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Najar S, Naghavi NS. Molecular Detection of Hepatitis A Virus in Urban Sewage in Isfahan, Iran. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.12.4.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Adefisoye MA, Nwodo UU, Green E, Okoh AI. Quantitative PCR Detection and Characterisation of Human Adenovirus, Rotavirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Discharged Effluents of Two Wastewater Treatment Facilities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:262-274. [PMID: 27236707 PMCID: PMC5093187 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of enteric viruses in reclaimed wastewater, their removal by efficient treatment processes and the public health hazards associated with their release into the environments are of great significance in environmental microbiology. In this study, TaqMan-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to assess the prevalence of human adenovirus (HAdV), rotavirus (RV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the final effluents of two wastewater treatment plants in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, over a twelve-month sampling period. The correlation between the concentrations of viruses in the effluents samples and faecal coliform (FC) densities were assessed as to validate the use of FC as microbiological indicator in water quality assessment. HAdV was detected in 62.5 % (30/48) of the samples with concentrations ranging between 8.4 × 101 and 1.0 × 105 genome copies/L while HAV and RV were only detected at concentrations below the set detection limits. FCs densities ranged from 1 to 2.7 × 104 CFU/100 ml. Adenovirus species HAdV-B (serotype 2) and HAdV-F (serotype 41) were detected in 86.7 % (26/30) and 6.7 % (2/30) of the HAdV-positive samples, respectively. No consistent seasonal trend was observed in HAdV concentrations, however, increased concentrations of HAdV were generally observed in the winter months. Also, there was no correlation between the occurrence of HAdV and FC at both the treatment plants. The persistent occurrence of HAdV in the discharged treated effluents points to the potential public health risk through the release of HAdV into the receiving watersheds, and the possibility of their transmission to human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Ajibade Adefisoye
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
| | - Uchechukwu U Nwodo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
| | - Ezekiel Green
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyin Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
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D'Ugo E, Marcheggiani S, Fioramonti I, Giuseppetti R, Spurio R, Helmi K, Guillebault D, Medlin LK, Simeonovski I, Boots B, Breitenbach U, Koker L, Albay M, Mancini L. Detection of Human Enteric Viruses in Freshwater from European Countries. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:206-214. [PMID: 27117764 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of water-borne pathogens typically occurs by a faecal-oral route, through inhalation of aerosols, or by direct or indirect contact with contaminated water. Previous molecular-based studies have identified viral particles of zoonotic and human nature in surface waters. Contaminated water can lead to human health issues, and the development of rapid methods for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms is a valuable tool for the prevention of their spread. The aims of this work were to determine the presence and identity of representative human pathogenic enteric viruses in water samples from six European countries by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) and to develop two quantitative PCR methods for Adenovirus 41 and Mammalian Orthoreoviruses. A 2-year survey showed that Norovirus, Mammalian Orthoreovirus and Adenoviruses were the most frequently identified enteric viruses in the sampled surface waters. Although it was not possible to establish viability and infectivity of the viruses considered, the detectable presence of pathogenic viruses may represent a potential risk for human health. The methodology developed may aid in rapid detection of these pathogens for monitoring quality of surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio D'Ugo
- Quality and Fishfarm Unit, Department Environmental Environment & Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefania Marcheggiani
- Quality and Fishfarm Unit, Department Environmental Environment & Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Fioramonti
- Quality and Fishfarm Unit, Department Environmental Environment & Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Giuseppetti
- Quality and Fishfarm Unit, Department Environmental Environment & Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Spurio
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Karim Helmi
- Veolia Rechercheur & Innovation, Saint-Maurice, France
| | | | - Linda K Medlin
- Microbia Environnement, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Ivan Simeonovski
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bas Boots
- UCD School of Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Latife Koker
- Fisheries Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meric Albay
- Fisheries Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Laura Mancini
- Quality and Fishfarm Unit, Department Environmental Environment & Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Chigor VN, Sibanda T, Okoh AI. Assessment of the risks for human health of adenoviruses, hepatitis A virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the Buffalo River and three source water dams in the Eastern Cape. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2014; 6:87-98. [PMID: 24676673 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Buffalo River is an important water resource in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The potential risks of infection constituted by exposure to human enteric viruses in the Buffalo River and three source water dams along its course were assessed using mean values and static quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The daily risks of infection determined by the exponential model [for human adenovirus (HAdV) and enterovirus (EnV)] and the beta-Poisson model (for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotavirus (RoV)) varied with sites and exposure scenario. The estimated daily risks of infection values at the sites where the respective viruses were detected, ranged from 7.31 × 10(-3) to 1 (for HAdV), 4.23 × 10(-2) to 6.54 × 10(-1) (RoV), 2.32 × 10(-4) to 1.73 × 10(-1) (HAV) and 1.32 × 10(-4) to 5.70 × 10(-2) (EnV). The yearly risks of infection in individuals exposed to the river/dam water via drinking, recreational, domestic or irrigational activities were unacceptably high, exceeding the acceptable risk of 0.01% (10(-4) infection/person/year), and the guideline value used as by several nations for drinking water. The risks of illness and death from infection ranged from 6.58 × 10(-5) to 5.0 × 10(-1) and 6.58 × 10(-9) to 5.0 × 10(-5), respectively. The threats here are heightened by the high mortality rates for HAV, and its endemicity in South Africa. Therefore, we conclude that the Buffalo River and its source water dams are a public health hazard. The QMRA presented here is the first of its kinds in the Eastern Cape Province and provides the building block for a quantitatively oriented local guideline for water quality management in the Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent N Chigor
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa,
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Chigor VN, Okoh AI. Quantitative detection and characterization of human adenoviruses in the Buffalo River in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2012; 4:198-208. [PMID: 23412891 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-012-9090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Buffalo River is an important water resource in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Over a 1-year period (August 2010-July 2011), we assessed the prevalence of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) at a total of 6 sites on the river and three dams along its course. HAdVs were detected by real-time quantitative PCR in about 35 % of the samples with concentrations ranging from 1.2 × 10(1) genome copies (GC)/l to 4.71 × 10(3) GC/l. HAdVs were detected at 5 of the 6 sampling sites with the detection rate ranging from 8.3 % at Rooikrantz Dam to 92 % at Parkside. The HAdV concentrations across the sampling sites were as follows: Parkside (3.25 × 10(2)-4.71 × 10(3) GC/); King William's Town (1.02 × 10(2)-4.56 × 10(3) GC/l); and Eluxolzweni (1.17 × 10(2)-3.97 × 10(2) GC/l). Significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentrations were detected at the non-dam sites compared to the dam sites. A very low mean concentration of 1.86 × 10(1) HAdV GC/l was observed at Bridle Drift Dam. While HAdVs were detected only once at Rooikrantz Dam (1.74 × 10(1) GC/l), no HAdV was detected at Maden Dam. Epidemiologically important serotypes, Ad40/41, constituted 83.3 %, while Ad21 made up 16.7 % of the all HAdVs detected and were characterized by qualitative PCR. The Buffalo River presents a public health risk heightened by the presence of Ad 40/41 and Ad21. Our results make imperative the need for assessing water sources for viral contamination in the interest of public health. This work is a significant contribution to the molecular epidemiology of adenoviruses and to the best of our knowledge this is the first report on detection of enteric virus from surface waters in the Eastern Cape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent N Chigor
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
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Sibanda T, Okoh AI. Assessment of the incidence of enteric adenovirus species and serotypes in surface waters in the eastern cape province of South Africa: Tyume River as a case study. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:949216. [PMID: 23226986 PMCID: PMC3512288 DOI: 10.1100/2012/949216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TaqMan real-time PCR was used for the detection and quantitation of adenoviruses in Tyume River water samples over a 12-month period. A total of 72 samples were analysed, and 22 samples were positive for adenovirus. Of the positive samples, 18 were collected from downstream sampling points. Among the downstream sampling points, adenovirus detection rate increased with distance downstream, being 28%, 33%, and 39% for Alice, Drayini, and Manqulweni, respectively. The Alice sampling site had the highest concentrations of adenovirus ranging between 6.54 × 103 genome copies/L and 8.49 × 104 genome copies/L. The observed trend could have been expected considering the level of anthropogenic activities in areas along the lower stretch of Tyume River, with the major one being the effluent of treated and semi treated sewage from wastewater treatment facilities. Adenovirus detection was sporadic at most sampling sites. Multiplex conventional PCR was used for the detection of clinically important adenovirus species B, C, and F and their serotypes. Species C and F adenoviruses were detected in 77% and 18% of the samples, respectively. Most adenovirus positive samples were obtained from areas of increased population densities. The presence of adenoviruses may confirm the risk of its transmission to the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Sibanda
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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Chigor VN, Okoh AI. Quantitative RT-PCR detection of hepatitis A virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the Buffalo River and source water dams in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012. [PMID: 23202829 PMCID: PMC3524610 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9114017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human enteric viruses (HEntVs) are a major cause of water-related diseases. The prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV), rotaviruses (RoV) and enteroviruses (EnV) in Buffalo River waters was assessed quantitatively over a period of 12 months (August 2010 to July 2011). Seventy-two samples were collected from six sites, including three dams, and concentrated using the adsorption-elution method. Viral RNA was extracted using a commercial kit, and the viruses were quantified by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR). Two or more viruses were detected in 12.5% of the samples. HAV was detected in 43.1% of the samples and in significantly (p < 0.05) varying concentrations of 1.5 × 10(1)–1.9 × 10(5) genome copies/L compared to RoV and EnV, while RoVs were detected in 13.9% of samples, with concentrations ranging from 2.5 × 10(1)–2.1 × 10(3) genome copies/L, and EnV were detected in 9.7% of the samples, with concentrations ranging from 1.3 × 10(1)–8.6 × 10(1) genome copies/L. Only HAV was detected at all the sites, with the Bridle Drift Dam recording significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentrations. The presence of enteric viruses in Buffalo River may constitute public health risks and the incidence of HAV at all the sites could reflect both the epidemiological status of hepatitis A and HAV persistence in the water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Nnamdigadi Chigor
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
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Wong K, Fong TT, Bibby K, Molina M. Application of enteric viruses for fecal pollution source tracking in environmental waters. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 45:151-64. [PMID: 22537583 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microbial source tracking (MST) tools are used to identify sources of fecal pollution for accurately assessing public health risk and implementing best management practices (BMPs). This review focuses on the potential of enteric viruses for MST applications. Following host infection, enteric viruses replicate and are excreted in high numbers in the hosts' feces and urine. Due to the specificity in host infection, enteric viruses have been considered one of the most accurate library-independent culture-independent MST tools. In an assessment of molecular viral assays based on sensitivity, specificity and the density of the target virus in fecal-impacted samples, human adenovirus and human polyomavirus were found to be the most promising human-specific viral markers. However, more research is needed to identify promising viral markers for livestock because of cross-reactions that were observed among livestock species or the limited number of samples tested for specificity. Other viral indicators of fecal origin, F+ RNA coliphage and pepper mild mottle virus, have also been proposed as potential targets for developing MST markers. Enhancing the utility of enteric viruses for MST applications through next generation sequencing (NGS) and virus concentration technology is discussed in the latter part of this review. The massive sequence databases generated by shotgun and gene-targeted metagenomics enable more efficient and reliable design of MST assays. Finally, recent studies revealed that alternative virus concentration methodologies may be more cost-effective than standard technologies such as 1MDS; however, improvements in the recovery efficiency and consistency are still needed. Overall, developments in metagenomic information combined with efficient concentration methodologies, as well as high host-specificity, make enteric viruses a promising tool in MST applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Wong
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ecosystems Research Division, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA, USA.
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Haramoto E, Yamada K, Nishida K. Prevalence of protozoa, viruses, coliphages and indicator bacteria in groundwater and river water in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2011; 105:711-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Ming HX, Zhu L, Zhang Y. Rapid quantification of infectious enterovirus from surface water in Bohai Bay, China using an integrated cell culture-qPCR assay. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:2047-2054. [PMID: 21889173 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To rapidly quantify infectious enteroviruses polluting the coastal seawaters, a newly developed integrated cell culture and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR) assay was used to identify the contamination by enteroviruses in winter seawater samples of Bohai Bay, Tianjin, China. The gene copies of enteroviral 5'UTRs correlated to the initial inoculum numbers across the concentration range of 0.05-500 PFU mL(-1) (correlation coefficient (R(2)) was 0.9667). ICC-qPCR revealed that five of seven samples (70.4%) were positive for infectious enteroviruses. The concentration of enteroviruses was estimated at 0.2-21 PFU L(-1). The result demonstrated that the contamination of enteroviruses in this coastal area may constitute a potential public health risk. This study established a practical assay for widespread monitoring studies of aquatic environments for viral contamination and provided meaningful data for human waterborne viral risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Ming
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Pollution and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Silva HD, Santos SFO, Lima AP, Silveira-Lacerda EP, Anunciação CE, Garcíazapata MTA. Correlation Analysis of the Seasonality of Adenovirus Gene Detection and Water Quality Parameters Based on Yearly Monitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12403-011-0047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Validation of internal controls for extraction and amplification of nucleic acids from enteric viruses in water samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:4336-43. [PMID: 21602369 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00077-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors that reduce viral nucleic acid extraction efficiency and interfere with cDNA synthesis and/or polymerase activity affect the molecular detection of viruses in aquatic environments. To overcome these significant problems, we developed a methodology for assessing nucleic acid yields and DNA amplification efficiencies for environmental water samples. This involved adding particles of adenovirus type 5 and murine norovirus and newly developed primer-sharing controls, which are amplified with the same primer pairs and result in the same amplicon sizes as the targets, to these samples. We found that nucleic acid loss during the extraction process, rather than reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) inhibition, more significantly attributed to underestimation of the presence of viral genomes in the environmental water samples tested in this study. Our success rate for satisfactorily amplifying viral RNAs and DNAs by RT-PCR was higher than that for obtaining adequate nucleic acid preparations. We found that inhibitory properties were greatest when we used larger sample volumes. A magnetic silica bead-based RNA extraction method effectively removed inhibitors that interfere with viral nucleic acid extraction and RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the inhibitory properties of environmental water samples by using both control virus particles and primer-sharing controls.
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Análisis filogenético de las cepas de rotavirus y virus de la hepatitis A encontradas en agua de consumo en el municipio de Quibdó, Chocó. BIOMEDICA 2009. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v29i2.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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First detection of genotype 3 hepatitis E virus RNA in river water in Cambodia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 103:955-7. [PMID: 19446859 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify and describe hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains in aquatic environments in Cambodia, we collected two river-water samples from upstream and downstream sites along the Siem Reap River and examined them for HEV using a virus concentration method followed by TaqMan reverse transcription PCR and genetic analysis of the PCR product. Genotype 3 HEV strain was detected from the river-water sample collected from the river downstream, indicating that genotype 3 HEV strains are circulating in this region. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating HEV contamination in aquatic environments in Cambodia.
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Victoria M, Guimarães F, Fumian T, Ferreira F, Vieira C, Leite JP, Miagostovich M. Evaluation of an adsorption–elution method for detection of astrovirus and norovirus in environmental waters. J Virol Methods 2009; 156:73-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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