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Zheng Y, Li G, Luo Q, Sha H, Zhang H, Wang R, Kong W, Liao J, Zhao M. Research progress on the N protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1391697. [PMID: 38741730 PMCID: PMC11089252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1391697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). PRRSV exhibits genetic diversity and complexity in terms of immune responses, posing challenges for eradication. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of PRRSV, an alkaline phosphoprotein, is important for various biological functions. This review summarizes the structural characteristics, genetic evolution, impact on PRRSV replication and virulence, interactions between viral and host proteins, modulation of host immunity, detection techniques targeting the N protein, and progress in vaccine development. The discussion provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PRRSV virulence, developing diagnostic techniques, and designing effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Gan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Qin Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Huiyang Sha
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ruining Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weili Kong
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jiedan Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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2
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Deb R, Yadav AK, Sengar GS, Sonowal J, Lalita D, Pegu SR, Singh I, Linda N, Das PJ, Kumar S, Pal P, Paul S, Rajkhowa S, Gupta VK. Development of CD163 receptor-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:325. [PMID: 36276438 PMCID: PMC9569409 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an important economical disease in the global swine industry. The accurate detection of the PRRS virus (PRRSV) antigen is essential for the disease control and prevention programme. In this study, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent test (PRRSVCD163-iELISA) was developed for the detection of the PRRSV antigen in samples of post-mortem swine tissue using the recombinant pig CD163 receptor protein as the capture ligand. The test was found to be specific for PRRSV, with no cross-reactions with other prevalent pig viral pathogens. The assay was validated by testing 217 post-mortem porcine tissue samples and the results were found to be satisfactory with a relative accuracy of 88.88%. Our assay is also quite precise, with intra- and inter-assay CVs of 6% and 10%, respectively. These findings imply that the PRRSVCD163-iELISA developed is capable of detecting the PRRSV antigen in swine post-mortem tissue samples. This research showed that porcine CD163, the PRRSV cellular receptor, can be exploited to build a diagnostic technique for the detection of PRRSV antigen. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03376-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam 781131 India
| | - Ajay Kumar Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP India
| | | | - Joyshikh Sonowal
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam 781131 India
| | - D. Lalita
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP India
| | - Seema Rani Pegu
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam 781131 India
| | | | | | - Pranab Jyoti Das
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam 781131 India
| | - Satish Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam 781131 India
| | - Prasanna Pal
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana India
| | - Souvik Paul
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam 781131 India
| | - Swaraj Rajkhowa
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam 781131 India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam 781131 India
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Akter F, Roychoudhury P, Dutta TK, Subudhi PK, Kumar S, Gali JM, Behera P, Singh YD. Isolation and molecular characterization of GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 from Mizoram, India. Virusdisease 2021; 32:748-756. [PMID: 34458505 PMCID: PMC8378527 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide. The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. Virus propagation was performed in the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture and confirmed by immunoperoxidase test, FAT, and nested RT-PCR. The full-length GP5 gene (603nt) was amplified from the isolate and subsequently cloned and sequenced (MN928985). Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Akter
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Parimal Roychoudhury
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Tapan Kumar Dutta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Prasant Kumar Subudhi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Jagan Mohanarao Gali
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Parthasarathi Behera
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Yengkhom Damodar Singh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
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Kashyap SP, Hiremath J, Vinutha S, Patil SS, Suresh KP, Roy P, Hemadri D. Development of recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for sero-survey of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. Vet World 2020; 13:2587-2595. [PMID: 33487975 PMCID: PMC7811545 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2587-2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease endemic in many countries and is of economic importance. India was free from PRRS until the first outbreak was reported from a North-East Indian state in 2013. Since then, disease outbreaks have been reported from North-East India and the pilot study conducted earlier showed that it is gradually spreading to the rest of India. Considering there are no locally developed population screening tests available for PRRS and imported diagnostic/screening tests are expensive, the present study was aimed at developing recombinant nucleocapsid (rN) protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Materials and Methods: The rN protein of PRRS virus (PRRSV) was produced following standard cloning, expression, and purification procedures. Using this antigen, iELISA was optimized for the detection of serum antibodies to PRRSV. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were assessed by comparing it with a commercial PRRSV antibody detection kit. Result: A total of 745 serum samples from ten different states of India were screened using the developed iELISA. The iELISA had a relative specificity of 76.18% and sensitivity of 82.61% compared to the commercial ELISA (Priocheck PRRSV ELISA kit, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Conclusion: The iELISA, which deployed rN protein from Indian PRRSV, was found to be suitable in the serological survey and may be a useful tool in future disease surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Phani Kashyap
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, P.B. No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jagadish Hiremath
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, P.B. No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Vinutha
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, P.B. No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharanagouda S Patil
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, P.B. No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kuralayanapalya P Suresh
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, P.B. No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, P.B. No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, P.B. No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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5
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Wei Y, Yang B, Li Y, Duan Y, Tian D, He B, Chen C, Liu W, Yang L. A rapid and quantitative fluorescent microsphere immunochromatographic strip test for detection of antibodies to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e68. [PMID: 32735103 PMCID: PMC7402939 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A fluorescent microsphere-based immunochromatographic strip test (FICT) was developed for the rapid, sensitive, and quantitative detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) antibodies at the pen-side. The assay was based on the formation of a sandwich immune-complex (anti-pig IgG-PRRSV antibodies-NSP7/N), which was validated by a comparison with IDEXX-ELISA using 3325 clinical specimens. The diagnostic specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of FICT were 97.28, 93.41, and 94.95%, respectively. FICT showed a good correlation with the virus neutralization assay. Overall, a promising pen-side diagnostic tool was developed for the rapid and quantitative detection of PRRSV antibodies within 15 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baozhi Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongcheng Duan
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Deyu Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baoxiang He
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Limin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
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Abstract
Chemical contaminants should not be present in beverages for human consumption, but could eventually be ingested by consumers as they may appear naturally from the environment or be produced by anthropogenic sources. These contaminants could belong to many different chemical sources, including heavy metals, amines, bisphenols, phthalates, pesticides, perfluorinated compounds, inks, ethyl carbamate, and others. It is well known that these hazardous chemicals in beverages can represent a severe threat by the potential risk of generating diseases to humans if no strict quality control is applied during beverages processing. This review compiles the most updated knowledge of the presence of potential contaminants in various types of beverages (both alcoholic and non-alcoholic), as well as in their containers, to prevent undesired migration. Special attention is given to the extraction and pre-concentration techniques applied to these samples, as well as to the analytical techniques necessary for the determination of chemicals with a potential contaminant effect. Finally, an overview of the current legislation is carried out, as well as future trends of research in this field.
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7
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López MG, Pallarés HM, Alfonso V, Carmona SJ, Farber M, Taboga O, Wilkowsky SE. Novel biotechnological platform based on baculovirus occlusion bodies carrying Babesia bovis small antigenic peptides for the design of a diagnostic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:885-896. [PMID: 29177536 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Baculoviruses are large DNA virus of insects principally employed in recombinant protein expression. Its ability to form occlusion bodies (OBs), which are composed mainly of polyhedrin protein (POLH), makes them biotechnologically attractive, as these crystals (polyhedra) can incorporate foreign peptides and can be easily isolated. On the other hand, peptide microarrays allow rapid and inexpensive high-throughput serological screening of new candidates to be incorporated to OBs. To integrate these 2 biotechnological approaches, we worked on Babesia bovis, one of the causative agents of bovine babesiosis. Current molecular diagnosis of infection with B. bovis includes enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques, which use merozoite lysate obtained from infected bovine erythrocytes. However, it is important to produce recombinant antigens that replace the use of crude antigens. Here, we describe a new biotechnological platform for the design of indirect ELISAs based on 5 antigenic peptides of 15 amino acid residues of B. bovis (ApBb), selected from a peptide microarray and expressed as a fusion to POLH. An Sf9POLHE44G packaging cell line infected with recombinant baculoviruses carrying POLH-ApBb fusions yielded higher levels of chimeric polyhedra, highlighting the advantage of a trans-contribution of a mutant copy of polyhedrin. Finally, the use of dissolved recombinant polyhedra as antigens was successful in an ELISA assay, as B. bovis-positive sera recognized the fusion POLH-ApBb. Thus, the use of this platform resulted in a promising alternative for molecular diagnosis of relevant infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G López
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - H M Pallarés
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V Alfonso
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S J Carmona
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Farber
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O Taboga
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S E Wilkowsky
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sattler T, Pikalo J, Wodak E, Schmoll F. Ability of ELISAs to detect antibodies against porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus in serum of pigs after inactivated vaccination and subsequent challenge. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:259. [PMID: 27871292 PMCID: PMC5117522 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, six enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), intended for routine porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) herd monitoring, are tested for their ability to detect PRRSV specific antibodies in the serum of pigs after vaccination with an inactivated PRRSV type 1 vaccine and subsequent infection with a highly pathogenic (HP) PRRSV field strain. For this reason, ten piglets (group V) from a PRRSV negative herd were vaccinated twice at the age of 2 and 4 weeks with an inactivated PRRSV vaccine. Ten additional piglets (group N) from the same herd remained unvaccinated. Three weeks after second vaccination, each of the piglets received an intradermal application of an HP PRRSV field strain. Serum samples were taken before first vaccination as well as before and 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after HP PRRSV application. All serum samples were tested for PRRSV RNA by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) as well as for PRRSV antibodies with all six study ELISAs. RESULTS At the beginning of the study (before vaccination), all of the piglets were PRRSV antibody negative with all study ELISAs. They also tested negative for PRRSV RNA measured by RT-qPCR. From day 3 after HP PRRSV application until the end of the study, a viremia was detected by RT-qPCR in all of the piglets. On day 0 (day of HP PRRSV application), nine out of ten piglets of the pre-vaccinated group tested PRRSV antibody positive with one of the tested ELISAs, although with lower S/P values than after infection. On day 10 after HP PRRSV application, all study ELISAs except one had significantly higher S/P or OD values, respectively more positive samples, in group V than in group N. CONCLUSIONS Only one of the tested ELISAs was able to detect reliably PRRSV antibodies in pigs vaccinated with an inactivated PRRSV vaccine. With most of the tested ELISAs, higher S/P values respectively more positive samples after PRRSV infection were seen in the pre-vaccinated group than in the non-vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Sattler
- Large Animal Clinic for Internal Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, AGES, Robert-Koch-Gasse 17, 2340, Mödling, Austria.
| | - Jutta Pikalo
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, AGES, Robert-Koch-Gasse 17, 2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - Eveline Wodak
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, AGES, Robert-Koch-Gasse 17, 2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - Friedrich Schmoll
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, AGES, Robert-Koch-Gasse 17, 2340, Mödling, Austria
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Sattler T, Pikalo J, Wodak E, Schmoll F. Performance of ELISAs for detection of antibodies against porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus in serum of pigs after PRRSV type 2 live vaccination and challenge. Porcine Health Manag 2015; 1:19. [PMID: 28405425 PMCID: PMC5382508 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-015-0015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of different newly developed and/or commercially available ELISAs for detection of PRRSV specific antibodies. Consequently, ten PRRSV negative piglets (group V) were vaccinated with a PRRSV type 2 vaccine. Blood samples were taken before as well as seven, 21 and 42 days after vaccination. At day 42 after vaccination (day 0 of the study) all of the piglets from group V and 10 non-prevaccinated PRRSV negative piglets (group N) were challenged with an HP PRRSV type 2 field strain. Blood samples were taken before and at days 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after challenge. The success of vaccination and challenge was measured with RT qPCR. All serum samples were tested with six ELISAs for detection of PRRSV antibodies. Three of them are nucleocapsid-based, two use a glycoprotein extract and one uses inactivated whole virus as antigen. The specificity of the ELISAs was evaluated using 301 serum samples of piglets from PRRSV negative herds. Results The piglets from group V tested positive by RT qPCR at day 7 after vaccination and all piglets tested positive at day 3 after challenge. PRRSV specific antibodies were seen with all nucleocapsid-based ELISAs from day 21 after vaccination onwards in group V and from day 10 after challenge in group N. The glycoprotein-based ELISAs detected antibodies from day 42 after vaccination (group V) and day 21 after challenge (group N). The agreement according to kappa-coefficient was almost perfect. The glycoprotein-based ELISAs were able to distinguish PRRSV type 2, although with some cross reactions. Regarding specificity, the ELISAs performed differently (specificity between 97.4 % and 100 %), whereas most of the ELISAs with higher sensitivity had a slightly lower specificity. Conclusions All tested ELISA were able to detect PRRSV antibodies in the serum of pigs vaccinated with a PRRSV type 2 vaccine and after challenge with an HP PRRSV type 2 field strain. The onset on antibody detection differed, depending on the type of antigen used in the ELISAs. Most of the ELISAs with a higher sensitivity had a lower specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Sattler
- Large Animal Clinic for Internal Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, AGES, Robert-Koch-Gasse 17, 2340 Mödling, Austria
| | - Jutta Pikalo
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, AGES, Robert-Koch-Gasse 17, 2340 Mödling, Austria
| | - Eveline Wodak
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, AGES, Robert-Koch-Gasse 17, 2340 Mödling, Austria
| | - Friedrich Schmoll
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, AGES, Robert-Koch-Gasse 17, 2340 Mödling, Austria
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10
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Seo BJ, Kim H, Cho HS, Park BY, Kim WI. Evaluation of two commercial PRRSV antibody ELISA kits with samples of known status and singleton reactors. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:133-8. [PMID: 26290128 PMCID: PMC4751132 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two commercial PRRSV ELISA kits (IDEXX and Bionote) were evaluated for their sensitivity
and specificity using 476 PRRS-positive serum samples collected from 7 animal challenge
experiments and 1,000 PRRS-negative sera. Both ELISA kits exhibited 100% sensitivity with
sera collected 14 to 42 days post-infection, and the results from the kits were highly
correlated (R2=0.9207). The specificity of IDEXX or Bionote kit was 99.9% or
99.7%, respectively. In addition, the Bionote ELISA kit was used to examine 100 sera that
were determined to be falsely positive either by IDEXX 2XR or 3XR ELISA, and only 7 of
these samples were found to be positive. These results indicate that both ELISA kits
exhibited similar levels of sensitivity and specificity and would complement one another
for the verification of false-positive samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Joo Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
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11
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Sattler T, Wodak E, Revilla-Fernández S, Schmoll F. Comparison of different commercial ELISAs for detection of antibodies against porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus in serum. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:300. [PMID: 25518885 PMCID: PMC4276257 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, several new ELISAs for the detection of antibodies against the porcine reproductive and respiratory disease virus (PRRSV) in pig serum have been developed. To interpret the results, specificity and sensitivity data as well as agreement to a reference ELISA must be available. In this study, three commercial ELISAs (INgezim PRRS 2.0 - ELISA II, Priocheck® PRRSV Ab porcine - ELISA III and CIVTEST suis PRRS E/S PLUS - ELISA IV, detecting PRRSV type 1 antibodies) were compared to a standard ELISA (IDEXX PRRS X3 Ab Test - ELISA I). The serum of three pigs vaccinated with an attenuated PRRSV live vaccine (genotype 2) was tested prior to and several times after the vaccination. Furthermore, serum samples of 245 pigs of PRRSV positive herds, 309 pigs of monitored PRRSV negative herds, 256 fatteners of assumed PRRSV negative herds with unknown herd history and 92 wild boars were tested with all four ELISAs. RESULTS ELISAs II and III were able to detect seroconversion of vaccinated pigs with a similar reliability. According to kappa coefficient, the results showed an almost perfect agreement between ELISA I as reference and ELISA II and III (kappa > 0.8), and substantial agreement between ELISA I and ELISA IV (kappa = 0.71). Sensitivity of ELISA II, III and IV was 96.0%, 100% and 91.5%, respectively. The specificity of the ELISAs determined in samples of monitored PRRSV negative herds was 99.0%, 95.1% and 96.4%, respectively. In assumed negative farms that were not continually monitored, more positive samples were found with ELISA II to IV. The reference ELISA I had a specificity of 100% in this study. CONCLUSIONS All tested ELISAs were able to detect a PRRSV positive herd. The specificity and sensitivity of the tested commercial ELISAs, however, differed. ELISA II had the highest specificity and ELISA III had the highest sensitivity in comparison to the reference ELISA. ELISA IV had a lower sensitivity and specificity than the other ELISAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Sattler
- Large Animal Clinic for Internal Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Eveline Wodak
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, AGES, Robert-Koch-Gasse 17, 2340, Mödling, Austria.
| | | | - Friedrich Schmoll
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, AGES, Robert-Koch-Gasse 17, 2340, Mödling, Austria.
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Cong Y, Huang Z, Sun Y, Ran W, Zhu L, Yang G, Ding X, Yang Z, Huang X, Wang C, Ding Z. Development and application of a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to differentiate antibodies against live and inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virology 2013; 444:310-6. [PMID: 23871220 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish a method that could differentiate antibodies against live and inactivated vaccines of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). A blocking ELISA (b-ELISA) was established using the PRRSV non-structural protein, Nsp9, as the antigen and a monoclonal antibody, 2D6, against the Nsp9 protein as the capture antibody. The test was validated by using 415 clinical sera in the b-ELISA compared to a commercial kit based on the indirect ELISA using the nucleocapsid (N) protein as antigen. Significant differences were observed for the data obtained by the two detection methods. This may be due to the commercial kit detecting antibodies elicited by live and inactivated virus, whereas the b-ELISA only detects antibodies produced by any active viral replication, such as natural infection or live vaccination. Therefore, the b-ELISA in this study is able to distinguish between antibodies against live and inactivated viruses in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Cong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
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