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Horikawa R, Suzuki R, Yuchi Y, Satomi S, Saito T, Teshima T, Matsumoto H. Pulmonary thrombotic pulmonary hypertension managed using antithrombotic and pulmonary vasodilator treatment. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2333-2338. [PMID: 38662965 PMCID: PMC11256183 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
An 8-year-old Leonberger receiving immunosuppressive treatment with clinical signs of acute dyspnea, cyanosis, and difficulty standing was referred to our institution (Day 1). Treatment including oxygen, clopidogrel, and low-molecular-weight heparin was initiated for suspected pulmonary thrombosis. However, exertional dyspnea persisted until Day 10, and increased tricuspid regurgitation velocity, pulmonary vascular resistance, and McConnell's signs also were observed. Thus, beraprost sodium was administered PO on Day 11 to treat suspected pulmonary hypertension. On Day 13, contrast-enhanced computed tomography identified extensive contrast defects in the pulmonary arteries, and IV monteplase was administered on Days 14 and 18, with marked improvement in respiratory status and exertional dyspnea on Day 20. Right ventricular function and McConnell signs also improved, and tricuspid regurgitation velocity and pulmonary vascular resistance decreased. On Day 250, echocardiography indicated further improvement in pulmonary hypertension pathophysiology. The patient was still progressing well with antithrombotic and pulmonary vasodilator treatment 400 days later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Horikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
- Takahashi Animal HospitalSaitamaJapan
| | - Ryohei Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yunosuke Yuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Shuji Satomi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Takahiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
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Ivasovic F, Poletti G, Baron Toaldo M. Echocardiographic findings in apparently healthy Czechoslovakian wolfdogs. J Vet Cardiol 2024; 53:60-71. [PMID: 38705085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To echocardiographically evaluate a large number of apparently healthy Czechoslovakian wolfdogs (CWDs) to identify possible subclinical cardiac abnormalities and to generate reference intervals. ANIMALS One-hundred and seventeen apparently healthy client-owned CWDs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Standard two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler echocardiographic measurements were obtained on non-sedated, manually restrained standing dogs. Animals with no relevant echocardiographic abnormalities were used to generate reference intervals. Echocardiographic variables were compared between males and females and between dogs with and without mitral regurgitation (MR). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Among the 117 CWDs, 103 dogs were used to generate reference intervals. The 14 dogs with abnormalities had more than trivial MR (12 dogs), subaortic stenosis (one dog), and equivocal subaortic stenosis (one dog). The 44 males were heavier than 59 females (P<0.001) and had a larger maximum left atrial dimension (P=0.015), left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole (P<0.001) and systole (P<0.001), and thicker interventricular septum thickness at end-diastole (P=0.016). A positive linear correlation was identified between bodyweight and aortic root and left atrial diameters and left ventricular dimensions and between age and aortic root and left atrial diameter and peak late transmitral flow velocity. A negative linear correlation was identified between age and peak early transmitral flow velocity and the ratio between peak early and late transmitral flow velocities. No differences in echocardiographic-derived cardiac dimensions were detected between healthy dogs and dogs with more than trivial MR. CONCLUSIONS In this population of CWDs, subclinical cardiac abnormalities were uncommon, and they were mainly classified as MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ivasovic
- Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - G Poletti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - M Baron Toaldo
- Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy.
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Szpinda O, Parzeniecka-Jaworska M, Czopowicz M, Jońska I, Bonecka J, Jank M. Cardiological Reference Intervals in Adult American Staffordshire Terrier Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2436. [PMID: 37570245 PMCID: PMC10417027 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine reference intervals (RI) for echocardiography, electrocardiography (ECG), vertebral heart score (VHS) measurement, and arterial systolic blood pressure (SBP) in American Staffordshire Terrier dogs. The study population included 29 clinically healthy AST dogs of different ages, genders, and body weights. SBP measurement, ECG, thoracic radiography, and echocardiography were performed on each dog. Compared to RIs available for the general population of dogs, the duration of the P wave and QRS complex was longer and VHS was higher. Moreover, the left ventricular dimension in diastole and systole, left atrial dimension, and end point to septal separation values were higher, while the interventricular septum in diastole and systole and aortic root diameter were lower compared to general similar average body weight. The AST breed has a different heart shape, which in this breed is more rounded compared to other dog breeds, especially the deep chest. The specific body structure and the shape of the heart had an impact on the results of the cardiological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktawia Szpinda
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Parzeniecka-Jaworska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Izabella Jońska
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Bonecka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (J.B.)
| | - Michał Jank
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
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Sykes KT, Wesselowski S, Saunders AB, Tjostheim SS, Potter BM, Gelzer ARM, Katz N, Ward JL, Karlin ET, Markovic LE, Magee AN, Abbott JA, Kadotani S, Menciotti G. A multicenter, retrospective study of cardiac disease in Borzoi dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1102494. [PMID: 36777677 PMCID: PMC9909344 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1102494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Borzoi are large, relatively uncommon sighthounds anecdotally reported to suffer from sudden death. This multicenter retrospective cohort study aimed to describe the sample of Borzoi presenting to veterinary cardiologists for evaluation, with records searched from 14 centers across a study period of up to 20 years. The study sample was comprised of 152 client-owned Borzoi, with dogs most commonly presenting for pre-breed screening in 87/152 (52%), followed by evaluation of an arrhythmia in 28/152 (18%). Of the 131/152 (86%) dogs that had an echocardiogram performed, 85/131 (65%) were structurally normal, with 40/85 (47%) structurally normal dogs having trace or mild atrioventricular valve regurgitation. Tricuspid valve dysplasia was the most commonly diagnosed congenital cardiac disease (n = 6). Myxomatous mitral valve disease (n = 12) and dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 13) were diagnosed at similar frequencies, though 92% of valve disease cases were mild. Only 48/152 (32%) Borzoi had a diagnostic electrocardiogram (ECG) and/or a Holter monitor for arrhythmia screening. Despite this, ventricular arrhythmias were identified during the entirety of the available cardiac evaluation including diagnostic ECG, contemporaneous ECG monitoring during the echocardiogram, and/or Holter monitor in 25/131 (19%) dogs in which an echocardiographic diagnosis was available. Of these 25 Borzoi, 76% had minimal or no structural cardiac disease identified, and five had a family history of sudden death. A sudden death outcome was reported in 3/55 (5%) Borzoi with long-term outcome data available. In conclusion, Borzoi commonly have trace or mild atrioventricular valve insufficiencies, and may develop ventricular arrhythmias and dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Tess Sykes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sonya Wesselowski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Sonya Wesselowski ✉
| | - Ashley B. Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sonja S. Tjostheim
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brianna M. Potter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Anna R. M. Gelzer
- Department of Clinical Studies and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Natalie Katz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jessica L. Ward
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Emily T. Karlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Lauren E. Markovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Aliya N. Magee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Saki Kadotani
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Giulio Menciotti
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Wiegel PS, Nolte I, Mach R, Freise F, Bach JP. Reference ranges for standard-echocardiography in pugs and impact of clinical severity of Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) on echocardiographic parameters. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:282. [PMID: 35854376 PMCID: PMC9297600 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiographic measurements may be influenced by breed-specific characteristics. Therefore, this study aims to establish reference values for standard echocardiographic measurements in pugs by investigating the influence of age, sex, heart rate, body weight and Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS). Sixty-two privately owned pugs underwent physical examination, blood sample collection, non-invasive blood pressure measurements and echocardiography. Influences of independent variables on echocardiographic measurements were examined using a multiple linear regression analysis model. For the entire study population, 95% prediction intervals were generated. Further, reference ranges for subcategories of clinical severities of BOAS were provided. Selected echocardiographic measurements of pugs were compared to reference values of previous studies generated from various breeds. RESULTS In the study, a total of fifty-one privately owned pugs aged between two and 10 years were included for establishing reference ranges. Mainly body weight, but also age, sex and heart rate had influence on several echocardiographic parameters. The clinical grading of BOAS was conducted in 42 pugs. Except for pulmonic peak velocity (Pvel), which declined with increasing severity of BOAS, clinical symptoms of upper airway disease did not have significant impact on echocardiographic measurement results. Significant deviations, however, of left ventricular (LV) internal dimension (LVID), interventricular septum (IVS), LV posterior wall (LVPW), and tricuspid annular plane systolic motion excursion (TAPSE) compared to interbreed reference values were observed. CONCLUSIONS Breed-specific reference ranges for echocardiographic values with special regard to BOAS are provided to enable a more accurate assessment of cardiac health in pugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Saskia Wiegel
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Rebekka Mach
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fritjof Freise
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Bach
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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