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Simmons MM, Thorne L, Ortiz-Pelaez A, Spiropoulos J, Georgiadou S, Papasavva-Stylianou P, Andreoletti O, Hawkins SA, Meloni D, Cassar C. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in goats: is PrP rapid test sensitivity affected by genotype? J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:87-93. [PMID: 31894737 PMCID: PMC7003235 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719896327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) surveillance in goats relies on tests initially approved for cattle, subsequently assessed for sheep, and approval extrapolated for use in "small ruminants." The current EU-approved immunodetection tests employ antibodies against various epitopes of the prion protein PrPSc, which is encoded by the host PRNP gene. The caprine PRNP gene is polymorphic, mostly at codons different from the ovine PRNP. The EU goat population is much more heterogeneous than the sheep population, with more PRNP-related polymorphisms, and with marked breed-related differences. The ability of the current tests to detect disease-specific PrPSc generated against these different genetic backgrounds is currently assumed, rather than proven. We examined whether common polymorphisms within the goat PRNP gene might have any adverse effect on the relative performance of EU-approved rapid tests. The sample panel comprised goats from the UK, Cyprus, France, and Italy, with either experimental or naturally acquired scrapie at both the preclinical and/or unknown and clinical stages of disease. Test sensitivity was significantly lower and more variable when compared using samples from animals that were preclinical or of unknown status. However, all of the rapid tests included in our study were able to correctly identify all samples from animals in the clinical stages of disease, apart from samples from animals polymorphic for serine or aspartic acid at codon 146, in which the performance of the Bio-Rad tests was profoundly affected. Our data show that some polymorphisms may adversely affect one test and not another, as well as underline the dangers of extrapolating from other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion M. Simmons
- APHA-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK (Simmons, Thorne, Spiropoulos, Hawkins, Cassar)
- Unit of Biological Hazards and Contaminants (BIOCONTAM), Risk Assessment & Scientific Assistance, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy (Ortiz-Pelaez)
- Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Georgiadou, Papasavva-Stylianou)
- UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (Andreoletti)
- Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy (Meloni)
| | - Leigh Thorne
- APHA-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK (Simmons, Thorne, Spiropoulos, Hawkins, Cassar)
- Unit of Biological Hazards and Contaminants (BIOCONTAM), Risk Assessment & Scientific Assistance, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy (Ortiz-Pelaez)
- Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Georgiadou, Papasavva-Stylianou)
- UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (Andreoletti)
- Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy (Meloni)
| | - Angel Ortiz-Pelaez
- APHA-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK (Simmons, Thorne, Spiropoulos, Hawkins, Cassar)
- Unit of Biological Hazards and Contaminants (BIOCONTAM), Risk Assessment & Scientific Assistance, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy (Ortiz-Pelaez)
- Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Georgiadou, Papasavva-Stylianou)
- UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (Andreoletti)
- Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy (Meloni)
| | - John Spiropoulos
- APHA-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK (Simmons, Thorne, Spiropoulos, Hawkins, Cassar)
- Unit of Biological Hazards and Contaminants (BIOCONTAM), Risk Assessment & Scientific Assistance, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy (Ortiz-Pelaez)
- Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Georgiadou, Papasavva-Stylianou)
- UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (Andreoletti)
- Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy (Meloni)
| | - Soteria Georgiadou
- APHA-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK (Simmons, Thorne, Spiropoulos, Hawkins, Cassar)
- Unit of Biological Hazards and Contaminants (BIOCONTAM), Risk Assessment & Scientific Assistance, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy (Ortiz-Pelaez)
- Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Georgiadou, Papasavva-Stylianou)
- UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (Andreoletti)
- Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy (Meloni)
| | - Penelope Papasavva-Stylianou
- APHA-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK (Simmons, Thorne, Spiropoulos, Hawkins, Cassar)
- Unit of Biological Hazards and Contaminants (BIOCONTAM), Risk Assessment & Scientific Assistance, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy (Ortiz-Pelaez)
- Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Georgiadou, Papasavva-Stylianou)
- UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (Andreoletti)
- Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy (Meloni)
| | - Olivier Andreoletti
- APHA-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK (Simmons, Thorne, Spiropoulos, Hawkins, Cassar)
- Unit of Biological Hazards and Contaminants (BIOCONTAM), Risk Assessment & Scientific Assistance, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy (Ortiz-Pelaez)
- Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Georgiadou, Papasavva-Stylianou)
- UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (Andreoletti)
- Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy (Meloni)
| | - Stephen A.C. Hawkins
- APHA-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK (Simmons, Thorne, Spiropoulos, Hawkins, Cassar)
- Unit of Biological Hazards and Contaminants (BIOCONTAM), Risk Assessment & Scientific Assistance, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy (Ortiz-Pelaez)
- Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Georgiadou, Papasavva-Stylianou)
- UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (Andreoletti)
- Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy (Meloni)
| | - Daniela Meloni
- APHA-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK (Simmons, Thorne, Spiropoulos, Hawkins, Cassar)
- Unit of Biological Hazards and Contaminants (BIOCONTAM), Risk Assessment & Scientific Assistance, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy (Ortiz-Pelaez)
- Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Georgiadou, Papasavva-Stylianou)
- UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (Andreoletti)
- Italian Reference Laboratory for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy (Meloni)
| | - Claire Cassar
- Claire Cassar, Department of Pathology, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
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Meloni D, Bozzetta E, Langeveld JPM, Groschup MH, Goldmann W, Andrèoletti O, Lantier I, Van Keulen L, Bossers A, Pitardi D, Nonno R, Sklaviadis T, Ingravalle F, Peletto S, Colussi S, Acutis PL. EU-approved rapid tests might underestimate bovine spongiform encephalopathy infection in goats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:232-236. [PMID: 28068881 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716688045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the diagnostic sensitivity of 3 EU-approved rapid tests (ELISAs; 1 from IDEXX and 2 from Bio-Rad) for the detection of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases in goats. Ninety-eight goat brainstem samples were tested. All the rapid tests had 100% specificity and ≥80% sensitivity, with the IDEXX test significantly more sensitive than the 2 Bio-Rad tests. All tests detected 100% of samples from goats with clinical scrapie, but missed 8% (IDEXX) to 33% (Bio-Rad SG) of samples from preclinical goats. Importantly, only IDEXX picked up all samples from clinical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-infected goats, whereas the other 2 rapid tests missed 15% (Bio-Rad SG) to 25% (Bio-Rad SAP). These results show that a fraction of preclinical scrapie infections are likely missed by EU surveillance, with sensitivity of detection strongly dependent on the choice of the rapid test. Moreover, a significant proportion of clinical BSE infections are underestimated by using either Bio-Rad test. Assuming that the same sensitivity on preclinical goats would also occur in BSE-infected goats, our data suggest that IDEXX is likely the most sensitive test for detecting preclinical field cases of BSE infection in goats, although with an 8% failure rate. These results raise some concerns about the reliability of current EU surveillance figures on BSE infection in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Meloni
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Jan P M Langeveld
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Martin H Groschup
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Wilfred Goldmann
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Olivier Andrèoletti
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Isabelle Lantier
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Lucien Van Keulen
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Alex Bossers
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Danilo Pitardi
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Romolo Nonno
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Theodoros Sklaviadis
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Francesco Ingravalle
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Simone Peletto
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Silvia Colussi
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
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