1
|
Manessis G, Gelasakis AI, Bossis I. Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Farm Animal Diseases: From Biosensors to Integrated Lab-on-Chip Devices. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:455. [PMID: 35884258 PMCID: PMC9312888 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zoonoses and animal diseases threaten human health and livestock biosecurity and productivity. Currently, laboratory confirmation of animal disease outbreaks requires centralized laboratories and trained personnel; it is expensive and time-consuming, and it often does not coincide with the onset or progress of diseases. Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics are rapid, simple, and cost-effective devices and tests, that can be directly applied on field for the detection of animal pathogens. The development of POC diagnostics for use in human medicine has displayed remarkable progress. Nevertheless, animal POC testing has not yet unfolded its full potential. POC devices and tests for animal diseases face many challenges, such as insufficient validation, simplicity, and portability. Emerging technologies and advanced materials are expected to overcome some of these challenges and could popularize animal POC testing. This review aims to: (i) present the main concepts and formats of POC devices and tests, such as lateral flow assays and lab-on-chip devices; (ii) summarize the mode of operation and recent advances in biosensor and POC devices for the detection of farm animal diseases; (iii) present some of the regulatory aspects of POC commercialization in the EU, USA, and Japan; and (iv) summarize the challenges and future perspectives of animal POC testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Manessis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (G.M.); (A.I.G.)
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (G.M.); (A.I.G.)
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chand S, Chand K, Biswas SK, Singh P. Development of a rapid lateral flow immunochromatography assay for the detection of group-specific antibodies against VP7 protein of bluetongue virus in multiple species. J Immunol Methods 2021; 499:113166. [PMID: 34653504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of bluetongue disease infects many domestic and wild ruminants. In the present study, colloidal gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunochromatography assay (LFIA) was developed to detect the group-specific antibodies to BTV in serum samples of sheep, goats, cattle, and camel. The recombinant VP7 protein of BTV conjugated to colloidal gold nanoparticles (GNPs) was used as a detector reagent. Recombinant streptococcal protein G and monoclonal antibody to BTV group-specific antigen were immobilized as the test and the control line, respectively on a nitrocellulose membrane. The protein G could capture the specific antibodies to BTV present in the serum of multiple ruminant species susceptible to BTV in a common test format and could eliminate the requirement of multiple anti-species antibodies. Upon addition of serum sample, GNP-rVP7 protein-serum complex migrated laterally onto the strip via capillary action and results were analyzed based on appearance of red colour band at test and control line. Serum samples (n = 481) of sheep, goats, cattle, and camel segregated as positive and negative by the commercial competitive-ELISA (c-ELISA) kit were tested in the fabricated LFIA strips to analyze the performance of the assay. In comparison with c-ELISA, the relative diagnostic sensitivity (DSn) of 95.2% with 91.6-97.6 (95%)) confidence interval and relative diagnostic specificity (DSp) of 99.6% 97.8-100.0 (95%) confidence interval were obtained for the optimized LFIA. The agreement between the LFIA and the c-ELISA was excellent as indicated by the kappa coefficient value of 0.949 (SE = 0.0142) with 0.9219 to 0.9779 (95%) confidence interval. The recombinant protein G based LFIA is a sensitive, specific, rapid, one-step test that can be used in the field or poorly equipped laboratories for serological diagnosis and serosurveillance of bluetongue in multiple susceptible species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Chand
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Division of Virology, Mukteswar Campus, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Karam Chand
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Division of Virology, Mukteswar Campus, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sanchay Kumar Biswas
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, ERS, Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Praveen Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Weber M, Gierschner P, Klassen A, Kasbohm E, Schubert JK, Miekisch W, Reinhold P, Köhler H. Detection of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Herds by Analyzing the Scent of Feces, Alveolar Gas, and Stable Air. Molecules 2021; 26:2854. [PMID: 34064882 PMCID: PMC8150929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is an important disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Early detection is crucial for successful infection control, but available diagnostic tests are still dissatisfying. Methods allowing a rapid, economic, and reliable identification of animals or herds affected by MAP are urgently required. This explorative study evaluated the potential of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to discriminate between cattle with and without MAP infections. Headspaces above fecal samples and alveolar fractions of exhaled breath of 77 cows from eight farms with defined MAP status were analyzed in addition to stable air samples. VOCs were identified by GC-MS and quantified against reference substances. To discriminate MAP-positive from MAP-negative samples, VOC feature selection and random forest classification were performed. Classification models, generated for each biological specimen, were evaluated using repeated cross-validation. The robustness of the results was tested by predicting samples of two different sampling days. For MAP classification, the different biological matrices emitted diagnostically relevant VOCs of a unique but partly overlapping pattern (fecal headspace: 19, alveolar gas: 11, stable air: 4-5). Chemically, relevant compounds belonged to hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, furans, and aldehydes. Comparing the different biological specimens, VOC analysis in fecal headspace proved to be most reproducible, discriminatory, and highly predictive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weber
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburgerstr. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.W.); (A.K.); (P.R.)
| | - Peter Gierschner
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (P.G.); (J.K.S.); (W.M.)
- Albutec GmbH, Schillingallee 68, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Klassen
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburgerstr. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.W.); (A.K.); (P.R.)
- Thüringer Tierseuchenkasse, Rindergesundheitsdienst (Thuringian Animal Health Fund, Cattle Health Service), Victor-Goerttler-Straße 4, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Elisa Kasbohm
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Straße 47, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Jochen K. Schubert
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (P.G.); (J.K.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Wolfram Miekisch
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (P.G.); (J.K.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburgerstr. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.W.); (A.K.); (P.R.)
| | - Heike Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburgerstr. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.W.); (A.K.); (P.R.)
- National Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jia B, Colling A, Stallknecht DE, Blehert D, Bingham J, Crossley B, Eagles D, Gardner IA. Validation of laboratory tests for infectious diseases in wild mammals: review and recommendations. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:776-792. [PMID: 32468923 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720920346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and specificity (DSp) of tests for infectious diseases in wild animals is challenging, and some of the limitations may affect compliance with the OIE-recommended test validation pathway. We conducted a methodologic review of test validation studies for OIE-listed diseases in wild mammals published between 2008 and 2017 and focused on study design, statistical analysis, and reporting of results. Most published papers addressed Mycobacterium bovis infection in one or more wildlife species. Our review revealed limitations or missing information about sampled animals, identification criteria for positive and negative samples (case definition), representativeness of source and target populations, and species in the study, as well as information identifying animals sampled for calculations of DSe and DSp as naturally infected captive, free-ranging, or experimentally challenged animals. The deficiencies may have reflected omissions in reporting rather than design flaws, although lack of random sampling might have induced bias in estimates of DSe and DSp. We used case studies of validation of tests for hemorrhagic diseases in deer and white-nose syndrome in hibernating bats to demonstrate approaches for validation when new pathogen serotypes or genotypes are detected and diagnostic algorithms are changed, and how purposes of tests evolve together with the evolution of the pathogen after identification. We describe potential benefits of experimental challenge studies for obtaining DSe and DSp estimates, methods to maintain sample integrity, and Bayesian latent class models for statistical analysis. We make recommendations for improvements in future studies of detection test accuracy in wild mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Jia
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada (Jia, Gardner).,CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Bingham, Eagles).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Stallknecht).,U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI (Blehert).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - Axel Colling
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada (Jia, Gardner).,CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Bingham, Eagles).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Stallknecht).,U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI (Blehert).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada (Jia, Gardner).,CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Bingham, Eagles).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Stallknecht).,U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI (Blehert).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - David Blehert
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada (Jia, Gardner).,CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Bingham, Eagles).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Stallknecht).,U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI (Blehert).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - John Bingham
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada (Jia, Gardner).,CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Bingham, Eagles).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Stallknecht).,U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI (Blehert).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - Beate Crossley
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada (Jia, Gardner).,CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Bingham, Eagles).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Stallknecht).,U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI (Blehert).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - Debbie Eagles
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada (Jia, Gardner).,CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Bingham, Eagles).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Stallknecht).,U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI (Blehert).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - Ian A Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada (Jia, Gardner).,CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (Colling, Bingham, Eagles).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Stallknecht).,U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI (Blehert).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| |
Collapse
|