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Chodkowski M, Słońska A, Gregorczyk-Zboroch K, Nowak-Zyczynska Z, Golke A, Krzyżowska M, Bańbura MW, Cymerys J. Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) Influences Morphology and Function of Neuronal Mitochondria In Vitro. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080876. [PMID: 36014997 PMCID: PMC9414512 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key cellular organelles responsible for many essential functions, including ATP production, ion homeostasis and apoptosis induction. Recent studies indicate their significant role during viral infection. In the present study, we examined the effects of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection on the morphology and mitochondrial function in primary murine neurons in vitro. We used three EHV-1 strains: two non-neuropathogenic (Jan-E and Rac-H) and one neuropathogenic (EHV-1 26). The organization of the mitochondrial network during EHV-1 infection was assessed by immunofluorescence. To access mitochondrial function, we analyzed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitophagy, mitochondrial inner-membrane potential, mitochondrial mass, and mitochondrial genes’ expression. Changes in mitochondria morphology during infection suggested importance of their perinuclear localization for EHV-1 replication. Despite these changes, mitochondrial functions were preserved. For all tested EHV-1 strains, the similarities in the increased fold expression were detected only for COX18, Sod2, and Tspo. For non-neuropathogenic strains (Jan-E and Rac-H), we detected mainly changes in the expression of genes related to mitochondrial morphology and transport. The results indicate that mitochondria play an important role during EHV-1 replication in cultured neurons and undergo specific morphological and functional modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Chodkowski
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.G.); (M.W.B.)
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Anna Słońska
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.G.); (M.W.B.)
| | - Karolina Gregorczyk-Zboroch
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Zuzanna Nowak-Zyczynska
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Faculty of Animal Breeding, Bioengineering and Conservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Golke
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.G.); (M.W.B.)
| | | | - Marcin W. Bańbura
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.G.); (M.W.B.)
| | - Joanna Cymerys
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.G.); (M.W.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (J.C.)
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Bartak M, Chodkowski M, Słońska A, Grodzik M, Szczepaniak J, Bańbura MW, Cymerys J. Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 Modulates Actin Cytoskeleton and Inhibits Migration of Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Line A172. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040400. [PMID: 35456075 PMCID: PMC9031356 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory diseases, abortion, and neurological disorders in horses. Recently, the oncolytic potential of this virus and its possible use in anticancer therapy has been reported, but its influence on cytoskeleton was not evaluated yet. In the following study, we have examined disruptions in actin cytoskeleton of glioblastoma multiforme in vitro model—A172 cell line, caused by EHV-1 infection. We used three EHV-1 strains: two non-neuropathogenic (Jan-E and Rac-H) and one neuropathogenic (EHV-1 26). Immunofluorescent labelling, confocal microscopy, real-time cell growth analysis and OrisTM cell migration assay revealed disturbed migration of A172 cells infected with the EHV-1, probably due to rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton and the absence of cell projections. All tested strains caused disruption of the actin network and general depolymerization of microfilaments. The qPCR results confirmed the effective replication of EHV-1. Thus, we have demonstrated, for the first time, that EHV-1 infection leads to inhibition of proliferation and migration in A172 cells, which might be promising for new immunotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Bartak
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (A.S.); (M.W.B.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcin Chodkowski
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (A.S.); (M.W.B.); (J.C.)
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Słońska
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (A.S.); (M.W.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Marta Grodzik
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Jarosław Szczepaniak
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Marcin W. Bańbura
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (A.S.); (M.W.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Joanna Cymerys
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (A.S.); (M.W.B.); (J.C.)
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New real-time PCR assay using allelic discrimination for detection and differentiation of equine herpesvirus-1 strains with A2254 and G2254 polymorphisms. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1981-8. [PMID: 22493339 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00135-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A single-nucleotide polymorphism (A(2254) or G(2254)) in open reading frame 30 (ORF30) has been linked to the neuropathogenic phenotype of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1). Identification of this polymorphism led to the development of a real-time PCR (rPCR) assay using allelic discrimination (E(2)) to distinguish between potentially neuropathogenic and nonneuropathogenic EHV-1 strains (G. P. Allen, J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 19:69-72, 2007). Although this rPCR assay can detect and genotype EHV-1 strains, subsequent studies demonstrated that it lacks the sensitivity for the routine detection of viral nucleic acid in clinical specimens. Therefore, a new allelic discrimination EHV-1 rPCR assay (E(1)) was developed by redesigning primers and probes specific to ORF30. The E(1) and E(2) rPCR assays were evaluated using 76 archived EHV isolates and 433 clinical specimens from cases of suspected EHV-1 infection. Nucleotide sequence analysis of ORF30 was used to confirm the presence of EHV-1 and characterize the genotype (A(2254) or G(2254)) in all archived isolates plus 168 of the clinical samples. The E(1) assay was 10 times more sensitive than E(2), with a lower detection limit of 10 infectious virus particles. Furthermore, all A(2254) and G(2254) genotypes along with samples from three cases of dual infection (A(2254)+G(2254)) were correctly identified by E(1), whereas E(2) produced 20 false dual positive results with only one actual mixed A(2254)+G(2254) genotype confirmed. Based on these findings, E(1) offers greater sensitivity and accuracy for the detection and A/G(2254) genotyping of EHV-1, making this improved rPCR assay a valuable diagnostic tool for investigating outbreaks of EHV-1 infection.
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Malik P, Bálint Á, Dán Á, Pálfi V. Molecular characterisation of the ORF68 region of equine herpesvirus-1 strains isolated from aborted fetuses in Hungary between 1977 and 2008. Acta Vet Hung 2012; 60:175-87. [PMID: 22366142 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2012.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) can be classified into distinct groups by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in their genomes. Only a few of these can be associated with a special attribute of the virus. Differences in the ORF30 region can determine the neuropathogenic potential, while by substitutions in the ORF68 region several strain groups can be made. In previous studies no connection was found between the neuropathogenic potential and the SNPs in ORF68, but the occurrence of members of distinct groups in different outbreaks can facilitate epidemiological investigations because the geographical distribution of a particular group is very often specific. The present study aimed at the molecular examination and grouping of 35 EHV-1 strains isolated from aborted equine fetuses in Hungary between 1977 and 2008. Genotyping was based on the comparison of nucleotide sequences of a polymorphic segment located in the ORF68 region, which had previously been found to be a useful tool for classification. After sequencing this region, the Hungarian EHV-1 isolates could be classified into seven groups. Only 23 of the 35 isolates belonged to the formerly described groups, while the SNPs of 12 isolates diverged, and four new groups could be set up. In addition, phylogenetic analysis was performed to compare the ORF68 sequences of the Hungarian strains with the sequences of isolates from Europe, America and Australia. The number of newly formed groups suggests that the further analysis of unknown EHV-1 isolates would involve the emergence of extended numbers of new groups, which can impair the usability of this grouping method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Malik
- 1 Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Department of Mammal Virology, Central Agricultural Office Tábornok u. 2 H-1149 Budapest Hungary
| | - Ádám Bálint
- 1 Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Department of Mammal Virology, Central Agricultural Office Tábornok u. 2 H-1149 Budapest Hungary
| | - Ádám Dán
- 1 Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Department of Mammal Virology, Central Agricultural Office Tábornok u. 2 H-1149 Budapest Hungary
| | - Vilmos Pálfi
- 1 Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Department of Mammal Virology, Central Agricultural Office Tábornok u. 2 H-1149 Budapest Hungary
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McMenamy MJ, McKillen J, Hjertner B, Kiss I, Yacoub A, Leijon M, Duffy C, Belák S, Welsh M, Allan G. Development and comparison of a Primer-Probe Energy Transfer based assay and a 5' conjugated Minor Groove Binder assay for sensitive real-time PCR detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus. J Virol Methods 2011; 175:149-55. [PMID: 21539859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study the design and development of two real-time PCR assays for the rapid, sensitive and specific detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) DNA is described. A Primer-Probe Energy Transfer (PriProET) assay and 5' conjugated Minor Groove Binder (MGB) method are compared and contrasted. Both have been designed to target the thymidine kinase gene of the ILTV genome. Both PriProET and MGB assays are capable of detecting 20 copies of a DNA standard per reaction and are linear from 2×10(8) to 2×10(2)copies/μl. Neither PriProET, nor MGB reacted with heterologous herpesviruses, indicating a high specificity of the two methods as novel tools for virus detection and identification. This study demonstrates the suitability of PriProET and 5' conjugated MGB probes as real-time PCR chemistries for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases caused by ILTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McMenamy
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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