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Gomez-Betancur D, Vargas-Bermudez DS, Giraldo-Ramírez S, Jaime J, Ruiz-Saenz J. Canine circovirus: An emerging or an endemic undiagnosed enteritis virus? Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1150636. [PMID: 37138920 PMCID: PMC10150634 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1150636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine Circovirus (CanineCV) belongs to the family Circoviridae. It is an emerging virus described for the first time in 2011; since then, it has been detected in different countries and can be defined as worldwide distribution virus. CanineCV infects domestic and wild canids and is mainly related to hemorrhagic enteritis in canines. However, it has been identified in fecal samples from apparently healthy animals, where in most cases it is found in coinfection with other viral agents such as the canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV). The estimated prevalence/frequency of CanineCV has been variable in the populations and countries where it has been evaluated, reaching from 1 to 30%, and there are still many concepts to define the epidemiological characteristics of the virus. The molecular characterization and phylo-evolutive analyses that allow to postulate the wild origin and intercontinental distribution of the virus. This review focuses on the importance on continuing research and establish surveillance systems for this emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gomez-Betancur
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Diana S. Vargas-Bermudez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Centro de investigación en Infectología e Inmunología Veterinaria (CI3V), Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sebastian Giraldo-Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jairo Jaime
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Centro de investigación en Infectología e Inmunología Veterinaria (CI3V), Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Julian Ruiz-Saenz,
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Hosono S, Shiokawa M, Kobayashi T, Fukusho A, Aoki H. Porcine circovirus type 2 induces a strong cytopathic effect in the serum-free culture cell line CPK-NS. J Virol Methods 2019; 273:113706. [PMID: 31419456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
When the adherent stable serum-free porcine kidney cell line CPK-NS were inoculated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and passaged, viral titre concentration-dependent cell detachment was observed. The copy number of viral genes in supernatants of the infected CPK-NS cells decreased as cell detachment progressed. Furthermore, cell detachment was completely inhibited via neutralisation of the virus using antisera collected from PCV2-infected specific pathogen-free pigs. These results indicated that detachment of CPK-NS cells is a cytopathic effect (CPE) caused via infection with PCV2. Only a single round of cell passaging was required to observe clear a CPE when the inoculated viral titre was significantly high [≥104.5 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/mL]. Our study confirms that PCV2, which is normally non-cytopathogenic, is capable of inducing a distinct CPE in CPK-NS cells. Application of CPK-NS cells for detection of viruses may contribute towards the diagnosis and control of PCV2-mediated infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Hosono
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1, Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Mai Shiokawa
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1, Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Tsubasa Kobayashi
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1, Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Akio Fukusho
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1, Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoki
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1, Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
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Li Y, Wang Y, Zhou X, Zhang X, Zhang X, Xia X, Sun H. Generation of PK-15 cell lines highly permissive to porcine circovirus 2 infection by transposon-mediated interferon-gamma gene transfer. J Virol Methods 2019; 271:113682. [PMID: 31216434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2)-associated diseases affect the swine industry worldwide. Vaccination is the major tool for the disease control, but the vaccine production is hindered by lower propagation rate of PCV2 in vitro. Previous studies showed that interferons (IFNs) can increase PCV2 yield in PK-15 cells. In the present study, we constructed a Sleepy Beauty (SB) transposon vector expressing porcine IFNg gene fused with the coding sequence for immunoglobulin G Fc domain. After dilution cloning, the transposon and transposase vectors were co-transfected into PK-15 cell clones with higher permissivity to PCV2 infection. Two transgenic PK-15 cell lines, namely PK15-IFNgRan and PK15-IFNgSB which contained randomly integrated transfer vector or SB cassette without selection marker, were screened by PCR analysis. The characterization results demonstrated that the two transgenic cell lines can stably express IFNg-Fc fusion protein with potent antiviral activities. Both viral titration and quantitative PCR analyses showed that the two transgenic cell lines are highly permissive to PCV2 infection with significantly increased viral yields. These results indicate that the two transgenic PK-15 cell lines, PK15-IFNgSB in particular, can be used for PCV2 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaokai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoli Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Huaichang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China.
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Cruz TF, Magro AJ, de Castro AMMG, Pedraza-Ordoñez FJ, Tsunemi MH, Perahia D, Araujo JP. In vitro and in silico studies reveal capsid-mutant Porcine circovirus 2b with novel cytopathogenic and structural characteristics. Virus Res 2018; 251:22-33. [PMID: 29730308 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is an icosahedral, non-enveloped, and single-stranded circular DNA virus that belongs to the family Circoviridae, genus Circovirus, and is responsible for a complex of different diseases defined as porcine circovirus diseases (PCVDs). These diseases - including postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), enteric disease, respiratory disease, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), and reproductive failure - are responsible for large economic losses in the pig industry. After serial passages in swine testicle (ST) cells of a wild-type virus isolated from an animal with PMWS, we identified three PCV2b viruses with capsid protein (known as Cap protein) cumulative mutations, including two novel mutants. The mutant viruses were introduced into new ST cell cultures for reisolation and showed, in comparison to the wild-type PCV2b, remarkable viral replication efficiency (> 1011 DNA copies/ml) and cell death via necrosis, which were clearly related to the accretion of capsid protein mutations. The analysis of a Cap protein/capsid model showed that the mutated residues were located in solvent-accessible positions on the external PCV2b surface. Additionally, the mutated residues were found in linear epitopes and participated in pockets on the capsid surface, indicating that these residues could also be involved in antibody recognition. Taking into account the likely natural emergence of PCV2b variants, it is possible to consider that the results of this work increase knowledge of Circovirus biology and could help to prevent future serious cases of vaccine failure that could lead to heavy losses to the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Fukuta Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia (IBTEC), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Angelo José Magro
- Instituto de Biotecnologia (IBTEC), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra M M G de Castro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Miriam Harumi Tsunemi
- Departamento de Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Perahia
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Pharmacologie Appliquée, ENS Cachan/Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, France.
| | - João Pessoa Araujo
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia (IBTEC), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Porcine circovirus 2 proliferation can be enhanced by stably expressing porcine IL-2 gene in PK-15 cell. Virus Res 2017; 227:143-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Cruz TF, Kanashiro TM, Castro AMD, Baldin CM, Richtzenhain LJ, Araujo Jr JP. A double-antibody sandwich ELISA based on the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) propagated in cell culture for antibody detection. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2016001200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Few studies have described enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of antibodies against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) based on antigens produced in cell culture. Furthermore, few articles have described viral purification techniques for members of the family Circoviridae. This occurs because circoviruses are difficult to isolate, noncytopathogenic, and produce low viral titres in cell culture. Thus, for overcoming these difficulties in the cultivation of PCV2, this study aimed to develop a double-antibody sandwich ELISA based on the cell culture antigen PCV2b for the quantification of anti-PCV2 antibodies. A 20% and 50% discontinuous sucrose cushion was used for viral purification, which enabled the separation of cell culture proteins in the 20% sucrose cushion and a greater viral concentration in the 50% sucrose cushion. Following isopycnic centrifugation, PCV2 was concentrated in the band with density values from 1.330 to 1.395g/cm3. Viral purification was assessed using SDS-PAGE, indirect ELISA and electron microscopy. The standardised ELISA revealed a strong linear correlation (r= 0.826, p<0.001) when compared with a commercial ELISA kit. The assay exhibited low variability (inter-assay coefficient of variation of 4.24% and intra-assay of 1.80%) and excellent analytical specificity conferred by the capture antibody produced in rabbit. Thus, this ELISA is a rapid, specific and convenient method for the detection of antibodies against PCV2 in studies of experimental and natural infection, and in monitoring the response to vaccination on commercial farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís F. Cruz
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil; Unesp, Brazil
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Optimal transfection methods and comparison of PK-15 and Dulac cells for rescue of chimeric porcine circovirus type 1-2. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cruz TF, Araujo JP. Cultivation of PCV2 in swine testicle cells using the shell vial technique and monitoring of viral replication by qPCR and RT-qPCR. J Virol Methods 2013; 196:82-5. [PMID: 24183921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is difficult to isolate. Currently, no published articles have used the shell vial technique to isolate PCV2. In addition, the action of d-glucosamine on swine testicle cells (ST) has not been evaluated properly. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine an optimal concentration of d-glucosamine and to test the shell vial technique for PCV2 propagation in ST cells. The optimal concentration of d-glucosamine was determined to be 100mM. Because PCV2 is noncytopathic, the traditional adsorption was compared to the shell vial technique for 15 passages by qPCR, and RT-qPCR for passages 12 through 15. The quantities of viral DNA (P=0.013) and ORF1-mRNA detected with the shell vial technique were two-fold higher than the obtained with traditional adsorption. The levels of ORF2-mRNA were similar for both methods; however, by passage 15, a six-fold increase in levels was observed with the shell vial technique. Therefore, the shell vial technique was more efficient for the cultivation of PCV2, and qPCR/RT-qPCR can be used to monitor viral replication. In addition, a high viral load (>2.7×10(10) DNA copies/ml) and high levels of viral mRNA expression indicated that the ST cells were persistently infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís F Cruz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - João P Araujo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, São Paulo, Brazil.
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