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SO J, CHUNG J, JE M, KANG K, CHOI J, YOON J. Development and feasibility of new cardiac measurement method using vertebral heart area ratio in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:28-34. [PMID: 38008443 PMCID: PMC10849852 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebral heart scale (VHS) is the most common method used for the objective evaluation of heart size, however, VHS cannot evaluate the entire heart area. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the development and feasibility of vertebral heart area ratio (VHAR=heart area/the fourth thoracic vertebra [T4] body area) as a new cardiac measurement method. A total of 125 dogs considered without clinical heart abnormalities in the pre-anesthetic examination, measurements of the VHS and VHAR using thoracic radiography were compared with computed tomography measurements of the vertebral cardiac volume ratio (VCVR=cardiac volume/T4 body volume) and investigate whether the VHAR values differed between observers. The mean cardiac and T4 body volumes were 116.99 ± 108.07 cm3 and 0.92 ± 0.91 cm3, respectively. The mean values of observers 1 and 2 were 9.9 ± 0.7 v (VHS), 42.64 ± 27.94 cm2 (heart area), and 1.37 ± 0.96 cm2 (T4 body area). Intraclass coefficients were the highest for the heart area, followed by the T4 body area and VHS. The VHAR showed a moderate correlation with VHS in observers 1 (r=0.671) and 2 (r=0.633). The VCVR showed a more positive correlation with VHAR (r=0.573) than with VHS (r=0.426). These results indicated that VHAR could be used as a complement to VHS for heart size measurement, and the high degree of observer agreement for the measurements indicated the measurement reproducibility of VHAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaebeom SO
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon CHUNG
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Miseong JE
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuyong KANG
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye CHOI
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghee YOON
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Marbella Fernández D, García V, Santana AJ, Montoya-Alonso JA. The Thoracic Inlet Length as a Reference Point to Radiographically Assess Cardiac Enlargement in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2666. [PMID: 37627458 PMCID: PMC10451611 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic value of the vertebral heart size (VHS) in dogs with mitral valve degeneration (MVD) is compromised when middle thoracic vertebral anomalies are present. The objective of this study was to assess the use of the thoracic inlet heart score (TIHS) to identify left heart enlargement (LHE) secondary to MVD. The cardiac silhouette of 50 clinically healthy dogs and 106 MVD dogs in different stages was assessed on a right lateral chest radiograph. The TIHS and VHS value were calculated for each patient and compared. The TIHS was significantly different between the control dogs and the dogs with MMVD, increasing with disease stage, control 2.91 ± 0.23, Stage B1 2.98 ± 0.36, B2 3.25 ± 0.34, and C 3.53 ± 0.36, p < 0.05. A THIS ≥3.3 showed 69% sensitivity and 81% specificity to identify LHE. The TIHS showed moderate correlation with the VHS, LA/Ao, and LVIDDN 0.59, 0.42, and 0.62, respectively. The intraobserver and interobserver agreement were almost perfect, 0.96, and substantial, 0.73. The TIHS method can be used to identify LHE secondary to MMVD on dogs' thoracic radiographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marbella Fernández
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- CEU Small Animal Hospital, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - José Alberto Montoya-Alonso
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
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Tangpakornsak T, Saisawart P, Sutthigran S, Jaturunratsamee K, Tachampa K, Thanaboonnipat C, Choisunirachon N. Thoracic Vertebral Length-to-Height Ratio, a Promising Parameter to Predict the Vertebral Heart Score in Normal Welsh Corgi Pembroke Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020168. [PMID: 36851471 PMCID: PMC9965458 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebral heart score (VHS) is the sum of the ratio of the cardiac dimensions to the number of thoracic vertebrae, starting from the fourth thoracic vertebra (T4) to the intervertebral disk space (IVS). Breed-specific VHSs, in most cases, were different from the original reference value. Characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae and IVS may influence this variation. This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of the T4 and IVS on the thoracic radiographs of Corgis in comparison with other small-to-medium breed dogs to evaluate the Corgi-specific VHSs in healthy dogs. The ratio of the T4's length/height (T4L/H) was significantly different among dog breeds but not the IVS between the T4 and T5. The T4L/H was highest in the Shih Tzu and lowest in Beagle dogs. The Corgi-specific VHS obtained from the ventrodorsal radiograph was significantly higher than that from the dorsoventral radiograph, but a significant difference was not observed between the right and left lateral radiographs. In contrast, the Corgi-specific VHS derived from the right lateral thoracic radiograph was significantly lower than the reference value. This may be correlated with the characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae of Corgis, which were slightly higher than those of the other breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theethad Tangpakornsak
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Phasamon Saisawart
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Somchin Sutthigran
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kotchapol Jaturunratsamee
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kittipong Tachampa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chutimon Thanaboonnipat
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nan Choisunirachon
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-8218-8639
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The Thoracic Inlet Heart Size, a New Approach to Radiographic Cardiac Measurement. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030389. [PMID: 36766278 PMCID: PMC9913153 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1995, the Vertebral Heart Size (VHS) method for measuring the cardiac silhouette on thoracic radiographs was published, becoming a quantifiable and objective reference way of assessing the heart size. Since then, many studies have showed that VHS is influenced by breed variations, vertebral malformations, reference points selection, and short and long axes dimensions conversion into vertebral units. The Thoracic Inlet Heart Size (TIHS) normalizes heart size to body size using the thoracic inlet length. The lengths of the long and short axes of the heart of 144 clinically normal dogs were measured on right lateral thoracic radiographs. The sum of both measures was indexed to the thoracic inlet length. For comparison, dogs of the most represented breeds in our hospital were selected to measure their heart size using the TIHS protocol. The mean TIHS value for the population studied was 2.86 ± 0.27, and 90% of dogs had a TIHS value of less than 3.25. There was no difference in TIHS between male and female, and between small and large dogs (p-value < 0.01). There was no difference in the TIHS value between Yorkshire Terrier, Chihuahua, and Labrador retriever breeds, and between each of those three breeds and the general population. The TIHS is a simple, straightforward and accurate way to measure heart size.
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Methods of Radiographic Measurements of Heart and Left Atrial Size in Dogs with and without Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease: Intra- and Interobserver Agreement and Practicability of Different Methods. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192531. [PMID: 36230272 PMCID: PMC9559670 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs suffering from Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease (MMVD) show a potential heart enlargement, especially in the left atrium, detectable by radiography. Due to digital radiography, different radiographic measurements estimate cardiac size quite uncomplicatedly. The Vertebral Heart Size (VHS), Radiographic Left Atrial Dimension (RLAD), Left Atrial Width (LAWidth), and the Vertebral Left Atrial Size (VLAS) used anatomical landmarks for measuring cardiac size in relation to the vertebral column. This study aimed to compare VHS, RLAD, LAWidth, and VLAS measured in conventional and inverted radiographs by veterinarians with different levels of experience in healthy dogs and dogs with MMVD. The reliability and user-friendliness of these measurements were evaluated, and the staging was compared to the echocardiography staging. A total of 50 unaffected dogs and 150 dogs with MMVD in stages B1, B2, and C were assessed. Three veterinarians with different levels of experience examined 200 conventional radiographs and their corresponding inverted radiographs blinded to the echocardiographic and clinical examination results. Analyses were performed to compare the measurements’ grading and determine anatomical landmarks with measurement difficulties. Additionally, inter- and intraobserver agreement was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient, and the agreement between radiographic and echocardiographic staging was compared using the kappa coefficient. The VHS, LAWidth, and VLAS were easier to define than the RLAD. The interobserver agreement was almost perfect for VHS (0.962) and good for the other radiographic measurements (RLAD: 0.778, LAWidth: 0.772, VLAS: 0.858). The VHS assigned the most dogs to the correct stage. However, VHS, RLAD, LAWidth, and VLAS presented an almost perfect intraobserver agreement. The dorsal left atrial margin of the RLAD was the most difficult measurement point to identify. The VHS is the most reproducible radiographic method for measuring the canine heart size and shows the highest agreement with echocardiography. An observer-related influence could be detected for RLAD, LAWidth, and VLAS.
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Vertebral Heart Scale for the Brittany Spaniel: Breed-Specific Range and Its Correlation with Heart Disease Assessed by Clinical and Echocardiographic Findings. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120300. [PMID: 34941827 PMCID: PMC8708192 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebral heart scale (VHS) was proposed by Buchanan and Bucheler as an objective method for estimating heart size in dogs. However, several studies have reported significant variation between breeds. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the VHS and to suggest a useful upper limit for normal heart size in Brittany Spaniels. The VHS was measured using a right lateral view in twenty-eight normal dogs and fifteen dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. The mean ± SD (standard deviation) VHS was 10.6 ± 0.2 vertebrae (v) in the normal dogs, which differs significantly from the mean VHS of 9.7 ± 0.5 v in Buchanan’s original study with dogs of various breeds. The VHS in the dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease was 11.9 ± 1.1 v. With a threshold value of 11.1 vertebrae, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for diagnosing a cardiomegaly are 90%, 72%, 53% and 96%, respectively.
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Brown CS, Johnson LR, Visser LC, Chan JC, Pollard RE. Comparison of fluoroscopic cardiovascular measurements from healthy dogs obtained at end-diastole and end-systole. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 29:1-10. [PMID: 32348932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quantitative measurements are commonly implemented to objectively evaluate heart size in dogs. However, recent studies suggest that the phase of cardiac cycle can impact vertebral heart score, thereby potentially influencing clinical management. This study used fluoroscopy to assess the impact of the cardiac cycle on quantitative cardiovascular measurements in healthy dogs of various breeds. ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS This was a prospective study. Multiple cardiac and respiratory cycles were recorded fluoroscopically. Peak inspiratory end-systole and end-diastole frames were captured from 49 dogs in right lateral recumbency. Vertebral heart score (VHS), cardiothoracic ratio (CTR), vertebral left atrial size (VLAS), and caudal vena cava diameter ratio (CVCDR) measurements were performed. Mean cardiac measurements were compared between cardiac cycle phases, and the impact of body condition score (BCS), weight, thoracic conformation, sex, and age was evaluated. RESULTS Cardiac cycle had a significant impact on VHS (mean difference: 0.36 ± 0.14 vertebral units between systole and diastole; p < 0.001) and CTR (mean difference: 2.2 ± 1.2% between systole and diastole; p < 0.001). Cardiac cycle had no significant impact on VLAS or CVCDR. Increasing BCS significantly increased variation between systole and diastole in CTR measurements (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS The cardiac cycle has a significant effect on VHS and CTR but does not impact VLAS or CVCDR. These findings should be taken into consideration during clinical use of these measurements, especially if a patient is being monitored for cardiac changes over time via serial radiographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Brown
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - L R Johnson
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - L C Visser
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J C Chan
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - R E Pollard
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Hassan MH, Hassan EA, Torad FA. Influence of phase of respiration on thoracic conformation at multiple vertebral levels in German shepherd dog. Anat Sci Int 2019; 94:280-284. [PMID: 30911902 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-019-00485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to objectively assess the influence of phase of respiration on thoracic conformation at different vertebral levels. An observational prospective study was done on 30 German shepherd dogs. Thoracic radiographs were obtained at peak inspiration and expiration; thoracic depth and width were measured at each vertebral level. The change in thoracic dimensions, and the frontosagittal and vertebral indices were calculated at each level. The level of the 10th thoracic segment was the deepest and widest level of the thorax. At the first three thoracic segments, the percentage change of thoracic depth ranged from 3.2 ± 3.0 to 5.1 ± 3.9 % and 4.2 ± 2.8 to 6.6 ± 4.9 % for thoracic width. At the 4th-9th thoracic segments, this change increased to 13.3 ± 5.0 to 19.3 ± 3.8 % in thoracic depth and 13.9 ± 6.2 to 18.8 ± 8.2 % in thoracic width. The percentage change in thoracic width was significantly greater than thoracic depth at the level of the 6th and 7th thoracic segments (P = 0.027, 0.019). Phase of respiration had an influence on thoracic conformation objectively evaluated at multiple vertebral levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa H Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, Cairo, 12211, Egypt
| | - Elham A Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, Cairo, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Faisal A Torad
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, Cairo, 12211, Egypt
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Hassan EA, Hassan MH, Torad FA. Correlation between clinical severity and type and degree of pectus excavatum in twelve brachycephalic dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:766-771. [PMID: 29593167 PMCID: PMC5989020 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to correlate the clinical severity of pectus excavatum with its type and degree based on objective radiographic evaluation. Twelve brachycephalic dogs were
included. Grading of the clinical severity was done based on a 6-point grading score. Thoracic radiographs were used to calculate the frontosagittal and vertebral indices at the tenth
thoracic vertebra and the vertebra overlying the excavatum. Correlation between the clinical severity score and frontosagittal and vertebral indices was evaluated using Pearson’s correlation
coefficient. Typical pectus excavatum was recorded in the caudal sternum in seven dogs, with a mean clinical severity score of 1.7 ± 1.4, whereas in five dogs, atypical mid-sternal deviation
was recorded with a mean clinical severity score of 3.8 ± 0.7. A strong correlation (r=0.7) was recorded between the clinical severity score and vertebral index in the
atypical form, whereas a weak correlation (r=0.02) was recorded in the typical form (P<0.05). The clinical severity and degree of pectus excavatum was
poorly correlated (r=0.3) in the typical form of pectus excavatum, whereas it was strongly correlated (r=0.9) in the atypical form. Pectus excavatum in dogs
is associated with compressive cardiopulmonary dysfunction, which depends mainly on the site/type of deviation rather than the degree of deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham A Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square P.O. 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa H Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square P.O. 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Faisal A Torad
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square P.O. 12211, Giza, Egypt
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Mostafa AA, Berry CR. Radiographic assessment of the cardiac silhouette in clinically normal large- and small-breed dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:168-177. [PMID: 28140637 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.2.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine manubrium heart scores (MHSs) from measurements of cardiac short-axis length (cSAL) and long-axis length (cLAL) relative to the corresponding manubrium length (ML) on thoracic radiographic views of dogs and assess correlation of MHSs with vertebral heart scores (VHSs). ANIMALS 120 clinically normal large-breed dogs (LBDs) and small-breed dogs (SBDs). PROCEDURES On right lateral views (RLVs) and ventrodorsal views (VDVs) for each dog, cSAL and cLAL were measured and expressed as a ratio; the cSAL:ML ratio (short-MHS), cLAL:ML ratio (long-MHS), and cSAL-and-cLAL:ML ratio (overall-MHS) were also calculated. The VHS was determined from the RLV. Correlation of VHS with MHS was assessed. RESULTS On RLVs and VDVs, mean cSAL:cLAL ratios were 0.77 (SD, 0.05) and 0.72 (SD, 0.05), respectively, in 60 LBDs and 0.81 (SD, 0.06) and 0.78 (SD, 0.06), respectively, in 60 SBDs. In LBDs, mean short-MHS, long-MHS, and overall-MHS were 2.1 (SD, 0.22), 2.7 (SD, 0.24), and 4.8 (SD, 0.5), respectively, on RLVs and 2.3 (SD, 0.26), 3.2 (SD, 0.34), and 5.4 (SD, 0.6), respectively, on VDVs. In SBDs, mean short-MHS, long-MHS, and overall-MHS were 2.4 (SD, 0.39), 2.9 (SD, 0.50), and 5.3 (SD, 0.83), respectively, on RLVs and 2.5 (SD, 0.44), 3.2 (SD, 0.51), and 5.8 (SD, 0.92), respectively, on VDVs. Mean VHSs were 10.73 (SD, 0.52) and 10.27 (SD, 0.81) in LBDs and SBDs, respectively. A significant correlation was identified between VHS and each MHS in LBDs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In the dogs evaluated, radiographic cardiac dimensions and MHSs were correlated. Validity of the MHS for cardiac dimension assessment in other healthy dogs and dogs with cardiac disease warrants investigation.
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Hassan EA, Torad FA, Shamaa AA. Pneumopericardium Secondary to Pneumomediastinum in a Golden Retriever Dog. Top Companion Anim Med 2015; 30:62-4. [PMID: 26359726 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pneumopericardium is a rare finding that has been previously reported following spontaneous, traumatic, or iatrogenic causes. A 3-year old Golden Retriever dog was admitted with respiratory distress after falling from a height. Clinical and electrocardiographic findings were nonspecific. Thoracic radiography revealed hyperinflated lung with sharp outlining of the mediastinal structures. A well-demarcated region of radiolucent gas opacity was seen surrounding the cardiac silhouette. Echocardiography revealed intense hyper-reflective shadows all over the heart. Echocardiographic measurements were within the reference range. The dog responded well to conservative medical therapy. Pneumopericardium was reported secondary to pneumomediastinum; pneumopericardium is self-limiting unless other complications develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham A Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Faisal A Torad
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A Shamaa
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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