Radiofrequency Ablation of T1a Renal Cell Carcinomas within Renal Transplant Allografts: Oncologic Outcomes and Graft Viability

Clinical characteristics of renal cell carcinoma in the transplanted kidney in renal transplant recipients: a systematic scoping review

Background

Renal transplant recipients confront a substantially elevated susceptibility to renal cell carcinoma (RCC), particularly in their native kidneys as opposed to allografts.

Methods

In this systematic scoping review, exhaustive searches were conducted of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Information was gathered on clinical manifestations, donor demographics, diagnostic intervals, tumor dimensions, histopathological characteristics, and therapeutic outcomes associated with RCC arising in allograft kidneys.

Results

The searches yielded a corpus of 42 case reports and 11 retrospective cohorts, encompassing a cohort of 274 patients. The majority of cases (75.4%) were clinically latent, discerned primarily through imaging modalities. Symptomatic presentations encompassed manifestations such as hematuria, elevated serum creatinine levels, abdominal discomfort, and graft-related pain. The mean temporal interval between renal transplantation and RCC diagnosis was calculated at 11.6 years, albeit displaying considerable variance. Notably, papillary and clear cell RCC emerged as the prevailing histopathological subtypes. However, the paucity of longitudinal follow-up data represents a notable caveat.

Conclusion

This investigation underscores the imperative of rigorous posttransplant surveillance regimes owing to the substantial prevalence of asymptomatic RCC instances. Future research should focus on clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of screening practices to develop preventive strategies.

Thermoablative Treatment of De Novo Tumor in Kidney Allograft

BACKGROUND

The overall cancer risk increases in transplant patients, including in kidney allografts. This study aimed to analyze the outcome of patients with kidney allograft malignant tumors who underwent percutaneous thermal ablation.

METHODS

We included 26 renal allograft tumors, including 7 clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCCs), 16 papillary RCCs, 1 clear-cell papillary RCC, and 2 tubulocystic RCCs, treated in 19 ablation sessions. Outcomes of thermal ablation therapy were assessed, including technical success, adverse events, local tumor progression, development of metastases, survival after thermal ablation, and changes in renal function.

RESULTS

Success rate was achieved in all ablation sessions (primary success rate: 96%; secondary success rate: 100%). No adverse events were observed in grades 3, 4, or 5. The median follow-up period was of 34 mo (15-69 mo). Two patients died during follow-up from a cause independent of renal cancer. The median decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate 1 y after procedure was -4 (interquartile range, -7 to 0) mL/min/1.73 m 2 . One patient returned to dialysis within the year of the procedure.

CONCLUSIONS

Percutaneous thermal ablation shows convincing results for treating malignant renal graft tumors and should be a useful treatment option. The shorter hospitalization time, the advantage of avoiding a potentially challenging dissection of the transplant, and the excellent preservation of allograft function appear encouraging to extend this indication.

Management of renal cell carcinoma in transplant kidney: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

After transplantation, approximately 10% of renal cell carcinomas are detected in graft kidneys. These tumors (gRCC) present surgeons with the difficulty of finding a treatment that guarantees both oncological clearance and maintenance of function. We conducted a systematic review and an individual patient data meta-analysis on the oncology, safety and functional outcomes of the available treatments for gRCC.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

A systematic search was performed across MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science including any study reporting perioperative, functional and survival outcomes for patients undergoing graft nephrectomy (GN), partial nephrectomy (PN) or thermal ablation (TA) for gRCC. Quade's ANCOVA, Spearman Rho and Pearson χ², Kaplan-Meier, Log-rank and Standard Cox regression and other tests were used to compare treatments. Studies' quality was evaluated using a modified version of Newcastle Ottawa Scale.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

A number of 29 studies (357 patients) were included. No differences between TA and PN were found in terms of safety, functional and oncological outcomes for T1a gRCCs. When applied to pT1b gRCC, PN showed no difference in complications, progression or cancer-specific deaths compared to smaller lesions; PN validity for pT2 gRCCs should be considered unverified due to lack of sufficient evidence. The efficacy and safety of PN or TA for multiple gRCC remain controversial. In case of non-functioning, large (T≥2), complicated or metastatic gRCCs, GN appears to be the most reasonable choice. Quality of evidence ranged from very low to moderate. Studies with large cohorts and longer follow-up are still needed to clarify oncological and functional differences.

CONCLUSIONS

PN and TA might be offered as a nephron-sparing treatment in patients with T1a gRCC. There is no significant difference between these options and GN in terms of oncological outcomes and complications. PN and TA offer similar functional outcomes and graft preservation. PN for T1b gRCC seems feasible and safe, but its validity should be considered unverified.

Management of the kidney transplant patient with Cancer: Report from a Multidisciplinary Consensus Conference

INTRODUCTION

Cancer is the second most common cause of mortality and morbidity in Kidney Transplant Recipients (KTRs). Immunosuppression can influence the efficacy of cancer treatment and modification of the immunosuppressive regimen may restore anti-neoplastic immune responses improving oncologic prognosis. However, patients and transplant physicians are usually reluctant to modify immunosuppression, fearing rejection and potential graft loss. Due to the lack of extensive and recognised data supporting how to manage the immunosuppressive therapy in KTRs, in the context of immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and loco-regional treatments, a Consensus Conference was organised under the auspices of the European Society of Organ Transplantation and the Italian Society of Organ Transplantation. The conference involved a multidisciplinary group of transplant experts in the field across Europe.

METHODS

The overall process included a) the formulation of 12 specific questions based on the PICO methodology, b) systematic literature review and summary for experts for each question, c) a two-day conference celebration and the collection of experts' agreements. The conference was articulated in three sessions: "Immunosuppressive therapy and immunotherapy", "Systemic therapy", "Integrated Therapy", while the final experts' agreement was collected with a televoting procedure and defined according to the majority criterion.

RESULTS

Twenty-six European experts attended the conference and expressed their vote. A total of 14 statements were finally elaborated and voted. Strong agreement was found for ten statements, moderate agreement for two, moderate disagreement for one and uncertainty for the last one.

CONCLUSIONS

The consensus statements provide guidance to transplant physicians caring for kidney transplant recipients with cancer and indicate key aspects that need to be addressed by future clinical research.

[Long-term follow-up of renal cell carcinomas T1a treated by percutaneous radiofrequency]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the long-term oncological and functional results of the ablative treatment of T1a kidney malignancies by percutaneous radiofrequency (RF).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Monocentric retrospective study including all patients treated for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) T1a by radiofrequency, in our center, from 2005 to 2009. All patients had a tumor biopsy before treatment. The primary endpoint was local recurrence. A total of 44 RCCs in 41 consecutive patients were treated (1 patient had 3 synchronous tumors and 1 patient had 2 tumors). There were 26 clear cell RCCs, 13 papillary RCCs and 5 chromophobe RCCs. The median age at diagnosis was 70 years [48-82]. The median American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score was 2 [1-3] and the median glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 64mL/min [26-109]. Furhman grade was defined for 39 tumors (Clear cell RCC and papillary RCC), of which 82% were grade 1-2. The median tumor size was 20mm [11-40], and the median RENAL score was 4 [4-6]. Complications were assessed according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Overall survival, recurrence-free survival and metastasis-free survival were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

RESULTS

Median follow-up was 90.5 months [17.8-145.3]. Three (7%) local recurrences were reported within a median of 26 months [12-93]. All were treated by a 2nd RF. The overall 10-year survival was 70% (95% CI [56-85]). The 10-year recurrence-free survival was 72% (95% CI [57-88]). The 10-year metastasis-free survival was 87% (95% CI [74-97]). The median GFR on the date of the last news was 51mL/min [16-98] (P=0.05). Post-RFA complications consisted in 5 (11.3%) Clavien-Dindo 1-2 complications. No high grade (Clavien ≥3).

CONCLUSION

Percutaneous radiofrequency for RCC T1a is an alternative. It appears to be safe with low morbidity, satisfaying long-term oncological and functional results, but a risk of reprocessing of 7%.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

3.

Treatment options for localised renal cell carcinoma of the transplanted kidney

Currently, there is no consensus among the transplant community about the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) of the transplanted kidney. Until recently, graftectomy was universally considered the golden standard, regardless of the characteristics of the neoplasm. Due to the encouraging results observed in native kidneys, conservative options such as nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) (enucleation and partial nephrectomy) and ablative therapy (radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, microwave ablation, high-intensity focused ultrasound, and irreversible electroporation) have been progressively used in carefully selected recipients with early-stage allograft RCC. Available reports show excellent patient survival, optimal oncological outcome, and preserved renal function with acceptable complication rates. Nevertheless, the rarity and the heterogeneity of the disease, the number of options available, and the lack of long-term follow-up data do not allow to adequately define treatment-specific advantages and limitations. The role of active surveillance and immunosuppression management remain also debated. In order to offer a better insight into this difficult topic and to help clinicians choose the best therapy for their patients, we performed and extensive review of the literature. We focused on epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic work up, staging strategies, tumour characteristics, treatment modalities, and follow-up protocols. Our research confirms that both NSS and focal ablation represent a valuable alternative to graftectomy for kidney transplant recipients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage T1aN0M0 RCC. Data on T1bN0M0 lesions are scarce but suggest extra caution. Properly designed multi-centre prospective clinical trials are warranted.

Imaging of Renal Transplant Complications throughout the Life of the Allograft: Comprehensive Multimodality Review

The kidney is the most commonly transplanted solid organ. Advances in surgical techniques, immunosuppression regimens, surveillance imaging, and histopathologic diagnosis of rejection have allowed prolonged graft survival times. However, the demand for kidneys continues to outgrow the available supply, and there are efforts to increase use of donor kidneys with moderate- or high-risk profiles. This highlights the importance of evaluating the renal transplant patient in the context of both donor and recipient risk factors. Radiologists play an integral role within the multidisciplinary team in care of the transplant patient at every stage of the transplant process. In the immediate postoperative period, duplex US is the modality of choice for evaluating the renal allograft. It is useful for establishing a baseline examination for comparison at future surveillance imaging. In the setting of allograft dysfunction, advanced imaging techniques including MRI or contrast-enhanced US may be useful for providing a more specific diagnosis and excluding nonrejection causes of renal dysfunction. When a pathologic diagnosis is deemed necessary to guide therapy, US-guided biopsy is a relatively low-risk, safe procedure. The range of complications of renal transplantation can be organized temporally in relation to the time since surgery and/or according to disease categories, including immunologic (rejection), surgical or iatrogenic, vascular, urinary, infectious, and neoplastic complications. The unique heterotopic location of the renal allograft in the iliac fossa predisposes it to a specific set of complications. As imaging features of infection or malignancy may be nonspecific, awareness of the patient's risk profile and time since transplantation can be used to assign the probability of a certain diagnosis and thus guide more specific diagnostic workup. It is critical to understand variations in vascular anatomy, surgical technique, and independent donor and recipient risk factors to make an accurate diagnosis and initiate appropriate treatment.^©RSNA, 2019.

Psychological distress associated with active surveillance in patients younger than 70 with a small renal mass

PURPOSE

To compare the psychological distress throughout several predefined disease time points in patients younger than 70 with small renal masses (SRMs) treated with either active surveillance (AS) or ablative/surgical therapy.

METHODS

Using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System - revised (ESAS-r) questionnaire, we focused on psychological distress symptoms in all consecutive patients with an SRM between 2014 and 2017. We further evaluated the psychological distress sub-score (PDSS) of ESAS-r, consisting of the sum scores of anxiety, depression, and well-being. PDSS of patients treated with AS or ablation/surgery were compared at 4 distinct time points (before and after diagnosis, after a biopsy is performed, and at last follow-up). Multivariable linear regression models were performed to assess factors associated with worse PDSS (1-point score increase).

RESULTS

We examined 477 patients, of whom 217 and 260 were treated with AS and surgery/ablation, respectively. Similar ESAS-r and PDSS scores were shown at all predefined disease time points except following an SRM biopsy and at last, follow-up, where AS-treated patients with a biopsy-proven malignancy had significantly worse PDSS (11.4 vs. 6.1, P = 0.035), and (13.2 vs. 5.4, P = 0.004), respectively. At last follow-up, multivariable linear models demonstrated that a biopsy-proven malignancy (B = 2.630, 95% CI 0.024-5.236, P = 0.048) and AS strategy (B = 6.499, 95% CI 2.340-10.658, P = 0.002) were associated with worse PDSS in all patients, and in those who underwent a biopsy, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Offering standardized psychological supportive care may be required for patients younger than 70 years on AS for SRM, especially for those with a biopsy-proven tumor.

Imaging of Small Renal Masses before and after Thermal Ablation

Thermal ablation of small renal masses is increasingly accepted as an alternative to partial nephrectomy, particularly in patients with multiple comorbidities. Many professional societies support this alternate treatment with updated guidelines. Before performing thermal ablation, it is important to stratify risk and assess technical feasibility by evaluating tumor imaging features such as size, location, and centrality. Routine postablation imaging with CT or MRI is necessary for assessment of residual or recurrent tumor, evidence of complications, or new renal masses outside the ablation zone. The normal spectrum and evolution of findings at CT and MRI include a halo appearance of the ablation zone, ablation zone contraction, and ablation zone calcifications. Tumor recurrence frequently manifests at CT or MRI as new nodular enhancement at the periphery of an expanding ablation zone, although it is normal for the ablation zone to enlarge within the first few months. Recognizing early tumor recurrence is important, as small renal masses are often easily treated with repeat ablations. Potential complications of thermal ablation include vascular injury, urine leak, ureteral stricture, nerve injury, and bowel perforation. The risk of these complications may be related to tumor size and location.^©RSNA, 2019.

Systematic review of ablative therapy for the treatment of renal allograft neoplasms

BACKGROUND

To date, there are no guidelines on the treatment of solid neoplasms in the transplanted kidney. Historically, allograft nephrectomy has been considered the only reasonable option. More recently, nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) and ablative therapy (AT) have been proposed as alternative procedures in selected cases.

AIM

To review outcomes of AT for the treatment of renal allograft tumours.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2009 Checklist. PubMed was searched in March 2019 without time restrictions for all papers reporting on radiofrequency ablation (RFA), cryoablation (CA), microwave ablation (MWA), high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), and irreversible electroporation (IRE) of solid tumours of the kidney allograft. Only original manuscripts describing actual cases and edited in English were considered. All relevant articles were accessed in full text. Additional searches included all pertinent references. Selected studies were also assessed for methodological quality using a tool based on a modification of the Newcastle Ottawa scale. Data on recipient characteristics, transplant characteristics, disease characteristics, treatment protocols, and treatment outcomes were extracted and analysed. Given the nature and the quality of the studies available (mostly retrospective case reports and small retrospective uncontrolled case series), a descriptive summary was provided.

RESULTS

Twenty-eight relevant studies were selected describing a total of 100 AT procedures in 92 patients. Recipient age at diagnosis ranged from 21 to 71 years whereas time from transplant to diagnosis ranged from 0.1 to 312 mo. Most of the neoplasms were asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally during imaging carried out for screening purposes or for other clinical reasons. Preferred diagnostic modality was Doppler-ultrasound scan followed by computed tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging. Main tumour types were: papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and clear cell RCC. Maximal tumour diameter ranged from 5 to 55 mm. The vast majority of neoplasms were T1a N0 M0 with only 2 lesions staged T1b N0 M0. Neoplasms were managed by RFA (n = 78), CA (n = 15), MWA (n = 3), HIFU (n = 3), and IRE (n = 1). Overall, 3 episodes of primary treatment failure were reported. A single case of recurrence was identified. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 81 mo. No cancer-related deaths were observed. Complication rate was extremely low (mostly < 10%). Graft function remained stable in the majority of recipients. Due to the limited sample size, no clear benefit of a single procedure over the other ones could be demonstrated.

CONCLUSION

AT for renal allograft neoplasms represents a promising alternative to radical nephrectomy and NSS in carefully selected patients. Properly designed clinical trials are needed to validate this therapeutic approach.

Association among the R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score and clinical outcomes in patients with small renal masses treated with percutaneous contrast enhanced ultrasound radiofrequency ablation

Introduction

An association between the R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score (RNS) and clinical outcomes in patients with a small renal mass (SRM) has been proposed. We analyzed clinical outcomes according to the RNS in patients with a SRM treated with percutaneous contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) radiofrequency ablation (RFA).

Material and methods

Patients with a SRM, who underwent RFA between January 2005 and March 2015, were retrospectively identified. The association between RNS and clinical outcomes was evaluated using parametric and non-parametric analysis.

Results

We analyzed 163 SRMs in 149 consecutive patients. The mean age was 71.7 years. Mean follow-up time was 33.3 months ±20.6 (2-102). The mean RNS was 5.6 ±1.52 (4-11). A total of 121 (74.2%) cases were of low complexity and 42 (25.8%) were medium complexity. We identified 11 cases of tumor persistence (6.7%). The mean RNS was 5.58 in the cases with no persistence and 5.73 in the cases with persistence (p = 0.788). We identified 15 (9.2%) cases of recurrence. The mean RNS was 5.57 ±0.1 (4-11) in the cases without recurrence and 5.73 ±0.4 (4-9) in recurrence cases (p = 0.804). Of the 76 biopsy proven RCC cases, 8 (10.5%) cases of recurrence were observed, 5 in the low complexity group and 3 in the medium complexity group (p = 0.690). A total of 9 (5.5%) cases of complications were observed, with 5 (4.3%) in the low complexity group and 4 cases in the medium complexity group (p = 0.23). The mean length of stay was 1.5 days with a significant difference between low and medium complexity groups (1.3 vs. 2.1 days, p = 0.02). The mean difference between preoperative eGFR and estimated eGFRat 12 months was -3.08 mL / min ±13.3 (-49.4-34.1) and was significant (p = 0.008).However, this variation did not show significant differences between the low and medium complexity groups (p = 0.936). All-cause mortality was 11.7%, 14 cases (11.6%) in the low complexity group and 5 (11.9%) in the medium complexity group (p = 1.0). No cases of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) specific mortality were identified.

Conclusions

The RNS was not associated with tumor persistence, recurrence, cancer specific mortality, complications or renal function 12 months after the first treatment, showing significant difference only in length of hospital stay between low and medium complexity groups.

Focal Ablative Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma in Transplant Allograft Kidneys

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate outcomes after focal ablative therapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in transplant allograft kidneys.

METHODS

After institutional review board approval, patients with a history of RCC in a transplanted allograft kidney who underwent focal ablative therapy were identified. Complete chart reviews were performed and the relevant data were extracted for cumulative analysis.

RESULTS

Six patients were treated with focal ablative therapy for RCC in a transplanted allograft kidney at our institutional between 2010 and 2017. Masses were diagnosed at a median of 8 years (range 1 month-8 years) after transplantation. Median mass size was 3 cm. Three patients were treated with microwave ablation, 1 with percutaneous irreversible electroporation, 1 with laparoscopic cryoablation, and 1 with open cryoablation. Median follow-up was 45 months (range 8-61 months). The median creatinine level was 1.65 before ablation and 1.58 1 year after ablation. No patients required dialysis after ablation. No patients developed local recurrence during the follow-up period. However, 1 patient developed lymph node metastases 4 years after ablation. Two patients died during follow-up of other causes. At the time of death both patients had functioning grafts.

CONCLUSION

Focal ablative therapies are a feasible, renal-sparing intervention for the management of RCC in renal allografts at intermediate-term follow-up.