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Pluta A, Jaworski JP, Droscha C, VanderWeele S, Taxis TM, Valas S, Brnić D, Jungić A, Ruano MJ, Sánchez A, Murakami K, Nakamura K, Puentes R, De Brun ML, Ruiz V, Gómez MEL, Lendez P, Dolcini G, Camargos MF, Fonseca A, Barua S, Wang C, Giza A, Kuźmak J. Inter-laboratory comparison of eleven quantitative or digital PCR assays for detection of proviral bovine leukemia virus in blood samples. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:381. [PMID: 39187880 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis and causes a persistent infection that can leave cattle with no symptoms. Many countries have been able to successfully eradicate BLV through improved detection and management methods. However, with the increasing novel molecular detection methods there have been few efforts to standardize these results at global scale. This study aimed to determine the interlaboratory accuracy and agreement of 11 molecular tests in detecting BLV. Each qPCR/ddPCR method varied by target gene, primer design, DNA input and chemistries. DNA samples were extracted from blood of BLV-seropositive cattle and lyophilized to grant a better preservation during shipping to all participants around the globe. Twenty nine out of 44 samples were correctly identified by the 11 labs and all methods exhibited a diagnostic sensitivity between 74 and 100%. Agreement amongst different assays was linked to BLV copy numbers present in samples and the characteristics of each assay (i.e., BLV target sequence). Finally, the mean correlation value for all assays was within the range of strong correlation. This study highlights the importance of continuous need for standardization and harmonization amongst assays and the different participants. The results underscore the need of an international calibrator to estimate the efficiency (standard curve) of the different assays and improve quantitation accuracy. Additionally, this will inform future participants about the variability associated with emerging chemistries, methods, and technologies used to study BLV. Altogether, by improving tests performance worldwide it will positively aid in the eradication efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Pluta
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, 24-100, Poland.
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Juan Pablo Jaworski
- Instituto de Virología E Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Casey Droscha
- CentralStar Cooperative, 4200 Forest Rd, Lansing, MI, 48910, USA
| | | | - Tasia M Taxis
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Stephen Valas
- Niort Laboratory, Unit Pathology and Welfare of Ruminants, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Ploufragan-Plouzané, Niort, France
| | - Dragan Brnić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Andreja Jungić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - María José Ruano
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Carretera M-106 (Km 1,4), Madrid, Algete, 28110, Spain
| | - Azucena Sánchez
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Carretera M-106 (Km 1,4), Madrid, Algete, 28110, Spain
| | - Kenji Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Kurumi Nakamura
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Rodrigo Puentes
- Departamento de Patobiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Unidad de Microbiología, Universidad de La República, Ruta 8, Km 18, Montevideo, 13000, Uruguay
| | - MLaureana De Brun
- Departamento de Patobiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Unidad de Microbiología, Universidad de La República, Ruta 8, Km 18, Montevideo, 13000, Uruguay
| | - Vanesa Ruiz
- Instituto de Virología E Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marla Eliana Ladera Gómez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento SAMP, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil-CIVETAN (CONICET/UNCPBA/CICPBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pamela Lendez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento SAMP, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil-CIVETAN (CONICET/UNCPBA/CICPBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Dolcini
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento SAMP, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil-CIVETAN (CONICET/UNCPBA/CICPBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Antônio Fonseca
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Brazil
| | - Subarna Barua
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849-5519, USA
| | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849-5519, USA
| | - Aleksandra Giza
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, 24-100, Poland
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Watanuki S, Shoji K, Izawa M, Okami M, Ye Y, Bao A, Liu Y, Saitou E, Sugiyama K, Endo M, Matsumoto Y, Aida Y. Development of Dry and Liquid Duplex Reagent Mix-Based Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays as Novel Tools for the Rapid and Easy Quantification of Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) Proviral Loads. Viruses 2024; 16:1016. [PMID: 39066179 PMCID: PMC11281531 DOI: 10.3390/v16071016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is prevalent worldwide, causing serious problems in the cattle industry. The BLV proviral load (PVL) is a useful index for estimating disease progression and transmission risk. We previously developed a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay to measure the PVL using the coordination of common motif (CoCoMo) degenerate primers. Here, we constructed a novel duplex BLV-CoCoMo qPCR assay that can amplify two genes simultaneously using a FAM-labeled MGB probe for the BLV LTR gene and a VIC-labeled MGB probe for the BoLA-DRA gene. This liquid duplex assay maintained its original sensitivity and reproducibility in field samples. Furthermore, we developed a dry duplex assay composed of PCR reagents necessary for the optimized liquid duplex assay. We observed a strong positive correlation between the PVLs measured using the dry and liquid duplex assays. Validation analyses showed that the sensitivity of the dry duplex assay was slightly lower than that of the other methods for the detection of a BLV molecular clone, but it showed similar sensitivity to the singleplex assay and slightly higher sensitivity than the liquid duplex assay for the PVL quantification of 82 field samples. Thus, our liquid and dry duplex assays are useful for measuring the BLV PVL in field samples, similar to the original singleplex assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Watanuki
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
| | - Kazuyuki Shoji
- Molecular Diagnosis Division, Nippon Gene Co., Ltd., 2-8-16 Toiya-machi, Toyama 930-0834, Japan
| | - Masaki Izawa
- Molecular Diagnosis Division, Nippon Gene Co., Ltd., 2-8-16 Toiya-machi, Toyama 930-0834, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Okami
- Molecular Diagnosis Division, Nippon Gene Co., Ltd., 2-8-16 Toiya-machi, Toyama 930-0834, Japan
| | - Yingbao Ye
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
| | - Aronggaowa Bao
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
| | - Yulin Liu
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
| | - Etsuko Saitou
- Hyogo Prefectural Awaji Meat Inspection Center, 49-18 Shitoorinagata, Minamiawaji 656-0152, Japan
| | | | - Michiru Endo
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya 360-0813, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
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Pluta A, Taxis TM, van der Meer F, Shrestha S, Qualley D, Coussens P, Rola-Łuszczak M, Ryło A, Sakhawat A, Mamanova S, Kuźmak J. An immunoinformatics study reveals a new BoLA-DR-restricted CD4+ T cell epitopes on the Gag protein of bovine leukemia virus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22356. [PMID: 38102157 PMCID: PMC10724172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48899-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), which has been reported worldwide. The expression of viral structural proteins: surface glycoprotein (gp51) and three core proteins - p15 (matrix), p24 (capsid), and p12 (nucleocapsid) induce a strong humoral and cellular immune response at first step of infection. CD4+ T-cell activation is generally induced by bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) region- positive antigen-presenting cells (APC) after processing of an exogenous viral antigen. Limited data are available on the BLV epitopes from the core proteins recognized by CD4+ T-cells. Thus, immunoinformatic analysis of Gag sequences obtained from 125 BLV isolates from Poland, Canada, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Moldova and United States was performed to identify the presence of BoLA-DRB3 restricted CD4+ T-cell epitopes. The 379 15-mer overlapping peptides spanning the entire Gag sequence were run in BoLA-DRB3 allele-binding regions using a BoLA-DRB- peptide binding affinity prediction algorithm. The analysis identified 22 CD4+ T-cell peptide epitopes of variable length ranging from 17 to 22 amino acids. The predicted epitopes interacted with 73 different BoLA-DRB3 alleles found in BLV-infected cattle. Importantly, two epitopes were found to be linked with high proviral load in PBMC. A majority of dominant and subdominant epitopes showed high conservation across different viral strains, and therefore could be attractive targets for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Pluta
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Tasia Marie Taxis
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sulav Shrestha
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dominic Qualley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for One Health Studies, Berry College, Mt. Berry, GA, 30149, USA
| | - Paul Coussens
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Marzena Rola-Łuszczak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Ryło
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Ali Sakhawat
- Animal Quarantine Department, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Saltanat Mamanova
- Laboratory of Virology, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, LLP, 223 Raiymbek Avenue, 050000, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
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Yoneyama S, Kobayashi S, Matsunaga T, Tonosaki K, Leng D, Sakai Y, Yamada S, Kimura A, Ichijo T, Hikono H, Murakami K. Comparative Evaluation of Three Commercial Quantitative Real-Time PCRs Used in Japan for Bovine Leukemia Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061182. [PMID: 35746654 PMCID: PMC9230052 DOI: 10.3390/v14061182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic virus belonging to the genus Deltaretrovirus and is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis. Proviral load (PVL) determined by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is now widely used as an indicator of not only BLV infection, but also BLV disease progression. To interpret PVLs determined by different qPCRs used in Japan, we compared a chimeric cycling probe-based qPCR, CY415, targeting the BLV tax region; a TaqMan probe-based qPCR, RC202, targeting the BLV pol region; and a TaqMan probe-based qPCR, CoCoMo, targeting the BLV long terminal repeat (LTR) region. Whole-blood samples collected from 317 naturally BLV-infected cattle (165 Holstein–Friesian and 152 Japanese Black) and tumor tissue samples collected from 32 cattle at a meat inspection center were used. The PVLs determined by each qPCR were strongly correlated. However, the PVL and the proportion of BLV-infected cells determined by RC202 or CoCoMo were significantly higher than those determined by CY415. Genetic analysis of three tumor tissue samples revealed that LTR region mutations or a deletion affected the PVL determined by CoCoMo. These results suggest that the TaqMan-based RC202 or CoCoMo qPCR is better than CY415 for BLV PVL analysis. However, qPCR target region mutations were not rare in tumors and could hamper PVL analysis by using qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuji Yoneyama
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (S.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Sota Kobayashi
- Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan;
| | - Towa Matsunaga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (T.M.); (A.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Kaoru Tonosaki
- Department of Plant Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan;
| | - Dongze Leng
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (S.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (S.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shinji Yamada
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (S.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (T.M.); (A.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Atsushi Kimura
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (T.M.); (A.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Toshihiro Ichijo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (T.M.); (A.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Hirokazu Hikono
- Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan;
| | - Kenji Murakami
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (S.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (T.M.); (A.K.); (T.I.)
- Correspondence:
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De Brun ML, Cosme B, Petersen M, Alvarez I, Folgueras-Flatschart A, Flatschart R, Panei CJ, Puentes R. Development of a droplet digital PCR assay for quantification of the proviral load of bovine leukemia virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:439-447. [PMID: 35369822 PMCID: PMC9254064 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221085581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is a highly sensitive tool developed for the detection and quantification of short-sequence variants—a tool that offers unparalleled precision enabling measurement of smaller-fold changes. We describe here the use of ddPCR for the detection of Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) DNA provirus. Serum samples and whole blood from experimentally infected sheep and naturally infected cattle were analyzed through ddPCR to detect the BLV gp51 gene, and then compared with serologic and molecular tests. The ddPCR assay was significantly more accurate and sensitive than AGID, ELISA, nested PCR, and quantitative PCR. The limit of detection of ddPCR was 3.3 copies/µL, detecting positive experimentally infected sheep beginning at 6 d post-infection. The ddPCR methodology offers a promising tool for evaluating the BLV proviral load, particularly for the detection of low viral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L. De Brun
- Instituto de Patobiología, Unidad de Microbiología, Facultad de Veterinaria–Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bruno Cosme
- Instituto Nacional de Metrología, Calidad y Tecnología (Inmetro), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Petersen
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene Alvarez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Roberto Flatschart
- Instituto Nacional de Metrología, Calidad y Tecnología (Inmetro), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Javier Panei
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de la Plata (FCV-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Puentes
- Instituto de Patobiología, Unidad de Microbiología, Facultad de Veterinaria–Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Molecular Characterization of Bovine Leukemia Virus with the Evidence of a New Genotype Circulating in Cattle from Kazakhstan. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020180. [PMID: 35215125 PMCID: PMC8875264 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) and has worldwide distribution. Infections with BLV have been reported in cattle from Kazakhstan but the virus has not yet been thoroughly characterized. In this study, we detect and estimate the level of BLV proviral DNA by qPCR in DNA samples from 119 cattle naturally infected with BLV, from 18 farms located in four different geographical regions of Kazakhstan. Furthermore, we conducted the phylogenetic and molecular analysis of 41 BLV env-gp51 gene sequences from BLV infected cattle. Phylogenetic analysis showed the affiliation of sequences to two already known genotypes G4 and G7 and also to a new genotype, classified as genotype G12. In addition, a multivariate method was employed for analysis of the association between proviral load and different variables such as the geographical location of the herd, cattle breeds, age of animals, and the presence of particular BLV genotypes. In summary, the results of this study provide the first evidence on molecular characterization of BLV circulating in cattle from Kazakhstan.
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Lv G, Wang H, Wang J, Lian S, Wu R. Effect of BLV Infection on the Immune Function of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil in Dairy Cows. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:737608. [PMID: 34631861 PMCID: PMC8495415 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.737608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzootic bovine leukemia is a late-onset, neoplastic infection caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV). BLV infection hinders the function of the immune system and induces other diseases, which negatively affects the performance and health of the infected cows. As the first line of defense against invading foreign pathogenic microorganisms, polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) plays a vital role in the immune system of dairy cows. However, research on the effect of BLV infection on the immune function of PMN in dairy cows is scarce. Therefore, this experiment aimed to elucidate the effects and effect mechanisms of BLV infection on the immune function of PMN in dairy cows with different BLV provirus loads by detecting the chemotaxis, migration, adhesion, phagocytosis, respiratory burst function, and the formation of NETs. The experimental results showed that BLV infection had no significant effect on the phagocytosis of PMN but inhibited their migration and respiratory burst function, and the effects were closely related to the BLV provirus load. Under high BLV provirus load, PMN produced large amounts of NETs, chemokine CXCL7, adhesion molecule CD18, and pro-inflammatory factors IL-8 and TNF-α, triggering inflammatory responses, and tissue damage. The results of this study will help reveal the reason why BLV infection causes the high incidence of mammary gland inflammation in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxin Lv
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China
| | - Hai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China
| | - Jianfa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China
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Pavliscak LA, Nirmala J, Singh VK, Sporer KRB, Taxis TM, Kumar P, Goyal SM, Mor SK, Schroeder DC, Wells SJ, Droscha CJ. Tracing Viral Transmission and Evolution of Bovine Leukemia Virus through Long Read Oxford Nanopore Sequencing of the Proviral Genome. Pathogens 2021; 10:1191. [PMID: 34578223 PMCID: PMC8470207 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL), a persistent life-long disease resulting in immune dysfunction and shortened lifespan in infected cattle, severely impacting the profitability of the US dairy industry. Our group has found that 94% of dairy farms in the United States are infected with BLV with an average in-herd prevalence of 46%. This is partly due to the lack of clinical presentation during the early stages of primary infection and the elusive nature of BLV transmission. This study sought to validate a near-complete genomic sequencing approach for reliability and accuracy before determining its efficacy in characterizing the sequence identity of BLV proviral genomes collected from a pilot study made up of 14 animals from one commercial dairy herd. These BLV-infected animals were comprised of seven adult dam/daughter pairs that tested positive by ELISA and qPCR. The results demonstrate sequence identity or divergence of the BLV genome from the same samples tested in two independent laboratories, suggesting both vertical and horizontal transmission in this dairy herd. This study supports the use of Oxford Nanopore sequencing for the identification of viral SNPs that can be used for retrospective genetic contact tracing of BLV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayaveeramuthu Nirmala
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (J.N.); (V.K.S.); (S.M.G.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.K.); (S.J.W.)
| | - Vikash K. Singh
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (J.N.); (V.K.S.); (S.M.G.); (S.K.M.)
| | | | - Tasia M. Taxis
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.K.); (S.J.W.)
| | - Sagar M. Goyal
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (J.N.); (V.K.S.); (S.M.G.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Sunil Kumar Mor
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (J.N.); (V.K.S.); (S.M.G.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.K.); (S.J.W.)
| | - Declan C. Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.K.); (S.J.W.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Scott J. Wells
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.K.); (S.J.W.)
| | - Casey J. Droscha
- CentralStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (L.A.P.); (K.R.B.S.)
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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Kuczewski A, Orsel K, Barkema HW, Mason S, Erskine R, van der Meer F. Invited review: Bovine leukemia virus-Transmission, control, and eradication. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6358-6375. [PMID: 33741150 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, endemic in North American dairy herds, has production-limiting effects. A literature review of available papers published since 1995 concerning BLV transmission and its control was conducted. Although confirmed transmission routes were reviewed (blood, natural breeding, in utero, colostrum, and milk), there is still a lack of detailed information on other specific risks for transmission (e.g., contact transmission and hoof-trimming knives). Eradication of BLV has been achieved by combined management, segregation, and culling approaches. In contrast, although sole implementation of best management practices aimed at prevention of BLV transmission has decreased within-herd BLV prevalence, it has not eradicated BLV from a herd. Therefore, control and eradication of BLV by best management practices only should be further investigated. Additionally, the role of proviral load in infected cattle was investigated. Cattle with a high proviral load seem to be more likely to infect others, whereas those with a very low proviral load seem to have low risks of transmitting BLV. Information on proviral load could be taken into account when controlling BLV in high-prevalence herds. In conclusion, there is a need for detailed, large-scale studies investigating roles of specific transmission routes, knowing proviral load of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessa Kuczewski
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Steve Mason
- Agromedia International Inc., Calgary, AB T2L 0T6, Canada
| | - Ron Erskine
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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10
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Analysis of Nucleotide Sequence of Tax, miRNA and LTR of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Cattle with Different Levels of Persistent Lymphocytosis in Russia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020246. [PMID: 33672613 PMCID: PMC7924208 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), a lymphoproliferative disease of the bovine species. In BLV-infected cells, the long terminal repeat (LTR), the viral Tax protein and viral miRNAs promote viral and cell proliferation as well as tumorigenesis. Although their respective roles are decisive in BLV biology, little is known about the genetic sequence variation of these parts of the BLV genome and their impact on disease outcome. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the relationship between disease progression and sequence variation of the BLV Tax, miRNA and LTR regions in infected animals displaying either low or high levels of persistent lymphocytosis (PL). A statistically significant association was observed between the A(+187)C polymorphism in the downstream activator sequence (DAS) region in LTR (p-value = 0.00737) and high lymphocytosis. Our study also showed that the mutation A(−4)G in the CAP site occurred in 70% of isolates with low PL and was not found in the high PL group. Conversely, the mutations G(−133)A/C in CRE2 (46.7%), C(+160)T in DAS (30%) and A(310)del in BLV-mir-B4-5p, A(357)G in BLV-mir-B4-3p, A(462)G in BLV-mir-B5-5p, and GA(497–498)AG in BLV-mir-B5-3p (26.5%) were often seen in isolates with high PL and did not occur in the low PL group. In conclusion, we found several significant polymorphisms among BLV genomic sequences in Russia that would explain a progression towards higher or lower lymphoproliferation. The data presented in this article enabled the classification between two different genotypes; however, clear association between genotypes and the PL development was not found.
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11
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Pluta A, Willems L, Douville RN, Kuźmak J. Effects of Naturally Occurring Mutations in Bovine Leukemia Virus 5'-LTR and Tax Gene on Viral Transcriptional Activity. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100836. [PMID: 33066207 PMCID: PMC7656303 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus infecting bovine B cells and causing enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL). The long terminal repeat (LTR) plays an indispensable role in viral gene expression. The BLV Tax protein acts as the main transactivator of LTR-driven transcription of BLV viral genes. The aim of this study was to analyze mutations in the BLV LTR region and tax gene to determine their association with transcriptional activity. LTRs were obtained from one hundred and six BLV isolates and analyzed for their genetic variability. Fifteen variants were selected and characterized based on mutations in LTR regulatory elements, and further used for in vitro transcription assays. Reporter vectors containing the luciferase gene under the control of each variant BLV promoter sequence, in addition to variant Tax expression vectors, were constructed. Both types of plasmids were used for cotransfection of HeLa cells and the level of luciferase activity was measured as a proxy of transcriptional activity. Marked differences in LTR promoter activity and Tax transactivation activity were observed amongst BLV variants. These results demonstrate that mutations in both the BLV LTR and tax gene can affect the promoter activity, which may have important consequences on proviral load, viral fitness, and transmissibility in BLV-infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Pluta
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Luc Willems
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics, GIGA) and Molecular Biology (TERRA), University of Liège (ULiège), 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Renée N. Douville
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada;
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
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12
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Yamazaki Y, Thongchankaew-Seo U, Nagao K, Mekata H, Yamazaki W. Development and evaluation of a point-of-care test with a combination of EZ-Fast DNA extraction and real-time PCR and LAMP detection: evaluation using blood samples containing the bovine leukaemia DNA. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:560-566. [PMID: 32852051 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Along with progress in globalization of society, the spread of infectious diseases has accelerated worldwide. The deployment of highly sensitive genetic tests is essential for early diagnosis and early containment of potential outbreaks and epidemics, as well as routine surveillance, although tedious and expensive nucleic acid extraction steps represent a major drawback. Here we developed a simple and rapid DNA extraction method, named as an EZ-Fast kit, applicable to the field setting. The kit does not require advanced laboratory equipment or expensive DNA extraction kits and achieves crude DNA extraction within 10 min at extremely low cost and can easily be performed in field settings. When combined with real-time PCR and LAMP analyses, the performance of the POCT, using 183 bovine blood samples, was similar to that of the existing DNA extraction method: 92·5% (135/146) (real-time PCR) and 93·7% (133/142) (LAMP) diagnostic sensitivities, and 100% diagnostic specificities. The developed POCT provides a powerful tool to facilitate on-site diagnosis in a field setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamazaki
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - K Nagao
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - H Mekata
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - W Yamazaki
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Korniienko LY, Pyskun AV, Tsarenko TM, Ukhovskyi VV, Kyivska GV, Moroz OA, Kovalenko VL, Aliekseieva GB. Retrospective analysis of the epizootic situation of enzootic bovine leukosis in Ukraine in 1994–2019. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In Ukraine, prevention and control measures of bovine leukosis were regulated by relevant legislation, regulations and instructions developed in the period 1960–1992. Currently, the instruction on prevention and rehabilitation of this disease in cattle is used (approved in 2007). According to it, the identification of infected animals is carried out from 6 months of age by serological (first scheme in AGID or another in ELISA) and genomic (PCR) methods. The infected animals are removed from the herd or slaughtered. In general, because of the diagnostic and preventive measures carried out during the analyzed period (26 years) 10 519 farms were rehabilitated from leukosis (2 346 affected farms remained from previous years). At the same time, more 4 million infected cattle were slaughtered. The majority of affected farms (more than 1 000) were registered in the period between 1994 (2 346 farms) and 2003 (1 247 farms). Since 2014, the number of affected farms has remained mostly below 10 and the number of infected cattle has decreased to 2 000 animals per year. At the same time, the number of rehabilitated farms also decreased (from 1 307 farms in 1998 to 4 farms in 2014). The same trend was registered with the dynamics of the number of animals that were removed from the herd due to leukosis. Thus, in 1995 and 1997 their numbers were 321 178 and 558 649 animals, respectively, and in 2014 it was 1 124. The obtained indicators of intensity and extensiveness of the epizootic process show that the incidence rate was maximal during 1998–2000 and amounted to 3.7–4.3%. The maximum indicators of the coefficient of affection were recorded in 1997–2000 and equal 11.8–15.3%. The rate of foci remained on the level of 90–270 throughout the all analyzed period. During 2008–2019, specialists of the Ukrainian veterinary laboratories investigated more than 47 million samples of cattle blood sera for enzootic bovine leukosis by AGID and ELISA. However, despite the significant diagnostic work, the important factor in the decrease of the number of affected farms and infected animals is the decrease in the total number of cattle in Ukraine (almost 22 million animals in 1994 against 3 million in 2019). Graphic trends of these indicators are comparable and agree with the decrease in the number of cattle in our country by analyzed period. After 2014, the number of affected farms ranged 10–17 per year (mostly in private households). However, the full recovery of cattle in Ukraine from bovine leukosis has not taken place, although our country is closer than ever to this.
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14
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Epigenetics evaluation of the oncogenic mechanisms of two closely related bovine and human deltaretroviruses: A system biology study. Microb Pathog 2020; 139:103845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Nagao K, Makino R, Apego FV, Mekata H, Yamazaki W. Development of a fluorescent loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and simple diagnosis of bovine leukemia virus infection. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:787-792. [PMID: 30918136 PMCID: PMC6541838 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), a condition that threatens the sustainability of the livestock industry. A fluorescent loop-mediated isothermal
amplification (fLAMP) assay targeting BLV env sequences was developed and used to evaluate 100 bovine blood samples. Compared with a conventional real-time PCR (rPCR) assay,
the fLAMP assay achieved 87.3% (62/71) sensitivity and 100% (29/29) specificity. The rPCR assay took 65 min, while the fLAMP assay took 8 min to 30 min from the beginning of DNA
amplification to final judgement with a comparable limit of detection. The fLAMP is a potential tool for the rapid and simple diagnosis of BLV infection to supplement ELISA testing and can
be used by local laboratories and slaughterhouses without special equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konomu Nagao
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ryohei Makino
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Francis Victor Apego
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Mekata
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamazaki
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Petersen M, Alvarez I, Trono K, Jaworski J. Quantification of bovine leukemia virus proviral DNA using a low-cost real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6366-6374. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Interlaboratory Comparison of Six Real-Time PCR Assays for Detection of Bovine Leukemia Virus Proviral DNA. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.00304-18. [PMID: 29669790 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00304-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is increasingly being used for the detection of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) proviral DNA. Nevertheless, quality control for the validation and standardization of such tests is currently lacking. Therefore, the present study was initiated by three Office International des Epizooties (OIE) reference laboratories and three collaborating laboratories to measure the interlaboratory variability of six already developed and available BLV qPCR assays. For that purpose, an international panel of 58 DNA samples reflecting the dynamic range of the majority of the assays was distributed to six testing centers. Based on qualitative results, the overall agreement among all six laboratories was moderate. However, significant variability in the measurement of the BLV proviral DNA copy number was observed among different laboratories. Quantitative PCR assays, even when performed by experienced staff, can yield large variability in BLV proviral DNA copy numbers without harmonization. Further standardization of different factors (i.e., utilization of unified protocols and unique calibrators) should increase interlaboratory agreement.
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Saushkin NY, Samsonova JV, Osipov AP, Kondakov SE, Khammadov NI, Usoltsev KV, Makaev KZ, Chernov AN. Comparison of PCR and ELISA methods for the detection of bovine leucosis in dried blood spots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3103/s0027131416050084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Tsuchiaka S, Masuda T, Sugimura S, Kobayashi S, Komatsu N, Nagai M, Omatsu T, Furuya T, Oba M, Katayama Y, Kanda S, Yokoyama T, Mizutani T. Development of a novel detection system for microbes from bovine diarrhea by real-time PCR. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:383-9. [PMID: 26616156 PMCID: PMC4829504 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea in cattle is one of the most economically costly disorders, decreasing milk production and weight gain. In the present study, we established a novel simultaneous detection system using TaqMan real-time PCR designed as a system for detection of microbes from bovine diarrhea using real-time PCR (referred to as Dembo-PCR). Dembo-PCR simultaneously detects a total of 19 diarrhea-causing pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and protozoa. Specific primer-probe sets were newly designed for 7 pathogens and were synthesized on the basis of previous reports for 12 pathogens. Assays were optimized to react under the same reaction conditions. The PCR efficiency and correlation coefficient (R(2)) of standard curves for each assay were more than 80% and 0.9766, respectively. Furthermore, the sensitivity of Dembo-PCR in fecal sample analysis was measured with feces spiked with target pathogens or synthesized DNA that included specific nucleotide target regions. The resulting limits of detection (LOD) for virus-spiked samples, bacteria and DNA fragments were 0.16-1.6 TCID50 (PFU/reaction), 1.3-13 CFU/reaction and 10-100 copies/reaction, respectively. All reactions showed high sensitivity in pathogen detection. A total of 8 fecal samples, collected from 6 diarrheic cattle, 1 diarrheic calf and 1 healthy cow, were tested using Dembo-PCR to validate the assay's clinical performance. The results revealed that bovine coronavirus had infected all diarrheic adult cattle and that bovine torovirus had infected the diarrheic calf. These results suggest that Dembo-PCR may be a powerful tool for diagnosing infectious agents in cattle diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Tsuchiaka
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagito, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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21
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Samsonova JV, Chadina AS, Osipov AP, Kondakov SE, Makarova TE, Komarov AB. Detection of bovine leukemia virus by the polymerase chain reaction in dried blood spots using a membrane system of a new format. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3103/s0027131414060066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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