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Aoki T, Terakado T, Jingya Y, Iwasaki K, Shimoda H, Fukamachi N, Miyamoto T. Surgical Correction of Infundibular Muscular Ventricular Septal Defect in a Cat: A Case Report. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1736. [PMID: 38929355 PMCID: PMC11201194 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) can lead to congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension, particularly in patients with large shunts. However, no surgical treatment for feline VSD has been reported. Here, we elucidated the first surgical correction of an infundibular muscular VSD in a one-year-old Ragdoll cat, atypically located and classified under the Soto classification rather than the standard Kirklin classification, through cardiac arrest using cardiopulmonary bypass-a method rarely used in feline cardiac surgery. Detailed echocardiography revealed that the defect required intervention owing to left heart and main pulmonary artery enlargement. Despite the VSD being located on the contralateral side, as anticipated in the preoperative examinations, the choice of median sternotomy allowed for the successful closure of the defect. Conversely, the insertion of two cannulas into the ascending aorta resulted in damage to the adjacent thoracic duct, causing transient chylothorax, which was resolved with conservative treatment. Cardiac arrest induced by a cardioplegic solution facilitated the surgical procedure, although it leads to anemia in cats. However, on postoperative day 490, the patient exhibited only minor residual shunting, with normalized heart size, and remained healthy. This technique appears to be a viable treatment option for congenital heart disease in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Aoki
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.J.); (K.I.)
- Azabu University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Azabu University, Sagamihara City 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Terakado
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.J.); (K.I.)
| | - Yao Jingya
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.J.); (K.I.)
- Azabu University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Azabu University, Sagamihara City 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.J.); (K.I.)
| | - Hayato Shimoda
- Gunma Children’s Medical Center, Shibukawa City 377-8577, Gunma, Japan; (H.S.); (N.F.)
| | - Naoyuki Fukamachi
- Gunma Children’s Medical Center, Shibukawa City 377-8577, Gunma, Japan; (H.S.); (N.F.)
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Masche A, Breit P, Höpfner R, Schmerbach K. [Diagnosis and treatment of feline persistent ductus arteriosus: a retrospective evaluation of 17 cats]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2024; 52:88-97. [PMID: 38701804 DOI: 10.1055/a-2290-2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the signalement, clinical features, and echocardiographic findings of cats diagnosed with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) as well as short- and medium-term outcome after successful ligation of the PDA. MATERIAL AND METHODS Over a 10-year period 17 cats were diagnosed with PDA by transthoracic echocardiography. Thirteen cats were surgically treated by thoracotomy and ligation of the PDA. RESULTS In all cats, a heart murmur was detected. In 88.2% of the cases, this presented as grade 4 out of 6 murmur (15/17 cats). A continuous murmur was more common (10/17 cats; 58.9%) than a systolic murmur (7/17 cats; 41.1%). Echocardiography showed that left ventricular internal diameter end diastole (LVIDd) and left ventricular internal diameter end systole (LVIDs) were significantly above reference values in the majority of cats. Mean diameter of the PDA measured at the widest point of the vessel was 3.4 mm (± 1.08 mm) and mean maximum flow velocity amounted to 5,06 m/sec (2,6m/sec-6,4m/sec). Surgery was successfully performed in all cats treated by surgical ligation and all of these patients were discharged after postoperative inpatient therapy. One cat experienced perioperative bleeding from the PDA, which was stopped efficaciously. This cat exhibited a residual shunt directly postoperatively; this could no longer be visualized in a re-check echocardiography 3 months later. Six cats were followed over a longer period of time. CONCLUSIONS The surgical prognosis in this case study is very good with a postoperative survival rate of 100%. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Surgical treatment of PDA is curative in animals not displaying advanced cardiac lesions. The auscultation of a heart murmur can provide initial findings indicative of PDA. Therefore, cardiac auscultation is warranted at every first presentation of a kitten. It must however be taken into consideration that not every cat with PDA necessarily has a continuous murmur but may display a systolic heart murmur. Therefore, it is important give utmost attention to the patients' clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Masche
- Kleintierspezialisten, Dres. Schmerbach & Höpfner GmbH, Berlin
| | - Peter Breit
- Kleintierspezialisten, Dres. Schmerbach & Höpfner GmbH, Berlin
| | - Robert Höpfner
- Kleintierspezialisten, Dres. Schmerbach & Höpfner GmbH, Berlin
| | - Kay Schmerbach
- Kleintierspezialisten, Dres. Schmerbach & Höpfner GmbH, Berlin
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Mackus L, Masche A, Höpfner R, Schmerbach K. [Esophageal stenosis as a result of a right aortic arch in 2 cats]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2024; 52:117-124. [PMID: 38701807 DOI: 10.1055/a-2289-1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
A 3-month-old and a 4-year-old cat were presented in the clinic due to regurgitation. The kitten had displayed the symptoms since it had been fed solid foods and was smaller than the litter mates. The 4-year-old cat showed sudden-onset symptoms for 5 days prior to presentation and had a good general condition. Positive contrast thoracic radiographs of both cats in lateral recumbency showed an esophageal dilatation cranial to the heart base and raised a suspicion of foreign material with soft tissue density in this area. In the 4-year-old cat, findings of ventrodorsal thoracic radiographs were compatible with a dextroposition of the aorta and a slightly marked focal left curve of the trachea. The echocardiographic examination of the kitten pictured a right sided aorta, hence a vascular ring anomaly with a dextroposition from the aorta was suspected. Aberrant blood flow as it is seen in a persistent ductus arteriosus was not apparent in the echocardiography. As a result of the sudden development of the clinical signs in the older cat without displaying any former history of regurgitation, an esophagoscopy was performed to exclude an intraluminal esophageal cause for the stricture as well as to extract the foreign material. In this cat, computed tomography imaging also displayed an aberrant left subclavian artery. Both cats recovered well after surgical correction.The diagnosis of a ring anomaly in the kitten via echocardiography is a rare situation. As is the diagnosis of a high-grade esophageal stricture due to a vascular ring anomaly at the age of 4 without a former history of regurgitation.Recovery was excellent in the younger cat. There were no signs of regurgitation 6 months after surgery. The adult cat was in good general condition without clinical symptoms according to the owners when presented for stitch removal. Unfortunately, the adult cat was lost to follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Mackus
- Kleintierspezialisten, Dres. Schmerbach & Höpfner GmbH, Berlin
| | - Anja Masche
- Kleintierspezialisten, Dres. Schmerbach & Höpfner GmbH, Berlin
| | - Robert Höpfner
- Kleintierspezialisten, Dres. Schmerbach & Höpfner GmbH, Berlin
| | - Kay Schmerbach
- Kleintierspezialisten, Dres. Schmerbach & Höpfner GmbH, Berlin
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Alessandro F, Andrea M, Fabrizio D, Laura M, Enrico MG, Matteo C. Supravalvular mitral stenosis in a cat: clinical, diagnostic and pathologic findings. J Ultrasound 2023; 26:65-70. [PMID: 35809203 PMCID: PMC10063711 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-022-00702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present case report describes a rare case of a cardiac abnormality diagnosed as Supravalvular Mitral Stenosis in an asymptomatic cat. An 11-years old cat was presented for orthopedic evaluation, and during general clinical examination a heart rate of 180 bpm and left diastolic cardiac murmur grade III-IV/VI, between the mitral and aortic foci, were found. Radiographic, echocardiographic, angiocardiographic and post-mortem (the patient died during anesthesia performed to diagnose the orthopedic condition) magnetic resonance and pathologic findings are reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruganti Alessandro
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC Italy
| | - Marchegiani Andrea
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC Italy
| | - Dini Fabrizio
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC Italy
| | | | - Magi Gian Enrico
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC Italy
| | - Cerquetella Matteo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC Italy
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Cham TC, Desprez I, Gupta A, Aburto E. Right atrioventricular valve dysplasia in a meerkat. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:1032-1034. [PMID: 36184940 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221128208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7-y-old, captive, intact female meerkat (Suricata suricatta) was presented with lethargy, decreased appetite, dyspnea, and distended abdomen. At autopsy, the right atrium was markedly dilated, and the right atrioventricular valve (RAV) was dysplastic with shortened or absent chordae tendineae and direct attachment of the valve to the papillary muscles, which, in turn, were fused and abnormally positioned. The right ventricle was considered to be hypertrophied. Also present were hydrothorax, ascites, atelectasis, and hepatic congestion. A diagnosis of RAV dysplasia was made. Histologic findings included hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes and marked centrilobular hepatic congestion and hemorrhage, which were consistent with right-sided heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat-Chuan Cham
- Departments of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Isabelle Desprez
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Enrique Aburto
- Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Chrai GE, Lawson PB, Köster LS. Pulmonary artery stenosis versus supravalvular pulmonic stenosis: Correctly describing a congenital stenosis of the pulmonic outflow tract in a domestic cat. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gurcharan Emily Chrai
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Knoxville Tennessee USA
- Colorado Animal Specialty and Emergency Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. Brent Lawson
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Knoxville Tennessee USA
- Veterinary Cardiopulmonary Care Center Pompano Beach Florida USA
| | - Liza S. Köster
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Knoxville Tennessee USA
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Saunders AB. Key considerations in the approach to congenital heart disease in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:613-623. [PMID: 34180062 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease is an important subset of all cardiovascular disease in dogs and cats that is present at birth and most often detected in young animals but can be diagnosed in adulthood. The range of abnormalities that can occur during development of the heart is vast incorporating simple and complex defects, varying degrees of severity and clinical presentations that include heart failure and cyanosis. While some defects do not result in morbidity in an individual animal, others cause severe clinical signs and death at a young age. Advances in imaging and expanding treatment options offer increasingly more possibilities in the diagnosis and management of congenital heart disease which is the focus of this review. The objective is to provide a broad overview of current practice and highlight key aspects to guide practitioners in their approach to congenital heart disease diagnosis and knowledge of available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Balloon valvuloplasty of valvular pulmonary stenosis in a neonatal foal. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 36:48-54. [PMID: 34077876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In a 1-day old filly with a loud heart murmur, transthoracic echocardiography revealed right ventricular hypertrophy associated with severe pulmonary valvular stenosis and a transvalvular pressure gradient (between right ventricle and pulmonary artery) of 125 mmHg. Computed tomographic angiography confirmed the finding, with no evidence of other relevant concurrent abnormalities. Balloon valvuloplasty was performed using a single balloon technique. The foal recovered well from anaesthesia. Following the procedure, the right ventricle-pulmonary artery transvalvular gradient decreased to 38 mmHg. At follow up examinations after 1 month, 1 year and 2 years, the filly showed normal exercise capacity and echocardiography confirmed the persistent substantial improvement in the transvalvular outflow gradient.
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Murphy SD, Ward JL, Smith JD, Gall AJ, Olds JE. Long-term management of congestive heart failure secondary to mitral stenosis in a ring-tailed lemur ( Lemur catta). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 257:849-854. [PMID: 33021447 DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.8.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 15-year-old sexually intact female ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) was evaluated for a heart murmur and progressive radiographic cardiomegaly. CLINICAL FINDINGS The lemur was clinically normal at the time of initial evaluation. Results of transthoracic echocardiography performed when the animal was anesthetized indicated mitral valve stenosis and severe left atrial dilation. Three months later, signs of left-sided congestive heart failure (CHF; coughing, exercise intolerance, and tachypnea) were observed and confirmed by the presence of radiographic pulmonary edema. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Medical treatment that consisted of aspirin, benazepril, furosemide, pimobendan, spironolactone, and ultimately torsemide in lieu of furosemide successfully controlled the lemur's clinical signs for 33 months after the development of CHF. Euthanasia was then elected on the basis of perceived poor quality of life because tachypnea became refractory to progressively higher dosages of diuretic. Necropsy confirmed mitral stenosis with severe left atrial dilation and chronic pulmonary congestion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The present report described the long-term medical management of CHF secondary to mitral stenosis in a lemur. Mitral stenosis was suspected to be a congenital defect, similar to the cause of mitral stenosis reported for dogs and cats, rather than to be an acquired change in association with rheumatic heart disease as commonly occurs for people. The lemur's CHF was well managed for 33 months with treatment, including pimobendan, which was well tolerated.
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Persistent truncus arteriosus with an anomalous coronary artery in a cat. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 35:8-13. [PMID: 33789182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 6-month-old, female, domestic shorthair cat weighing 1.8 kg presented with cardiomegaly seen on radiographs taken at a primary care veterinary center. Echocardiography revealed a single enlarged vessel overriding a ventricular septal defect and severe hypertrophy of the right ventricular free wall. There was no evidence of a pulmonary arterial trunk originating from the heart. The blood flow through the ventricular septal defect exhibited right-to-left shunting. The cat suddenly experienced dyspnea and died at home, and a postmortem examination was performed. A single large vessel was noted leaving the heart, from which the right and left pulmonary arteries arose separately; a main pulmonary artery was absent. There was only one single anomalous coronary ostium that arose from the brachiocephalic artery and divided into two branches. The walls of the extracardiac coronary artery were thick, but neither infarcts nor narrowing was observed within the coronary arteries. There were no abnormalities in the intracardiac coronary artery. These findings revealed a persistent truncus arteriosus with an anomalous coronary artery. A combination of these anomalies might have contributed to the early death of the cat.
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Greet V, Bode EF, Dukes-McEwan J, Oliveira P, Connolly DJ, Sargent J. Clinical features and outcome of dogs and cats with bidirectional and continuous right-to-left shunting patent ductus arteriosus. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:780-788. [PMID: 33634497 PMCID: PMC7995355 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies describing the clinical progression of animals with reverse patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) are lacking. Objectives To describe the signalment, presenting signs, echocardiographic features, and survival in a group of dogs and cats with bidirectional and continuous right‐to‐left PDA. Animals Forty‐six client‐owned animals included, comprising 43 dogs and 3 cats with bidirectional or continuous right‐to‐left PDA. Methods Retrospective multicenter study. Medical records and echocardiographic findings reviewed from animals diagnosed with bidirectional or continuous right‐to‐left PDA. Impact of ductal morphology, spectral Doppler flow profile, PCV, sildenafil treatment at presentation, sildenafil dose, severity of pulmonary hypertension, general anesthesia with or without surgery and the presence of right‐sided congestive heart failure (R‐CHF) on crude mortality rate were evaluated via Mantel‐Cox log rank comparison of Kaplan‐Meier survival curves. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed, and hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence intervals [CI]) was presented. Results Hindlimb collapse was the most common presenting sign in dogs (n = 16). Clinical signs in cats were variable. Median survival time was 626 days in dogs (range 1‐3628 days). Dogs with R‐CHF had a shorter median survival time (58 days vs 1839 days, P = .03). Dogs treated with sildenafil at initial presentation survived longer (1839 days vs 302 days, P = .03), which was the only independent predictor of survival (HR 0.35, CI 0.15‐0.86, P = 0.021). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs and cats with reverse PDA have a variable clinical presentation and prognosis. Survival time was longer in animals prescribed sildenafil at diagnosis. Dogs with R‐CHF at presentation have a worse overall outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Greet
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, Unit 6 Forest Corner Farm, UK
| | - Elizabeth F Bode
- CVS Referrals, ChesterGates Veterinary Specialists, E&F Telford Court, Chester, UK
| | - Joanna Dukes-McEwan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester, UK
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - David J Connolly
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Julia Sargent
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
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Kharbush R, Trafny D. Transvenous patent ductus arteriosus occlusion via Canine Duct Occluder in a cat. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 33:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Double-Outlet Right Ventricle in a Chianina Calf. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020318. [PMID: 33513881 PMCID: PMC7910964 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects have been occasionally reported in cattle and ventricular septal defect represents the most frequently encountered anomaly. The double-outlet right ventricle is a rare congenital ventriculoarterial malformation reported only in certain cattle breeds. We describe this rare and complex congenital cardiac malformation observed in a 10-day-old male Chianina calf. Clinical examination showed tachycardia, tachypnea, jugular pulses, cyanotic mucous membranes and a right apical systolic murmur. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed severe dilation of the right-sided cardiac chambers with a markedly hypoplastic left ventricle. Both aorta and pulmonary artery leaving the right ventricle in parallel alignment with the tricuspid valve were suggestive of a dual-outlet right ventricle. Interventricular and interatrial septal defects were also visualized. Post-mortem examination confirmed the echocardiographic findings. To the authors' knowledge, a similar complex congenital cardiac malformation has not been reported in calves of the Chianina breed to date.
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Khor KH, Khor KS, Lee YC, Lim YJ. Would cat owners intend to treat their cats if diagnosed with heart disease? J Vet Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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The variety of phenotypes behind ‘double outlet right ventricle’: clinical and imaging presentations in four dogs and a cat. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 31:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Khor KH, Chin MX. Occurrences of heart disease in apparently healthy cats in Klang Valley, Malaysia. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7:501-508. [PMID: 33005676 PMCID: PMC7521808 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Annual health screening inclusive of heart workup is recommended for the detection of heart diseases, especially in asymptomatic patients (no clinical signs). This study determined the occurrences of the common heart disease and the risk factors in apparently healthy cats. Materials and methods This prospective study that screened 59 healthy cats and the status of the heart were evaluated based on a combination of findings from physical examination, electrocardiography, blood pressure measurement, routine blood test, urinalysis, and total thyroid level. Results Approximately 40.7% (n = 24/59) of the apparently healthy cats were diagnosed with heart disease hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (62.5%) remains to be the most commonly diagnosed. The mean age was 4.9-year old (age range, 7-month-old to 19-year-old). The prevalence was higher in males (45.0%; n = 17/38) cats, especially the domestic shorthairs (46.0%; n = 11/24). Among the healthy cats with vertebral heart scale (VHS) > 8.0, only 52% (n = 12/23) of them were diagnosed with cardiomyopathy. However, 33% (n = 12/36) of the cats with normal VHS ≤ 7.9 were diagnosed with heart disease. Consistently, all healthy cats with abnormal heart sounds were diagnosed with heart disease. About 31.4% (n = 16/51) of these cats with typical heart sound had cardiomyopathy too. Conclusion The occurrence of cardiomyopathy in apparently healthy cats has no association with the patient's age, sex, and VHS, except for the heart sound. Echocardiography remains the best diagnostic tool, as normal heart size and normal heart sound do not exclude cardiomyopathy in this group of apparently healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Hua Khor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mei Xin Chin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Cichocki BN, Dugat DR, Baumwart RD. Pulmonary artery banding in a cat with a perimembranous ventricular septal defect and left-sided congestive heart failure. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:723-727. [PMID: 30835177 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.6.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 6-month-old sexually intact male domestic shorthair cat was referred for evaluation of a heart murmur and ventricular septal defect (VSD). CLINICAL FINDINGS Physical examination revealed a grade 5/6 right apical systolic heart murmur. Findings on thoracic radiography were consistent with moderate right and left ventricular enlargement, left atrial enlargement, and enlargement of the pulmonary arteries and veins; an interstitial pulmonary pattern was also evident. Echocardiography revealed a perimembranous VSD with left-to-right shunting combined with trace mitral valve regurgitation. The cat later developed a dry cough, the intensity of the heart murmur increased to grade 6/6, and signs of left-sided congestive heart failure developed. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Medical treatment included enalapril maleate and furosemide. When the cat's condition worsened despite medical treatment, palliative pulmonary artery banding was performed. During surgery, blood pressure in the pulmonary artery was measured with a pulmonary artery catheter, and pulmonary artery banding was successfully achieved with a polytetrafluoroethylene band and hemoclips. The pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio was reduced from 3 to 1.5, and signs of congestive heart failure resolved within 2 weeks after surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings suggested that cats with a VSD and pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio > 3 or with congestive heart failure attributable to a VSD could be considered candidates for palliative pulmonary artery banding to alleviate clinical signs. However, further investigation into long-term prognosis with objective outcome measurements and with multiple cases is needed. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019;254:723-727).
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Yang CC, Lin SL, Chan IP. Contrast echocardiography for detecting bidirectional shunting in a rabbit with an atrial septal defect. J Exot Pet Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Coelho M, Muzzi R, Dorneles E, Oliveira L, Abreu C, Furtado L, Muzzi L. Avaliação da deformação miocárdica pela ecocardiografia feature tracking em gatos com defeito perimembranoso do septo ventricular. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas, como a ecocardiografia bidimensional feature tracking (2D-FTI), permite diagnosticar, de forma precoce, se há disfunção miocárdica em doenças cardíacas, inclusive as congênitas. O defeito septal ventricular (DSV) é a alteração congênita mais observada em felinos, no entanto pouco se sabe sobre a disfunção cardíaca nessa cardiopatia, especialmente em animais assintomáticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio do 2D-FTI, a deformação miocárdica ventricular esquerda pela mensuração dos índices ecocardiográficos strain (St) e strain rate (StR) radial, circunferencial e longitudinal, em gatos saudáveis e com DSV. Foram avaliados 12 gatos saudáveis e seis gatos com DSV para obtenção de St e StR em diversos segmentos miocárdicos. No sentido longitudinal, houve diferença estatística (P<0,05) para os segmentos septal basal, mediano e apical epicárdicos (P=0,0017; P<0,0001; P=0,0288), lateral mediano epicárdico (P=0,0327), septal mediano endocárdico (P=0,0035), lateral mediano endocárdico (P=0,0461), St epicárdico (P=0,0250) e St global (P=0,0382). Também houve diferença no segmento lateral mediano circunferencial endocárdico (P=0,0248), lateral mediano radial (St: P=0,0409; StR: P=0,0166) e posterior mediano radial (P=0,0369). O estudo evidenciou que, mesmo em animais assintomáticos com DSV, há redução na deformação miocárdica ventricular principalmente no sentido longitudinal, demonstrando maior vulnerabilidade dessas fibras.
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Dupont J, Serteyn D, Sandersen C. Life-Threatening Hemorrhage During Patent Ductus Arteriosus Ligation in a Cat: Xenotransfusion With Canine Blood. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:133. [PMID: 32211435 PMCID: PMC7076047 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 13-month-old Sphynx cat was referred for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation. A left thoracotomy was performed and the PDA was efficiently ligated. Immediately after chest tube placement, it presented extensive intrathoracic bleeding from the caudal intercostal artery. In view of the absolute necessity of a blood transfusion and given that compatible feline blood was not available, xenotransfusion of canine blood was administered to the cat and resulted in a positive outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Dupont
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Equine Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
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Pulmonary artery banding in a kitten with a partial atrioventricular septal defect. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 24:20-27. [PMID: 31405551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A 9-month-old kitten with increased resting respiratory rate and exercise intolerance was diagnosed with a congenital partial atrioventricular septal defect causing pulmonary over circulation and presumed pulmonary hypertension based on echocardiogram. Invasive pressure measurements and contrast angiography confirmed this diagnosis. The cat underwent pulmonary artery banding under general anesthesia. Findings of echocardiogram 10 days postoperatively suggested reduced left-to-right shunt volume. Echocardiographic findings were static 4 months postoperatively.
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Withoeft JA, Cristo TG, Biezus G, Costa LS, Pont TPD, Freitas AC, Traverso SD, Casagrande RA. Causes of death and euthanasia in domestic cats in the Santa Catarina plateau (1995-2015). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Knowledge about the causes of death in felines constitutes important information to owners, veterinarians, and researchers, aiming at reducing the number of deaths in this species. In order to determine the main causes of death or euthanasia in cats in the Santa Catarina plateau, data from 1995 to 2015 available in necropsy files of the Laboratory of Animal Pathology (LAPA) of the State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC) were collected and evaluated. In that period, 1,728 cats were necropsied, mainly males (46.12%) and adults (50.11%). The mean ages at death for kittens, adults, and elderly were 5.07 months, 3.9 years, and 13.9 years, respectively. Of the 1,728 necropsy reports assessed, the cause of death was identified in 1,184 (68.52%) cases. The main cause of death was associated with infectious diseases (15.8%), with prevalence of feline infectious peritonitis (29.76%), followed by neoplasms (11.98%) with lymphoma (44.93%) and leukemia (16.91%) as the most common, and traumas (11.81%) mainly caused by motor vehicle accidents. These results show the need for owner awareness, as well as establishment of prophylaxis and vaccination programs, aimed at reducing the number of deaths and thus increasing life expectancy in the feline population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica A. Withoeft
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Thierry G. Cristo
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo S. Costa
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Tainah P. Dal Pont
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Amanda C. Freitas
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Di Girolamo N, Palmieri C, Baron Toaldo M, Nicoletti A, Spattini G, Zeyen U, Selleri P. First Description of Partial Atrioventricular Septal Defect in a Rabbit. J Exot Pet Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hananeh WM, Ismail ZB. Concurrent occurrence of acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema and endocardial fibroelastosis in cattle: A case history and literature review. Vet World 2018; 11:971-976. [PMID: 30147268 PMCID: PMC6097557 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.971-976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and pathological findings of acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (ABPEE) and left endocardial fibroelastosis in an adult dairy cow. In addition, a review of recent literature of these two conditions is provided. Materials and Methods: Necropsy and histopathological examination were performed using conventional techniques. A review of the literature was carried out using internet search engines such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Only published papers in scientific and refereed journals were reviewed. Results: Concurrent pathologies of ABPEE and left endocardial fibroelastosis were described in an adult Holstein Friesian cow. A review of recent literature concerning ABPEE and endocardial fibroelastosis revealed seven and two scientific reports of these conditions in cattle, respectively. Conclusion: Although rare, combined pathologies involving multiple organs such as the lungs and heart can be diagnosed in animals on careful clinical and histopathological examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Hananeh
- Department of Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box, 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Z B Ismail
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box, 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Suzuki R, Mochizuki Y, Yoshimatsu H, Niina A, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Koyama H. Severe oesophageal constriction due to an aberrant right subclavian artery with Kommerell's diverticulum in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2018; 4:2055116918764589. [PMID: 29770227 PMCID: PMC5946619 DOI: 10.1177/2055116918764589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 6-month-old female cat with a history of chronic regurgitation presented with weight loss. CT angiography (CTA) showed severe constriction of the oesophagus due to an aberrant right subclavian artery and Kommerell’s diverticulum. The cat was surgically treated and remained clinically normal. More than 1 year after surgery, the general condition of the cat was stable and body weight had increased. Relevance and novel information This case report describes the clinical findings and surgical management of a cat diagnosed with severe oesophageal constriction caused by an aberrant right subclavian artery with Kommerell’s diverticulum (markedly dilated origin of the aberrant right subclavian artery), which are rare vascular anomalies in veterinary medicine and specifically in cats. The Kommerell’s diverticulum compressed the oesophagus and contributed to the severe oesophageal constriction in this case. Preoperative CTA was useful in the diagnosis and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Therapeutic Sciences 1, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Therapeutic Sciences 1, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshimatsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Therapeutic Sciences 1, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Niina
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Therapeutic Sciences 1, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Therapeutic Sciences 1, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Therapeutic Sciences 1, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Koyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Therapeutic Sciences 1, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Pekkola V, Braun C, Larenza Menzies MP. Anaesthetising a cat with tetralogy of Fallot for non‐cardiac surgery. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vuokko Pekkola
- Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Christina Braun
- Department for Companion Animals and HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaAustria
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Uemura A, Tanaka R. Hybrid Surgical Approach Using Amplatzer Occluder for Treatment of VSD in a Cat. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/macvetrev-2017-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is among the most common feline congenital heart malformations. Although usually treated by pulmonary artery banding or pharmacotherapy, neither method is curative. Curative procedures have been performed in humans. Treatment of VSD is usually not required in dogs and cats, but is necessary in cases of non-restrictive VSD. Dogs with non-restrictive VSD are treated either using surgical correction under open-heart surgery, or percutaneous insertion of an occluder under interventional radiation. In our experience, neither method alone is appropriate for treating ventricular septal defect in cats with non-restrictive VSDs. We have applied a hybrid surgical method in a 13-month-old, female Maine Coon cat weighing 3.5 kg. A catheter was inserted and an occluder placed directly at the defect through thoracotomy. This method is less invasive than open-heart surgery and requires no special equipment, using direct puncture of the heart to minimize the distance to the defect and improving maneuverability. By combining the advantages of both surgical defect closure and occlusion guided by interventional ultrasound, treatment that could not be performed with either method alone became possible. In this case, the VSD could not be embolized, but some important points were suggested regarding surgical treatment of VSD in cats. One is that a sizing balloon catheter may be the most accurate method to measure VSD in cats. Amplatzer occlusion of a large non-restrictive VSD in a cat is currently not an option, but the described hybrid technique may still be an option for smaller non-restrictive VSDs. However, criteria and adjustments must be considered carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Uemura
- Department of Veterinary Surgery , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Animal Medical Center , 3-5-8, Saiwaicho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo , 183-8509 , Japan
| | - Ryou Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Surgery , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Animal Medical Center , 3-5-8, Saiwaicho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo , 183-8509 , Japan
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Emerson JA, Whittington JK, Jones AE, O'Brien RT. Tetralogy of Fallot in a red ruffed lemur (V
arecia rubra
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Emerson
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery ServiceUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
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López-Alvarez J. Patent ductus arteriosus in cats. Vet Rec 2016; 179:15-6. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.i3532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi López-Alvarez
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Manor Farm Business Park Higham Gobion Hertfordshire SG5 3HR UK
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