, stimulated by the increase of prices and number of medicines entering the market. This study aims to perform a scoping review identifying factors contributing to the definition of the therapeutic value of medicines. DESIGN Scoping review. DATA SOURCES We searched the MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Business Source Premier, EconLit, Regional Business News, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scope and Pool databases through December 2020 in English, German, French, Italian and Spanish. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies that included determinants for the definition of therapeutic value of medicines were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data were extracted using the mentioned data sources. Two reviewers independently screened and analysed the articles. Data were analysed from April 2021 to May 2022. RESULTS Of the 1883 studies screened, 51 were selected and the identified factors contributing to the definition of therapeutic value of medicines were classified in three categories: patient perspective, public health perspective and socioeconomic perspective. More than three-quarters of the included studies were published after 2014, with the majority of the studies focusing on either cancer disorders (14 of 51, 27.5%) or rare diseases (11 of 51, 21.6%). Frequently mentioned determinants for value were quality of life, therapeutic alternatives and side effects (all patient perspective), prevalence/incidence and clinical endpoints (all public health perspective), and costs (socioeconomic perspective). CONCLUSIONS Multiple determinants have been developed to define the therapeutic value of medicines, most of them focusing on cancer disorders and rare diseases. Considering the relevance of value of medicines to guide patients and physicians in decision-making as well as policymakers in resource allocation decisions, a development of evidence-based factors for the definition of therapeutic value of medicines is needed across all therapeutic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille E G Glaus
- Academic Chair for Regulation in Law, Medicine, and Technology, Faculty of Law and Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrina Kloeti
- Academic Chair for Regulation in Law, Medicine, and Technology, Faculty of Law and Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin N Vokinger
- Academic Chair for Regulation in Law, Medicine, and Technology, Faculty of Law and Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ermini Leaf D, Tysinger B, Goldman DP, Lakdawalla DN. Predicting quantity and quality of life with the Future Elderly Model. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2021; 30 Suppl 1:52-79. [PMID: 33026140 PMCID: PMC8075077 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Future Elderly Model (FEM) is a microsimulation model designed to forecast health status, longevity, and a variety of economic outcomes. Compared to traditional actuarial models, microsimulation models provide greater opportunities for policy forecasting and richer detail, but they typically build upon smaller samples of data that may mitigate forecasting accuracy. We perform validation analyses of the FEM's mortality and quality of life forecasts using a version of the FEM estimated exclusively on early waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study. First, we compare FEM mortality and longevity projections to the actual mortality and longevity experience observed over the same period of time. We also compare the FEM results to actuarial forecasts of mortality and longevity during the same time. We find that FEM projections are generally in line with observed mortality rates and closely match longevity. Then, we assess the FEM's performance at predicting quality of life and longitudinal outcomes, two features missing from traditional actuarial models. Our analysis suggests the FEM performs at least as well as actuarial forecasts of mortality, while providing policy simulation features that are not available in actuarial models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Ermini Leaf
- University of Southern California, Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bryan Tysinger
- University of Southern California, Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dana P Goldman
- University of Southern California, Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Darius N Lakdawalla
- University of Southern California, Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Bagepally BS, Sasidharan A. Incremental net benefit of lipid-lowering therapy with PCSK9 inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cost-utility studies. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 78:351-363. [PMID: 34708270 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-021-03242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) are monoclonal antibodies that lower lipid levels. Although several cardiovascular outcome trials reported the effectiveness of PCSK9i, the evidence on cost-effectiveness is mixed. We systematically reviewed the evidence and synthesized incremental net benefit (INB) to quantify pooled cost-effectiveness. METHODS We systematically searched for full economic evaluation studies reporting outcomes of PCSK9i compared with other lipid-lowering pharmacotherapies. We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Tufts Registry for eligible studies up to August 2021, adhering to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. We pooled INB in US$ with a 95% confidence interval using a random-effects model. We assessed heterogeneity using the Cochran Q test and I2 statistics. We used the modified economic evaluations bias (ECOBIAS) checklist to evaluate the quality of selected studies. RESULTS Twenty-three studies were eligible, mainly from high-income countries (HIC). The pooled INB (INBp) of PCSK9i versus other lipid-lowering pharmacotherapies were estimated from n = 24 comparisons, with high heterogeneity (I2 = 99.99). The INBp (95% CI) was $ - 78,207 (- 120,422; - 35,993) or € - 52,526 (- 80,879; - 24,174) (conversion factor 1 US$ = 0.67€) which shows that PCSK9i was not significantly cost-effective when compared to other standard therapies. On subgroup analysis PCSK9i was significantly not cost-effective [$ - 23,672 (- 24,061; - 23,282)] compared to other lipid-lowering pharmacotherapies in HICs, upper-middle-income countries [$ - 158,412 (- 241,738; - 75,086)] or when the target population was CVD [$ - 109,343 (- 158,968; - 59,717)]; and for treatment subgroup: against placebo or no treatment [$ - 79,018 (- 79,649; - 78,388 PCSK9)] and standard statin therapies [$ - 131,833 (- 173,449; - 90,216)]. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the findings are not robust for HICs and the treatment subgroups. CONCLUSION PCSK9 inhibitors are not cost-effective compared to other lipid-lowering pharmacotherapies in HICs. Further, current pieces of evidence are predominantly from HICs with largely lacking evidence from other economies. PROSPERO REGISTRATION ID CRD42020206043.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani Shankara Bagepally
- Health Technology Assessment Resource Centre, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, R-127, Tamil Nadu Housing Board, Phase I and II, Ayapakkam, Chennai, 600077, India.
| | - Akhil Sasidharan
- Health Technology Assessment Resource Centre, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, R-127, Tamil Nadu Housing Board, Phase I and II, Ayapakkam, Chennai, 600077, India
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Mickiewicz A, Futema M, Ćwiklinska A, Kuchta A, Jankowski M, Kaszubowski M, Chmara M, Wasąg B, Fijałkowski M, Jaguszewski M, Humphries SE, Gruchała M. Higher Responsiveness to Rosuvastatin in Polygenic versus Monogenic Hypercholesterolaemia: A Propensity Score Analysis. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E73. [PMID: 32443900 PMCID: PMC7281142 DOI: 10.3390/life10050073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The monogenic defect in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is detected in ∼40% of cases. The majority of mutation-negative patients have a polygenic cause of high LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). We sought to investigate whether the underlying monogenic or polygenic defect is associated with the response to rosuvastatin. METHODS FH Individuals were tested for mutations in LDLR and APOB genes. A previously established LDL-C-specific polygenic risk score (PRS) was used to examine the possibility of polygenic hypercholesterolemia in mutation-negative patients. All of the patients received rosuvastatin and they were followed for 8 ± 2 months. A propensity score analysis was performed to evaluate the variables associated with the response to treatment. RESULTS Monogenic subjects had higher mean (±SD) baseline LDL-C when compared to polygenic (7.6 ± 1.5 mmol/L vs. 6.2 ± 1.2 mmol/L; p < 0.001). Adjusted model showed a lower percentage of change in LDL-C after rosuvastatin treatment in monogenic patients vs. polygenic subjects (45.9% vs. 55.4%, p < 0.001). The probability of achieving LDL-C targets in monogenic FH was lower than in polygenic subjects (0.075 vs. 0.245, p = 0.004). Polygenic patients were more likely to achieve LDL-C goals, as compared to those monogenic (OR 3.28; 95% CI: 1.23-8.72). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate an essentially higher responsiveness to rosuvastatin in FH patients with a polygenic cause, as compared to those carrying monogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Mickiewicz
- Department of Cardiology I, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.F.); (M.J.); (M.G.)
| | - Marta Futema
- Centre for Heart Muscle Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Agnieszka Ćwiklinska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.Ć.); (A.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Agnieszka Kuchta
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.Ć.); (A.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Maciej Jankowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.Ć.); (A.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Mariusz Kaszubowski
- Institute of Statistics, Department of Economic Sciences, Faculty of Management and Economics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Chmara
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Bartosz Wasąg
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Marcin Fijałkowski
- Department of Cardiology I, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.F.); (M.J.); (M.G.)
| | - Miłosz Jaguszewski
- Department of Cardiology I, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.F.); (M.J.); (M.G.)
| | - Steve E. Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, the Rayne Building University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK;
| | - Marcin Gruchała
- Department of Cardiology I, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.F.); (M.J.); (M.G.)
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Chandra Ghosh G, Bandyopadhyay D, Ghosh RK, Mondal S, Herzog E. Effectiveness and Safety of Inclisiran, A Novel Long-Acting RNA Therapeutic Inhibitor of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9. Am J Cardiol 2018; 122:1272-1277. [PMID: 30075894 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) has a causal association with coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Statins have been found to reduce LDL-C, and many randomized trials have documented the significant role of statins in prevention and treatment of ACS. Treatment with statin therapy is associated with few shortcomings. A healthy percentage of patients initiated on statin, discontinue it within a year of initiation predominantly because of its daily dosing schedule. There is considerable variability in treatment response to statins and in some percentage of patients with high risk for ACS, satins are not enough to help reach the LDL-C goal necessitating the development of alternate LDL-C lowering therapies. Inclisiran a small interfering ribonucleic acid molecule inhibitor is helpful in sustained reduction of LDL-C. A single dose can decrease LDL-C for around 6 months, showed promising results in the phase II trials. In conclusion, here we reviewed the possibilities of Inclisiran as LDL-C reducing therapy and compared with currently available newer nonstatin LDL-C lowering therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhrubajyoti Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai St Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.
| | - Raktim K Ghosh
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Metrohealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Samhati Mondal
- Dept of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore
| | - Eyal Herzog
- Cardiac Care Unit, Echocardiography Laboratories, Mount Sinai St Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
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