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Hou Y, Chen R, Wang Z, Lu R, Wang Y, Ren S, Li S, Wang Y, Han T, Yang S, Zhou H, Gao Z. Bio-barcode assay: A useful technology for ultrasensitive and logic-controlled specific detection in food safety: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1267:341351. [PMID: 37257972 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Food safety is one of the greatest public health challenges. Developing ultrasensitive detection methods for analytes at ultra-trace levels is, therefore, essential. In recent years, the bio-barcode assay (BCA) has emerged as an effective ultrasensitive detection strategy that is based on the indirect amplification of various DNA probes. This review systematically summarizes the progress of fluorescence, PCR, and colorimetry-based BCA methods for the detection of various contaminants, including pathogenic bacteria, toxins, pesticides, antibiotics, and other chemical substances in food in over 120 research papers. Current challenges, including long experimental times and strict storage conditions, and the prospects for the application of BCA in biomedicine and environmental analyses, have also been discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hou
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, People's Republic of China; Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruipeng Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Wang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, People's Republic of China; Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Lu
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyue Ren
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Li
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie Han
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiping Yang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huanying Zhou
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China.
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Huang N, Sheng W, Bai D, Sun M, Ren L, Wang S, Zhang W, Jin Z. Multiplex bio-barcode based fluorometric immunoassay for simultaneous determination of zearalenone, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A, and aflatoxin B1 in cereals. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Campion EM, Walls D, Loughran ST. Protein Quantitation and Analysis of Purity. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2699:305-347. [PMID: 37647005 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3362-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The accurate quantitation of proteins and an analysis of their purity is essential in numerous areas of scientific research and is a critical factor in many clinical applications. The large number and variety of techniques employed for this purpose is therefore not surprising. The selection of a suitable assay is dependent on such factors as the level of sensitivity required, the presence of interfering agents, and the composition of the protein itself. In this chapter, protocols for the most commonly used protein determination methodologies are outlined, including an overview of the highly sensitive real-time quantitative immuno-polymerase chain reaction assay. In addition, an approach to validate the UV protein absorption assay is outlined, which can be applied to any procedure for method validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Campion
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Atlantic Technological University, Ash Lane, Sligo, Ireland.
| | - Dermot Walls
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad T Loughran
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk Co. Louth, Ireland
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Tabatabaei MS, Islam R, Ahmed M. Size and macromolecule stabilizer-dependent performance of gold colloids in immuno-PCR. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2205-2217. [PMID: 35034157 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are well-documented for their size and surface chemistry-dependent electronic and optical properties that are extensively utilized to develop highly sensitive immunoassays. GNP-based immuno-polymerase chain reaction (immuno-PCR) is especially interesting due to the facile loading of biomolecules on the surface of GNP probes and has been utilized to develop analyte-specific assays. In this study, the role of size and surface chemistry of GNPs is explored in detail to develop a highly sensitive and reproducible immuno-PCR assay for specific detection of biotinylated analytes. Our results indicate that smaller-sized gold nanoparticles outperform the larger ones in terms of their sensitivity in immuno-PCR assay and show superior loading of proteins and oligonucleotides on the surface of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the role of different macromolecular stabilizers (such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and PEGylated BSA) was compared to optimize the loading of biomolecules and to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of GNP probes. mPEG-BSA-functionalized GNP probes of 15 nm were found to be highly sensitive at low concentrations of analytes and significantly (~ 30 fold) improve the limit of detection of analytes in comparison with ELISA assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdis Sadat Tabatabaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | | | - Marya Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, C1A 4P3, Canada. .,Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, C1A 4P3, Canada.
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Alexis S.P. Tubalinal G, Paulo G. Lucero L, Andreus V. Mangahas J, A. Villanueva M, N. Mingala C. Application of Noble Metals in the Advances in Animal Disease Diagnostics. Vet Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of molecular biology and biotechnology has given ease and comfort for the screening and detection of different animal diseases caused by bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens. Furthermore, detection of antibiotics and its residues has advanced in recent years. However, most of the process of animal disease diagnostics is still confined in the laboratory. The next step to conduct surveillance and prevent the spread of animal infectious diseases is to detect these diseases in the field. Through the discovery and continuous development in the field of nanobiotechnology, it was found that incorporation of noble metal nanoparticles to biotechnology tools such as the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), lateral flow assays (LFAs) and dipsticks provided a promising start to conduct point-of-care diagnostics. Moreover, the modification and application of nanoparticle noble metals has increased the stability, effectiveness, sensitivity and overall efficacy of these diagnostic tools. Thus, recent advances in disease diagnostics used these noble metals such as gold, silver and platinum.
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Dahiya B, Prasad T, Singh V, Khan A, Kamra E, Mor P, Yadav A, Gupta KB, Mehta PK. Diagnosis of tuberculosis by nanoparticle-based immuno-PCR assay based on mycobacterial MPT64 and CFP-10 detection. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2609-2624. [PMID: 33090059 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To improve the diagnostic accuracy of immuno-PCR (I-PCR) in tuberculosis (TB) patients by using functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coupled with detection antibodies and oligonucleotides, and magnetic beads (MBs) conjugated with capture antibodies in the liquid phase. Materials & methods: MB-coupled AuNP-based I-PCR (MB-AuNP-I-PCR) assay was designed to detect a cocktail of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MPT64 and CFP-10 proteins in bodily fluids of TB patients. Results: The sensitivities of 89.3 (n = 94) and 78.1% (n = 73) were observed in pulmonary TB and extrapulmonary TB patients, respectively, with specificities of 97.9-98.3%. Notably, the sensitivities attained by MB-AuNP-I-PCR in smear-negative pulmonary TB and extrapulmonary TB patients were significantly higher (p < 0.05-0.001) than Magneto-ELISA and GeneXpert assay. Conclusion: The improved technology, as well as enhanced diagnostic accuracy of MB-AuNP-I-PCR, may lead to development of an attractive diagnostic kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Dahiya
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Tulika Prasad
- Special Centre for Nano Science & Advanced Instrumentation Research & Facility (AIRF), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vishwajeet Singh
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Anish Khan
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Ekta Kamra
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Preeti Mor
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Aparna Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences (UHS), Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Krishna B Gupta
- Department of TB & Respiratory Medicine, UHS, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Promod K Mehta
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
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Tabatabaei MS, Islam R, Ahmed M. Applications of gold nanoparticles in ELISA, PCR, and immuno-PCR assays: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1143:250-266. [PMID: 33384122 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of state-of-the-art assays for sensitive and specific detection of disease biomarkers has received significant interest for early detection and prevention of various diseases. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are two examples of proteins and nucleic acid detection assays respectively, which have been widely used for the sensitive detection of target analytes in biological fluids. Recently, immuno-PCR has emerged as a sensitive detection method, where high specificity of sandwich ELISA assays is combined with high sensitivity of PCR for trace detection of biomarkers. However, inherent disadvantages of immuno-PCR assays limit their application as rapid and sensitive detection method in clinical settings. With advances in nanomaterials, nanoparticles-based immunoassays have been widely used to improve the sensitivity and simplicity of traditional immunoassays. Owing to facile synthesis, surface functionalization, and superior optical and electronic properties, gold nanoparticles have been at the forefront of sensing and detection technologies and have been extensively studied to improve the efficacies of immunoassays. This review provides a brief history of immuno-PCR assays and specifically focuses on the role of gold nanoparticles to improve the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA, PCR and immuno-PCR assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafiq Islam
- Somru BioScience Inc., 19 Innovation Way, BioCommons Research Park.Charlottetown, PE, C1E 0B7, Canada
| | - Marya Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, 550 University Ave. Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada; Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave. Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
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Wang Y, Jin M, Chen G, Cui X, Zhang Y, Li M, Liao Y, Zhang X, Qin G, Yan F, Abd El-Aty A, Wang J. Bio-barcode detection technology and its research applications: A review. J Adv Res 2019; 20:23-32. [PMID: 31193255 PMCID: PMC6522771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of nanotechnology, the bio-barcode assay (BCA), as a new diagnostic tool, has been gradually applied to the detection of protein and nucleic acid targets and small-molecule compounds. BCA has the advantages of high sensitivity, short detection time, simple operation, low cost, good repeatability and good linear relationship between detection results. However, bio-barcode technology is not yet fully formed as a complete detection system, and the detection process in all aspects and stages is unstable. Therefore, studying the optimal reaction conditions, optimizing the experimental steps, exploring the multi-residue detection of small-molecule substances, and preparing immuno-bio-barcode kits are important research directions for the standardization and commercialization of BCA. The main theme of this review was to describe the principle of BCA, provide a comparison of its application, and introduce the single-residue and multi-residue detection of macromolecules and single-residue detection of small molecules. We also compared it with other detection methods, summarized its feasibility and limitations, expecting that with further improvement and development, the technique can be more widely used in the field of stable small-molecule and multi-residue detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshang Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Maojun Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ge Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xueyan Cui
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yudan Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Mingjie Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yun Liao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Guoxin Qin
- Agro-products Quality Safety and Testing Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Feiyan Yan
- Agro-products Quality Safety and Testing Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - A.M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
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Dahiya B, Mehta PK. Detection of potential biomarkers associated with outrageous diseases and environmental pollutants by nanoparticle-based immuno-PCR assays. Anal Biochem 2019; 587:113444. [PMID: 31545948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-polymerase chain reaction (I-PCR) assay with advantages of both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR exhibits several-fold enhanced sensitivity in comparison to respective ELISA, which has wide applications for ultralow detection of several molecules, i.e. cytokines, protooncogenes and biomarkers associated with several diseases. Conjugation of reporter DNA to the detection antibodies is the most crucial step of I-PCR assay that usually employs streptavidin-protein A, streptavidin-biotin conjugate or succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) system by a covalent binding. However, coupling of antibodies and oligonucleotides to nanoparticles (NPs) is relatively easier in the NP-based I-PCR (NP-I-PCR) that also displays better accuracy. This article is mainly focused on the detection of important biomarkers associated with several outrageous infectious and non-infectious diseases by NP-I-PCR assays, which would expedite an early initiation of therapy thus human health would be improved. Similarly, ultralow detection of environmental pollutants by these assays and their elimination would certainly improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Dahiya
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Promod K Mehta
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
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Yin HQ, Ji CF, Yang XQ, Wang R, Yang S, Zhang HQ, Zhang JG. An improved gold nanoparticle probe-based assay for HCV core antigen ultrasensitive detection. J Virol Methods 2017; 243:142-145. [PMID: 28189584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A gold nanoparticle probe-based assay (GNPA) was developed for ultrasensitive detection of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen. In the GNPA, after anti-HCV core antigen polyclonal antibodies and single-stranded barcode signal DNA were labeled on gold nanoparticle probe (NP), DNA enzyme was used to degrade the unbound barcode DNAs. The anti-HCV core antigen monoclonal antibodies were coated on magnetic microparticles probe (MMP). Then the NP-HCV core antigen-MMP sandwich immuno-complex was formed when the target antigen protein was added and captured. Magnetically separated, the immuno-complex containing the single-stranded barcode signal DNA was characterized by TaqMan probe based real-time fluorescence PCR. A detection limit of 1 fg/ml was determined for the HCV core antigen which is magnitude greater than that of ELISA (2ng/ml). The coefficients of variation (CV) of intra-assay and inter-assay respectively ranged from 0.22-2.62% and 1.92-3.01%. The improved GNPA decreased the interference of unbound barcode DNAs and may be an new way for HCV core antigen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qiong Yin
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chang-Fu Ji
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xi-Qin Yang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - He-Qiu Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jin-Gang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
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Establishment of evanescent wave fiber-optic immunosensor method for detection bluetongue virus. Methods 2015; 90:65-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Chinnasamy T, Segerink LI, Nystrand M, Gantelius J, Svahn HA. A lateral flow paper microarray for rapid allergy point of care diagnostics. Analyst 2014; 139:2348-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01806g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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