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Hofstra G, van Abeelen H, Duindam M, Houben B, Kuijpers J, Arendsen T, van der Kolk M, Rapp F, van Spaendonk J, Gonzales JL, Petie R. Automated monitoring and detection of disease using a generic facial feature scoring system - A case study on FMD infected cows. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105880. [PMID: 36841043 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Digital images are becoming more readily available and possibilities for image processing are developing rapidly. This opens the possibility to use digital images to monitor and detect diseases in animals. In this paper we present 1) a generic facial feature scoring system based on seven facial features, 2) manual scores of images of Holstein Frisian heifers during foot-and-mouth disease vaccine efficacy trials and 3) automatic disease scores of the same animals. The automatic scoring system was based on the manual version and trained on annotated images from the manual scoring system. For both systems we found an increase in disease scores three days post infection, followed by a recovery. This temporal pattern matched with observations made by animal caretakers. Importantly, the automatic system was able to discern animals that were protected by the vaccine, and did not develop blisters at the feet, and animals that were not protected. Finally, automatic scores could be used to detect healthy and sick animals with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.94 on the second and third days following infection in an experimental setting. This generic facial feature disease scoring system could be further developed and extended to lactating Holstein Frisian dairy cows, other breeds and other infectious diseases. The system could be applied during animal experiments or, after further development, in a farm setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben Hofstra
- HAS University of Applied Science, Onderwijsboulevard 221, 5223 DE 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Hilde van Abeelen
- HAS University of Applied Science, Onderwijsboulevard 221, 5223 DE 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Marleen Duindam
- HAS University of Applied Science, Onderwijsboulevard 221, 5223 DE 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Houben
- HAS University of Applied Science, Onderwijsboulevard 221, 5223 DE 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Kuijpers
- HAS University of Applied Science, Onderwijsboulevard 221, 5223 DE 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Arendsen
- AVANS University of Applied Science, Onderwijsboulevard 215, 5223 DE 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Mathijs van der Kolk
- AVANS University of Applied Science, Onderwijsboulevard 215, 5223 DE 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Felix Rapp
- AVANS University of Applied Science, Onderwijsboulevard 215, 5223 DE 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Jessy van Spaendonk
- AVANS University of Applied Science, Onderwijsboulevard 215, 5223 DE 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - José L Gonzales
- Epidemiology Bioinformatics and Animal Models, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald Petie
- Epidemiology Bioinformatics and Animal Models, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, the Netherlands.
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Fonseca AA, Laguardia-Nascimento M, Ferreira APS, Pinto CDA, da Silva Gonçalves VL, Barbosa AAS, Rivetti Junior AV, Camargos MF. Genetic differentiation of Megalocytivirus by real time PCR and sequencing. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:3439-3450. [PMID: 36757549 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Megalocytiviruses (MCV) are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect fish. Two species within the genus are epidemiologically important for fish farming: red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). The objective of this work was to study regions that allow the differentiation and correct diagnosis of RSIV and ISKNV. METHODS The regions ORF450L, ORF342L, ORF077, and the intergenic region between ORF37 and ORF42R were sequenced and compared with samples from the database. RESULTS The tree constructed using the sequencing of the PCR product Megalocytivirus. ORF077 separated the three major clades of MCV. RISV genotypes were well divided, but not ISKNV. All qPCRs tests showed acceptable repeatability values, that is, less than 5%. CONCLUSION Two qPCRs for ISKNV detection and two for RSIV were considered suitable for use in the diagnosis and typing of MCV. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of an accurate evaluation of methodologies for the differentiation of MCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Augusto Fonseca
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Brazil. .,UNIFEMM - Centro Universitário, Sete Lagoas, Brazil.
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Quantification of in vitro replication kinetics of Alagoas vesiculovirus isolates by digital droplet RT-PCR. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:491-497. [PMID: 36645640 PMCID: PMC9841932 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00902-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis caused by Alagoas vesiculovirus (VSAV) has generated disease outbreaks in Brazil, mainly in the northeast region. Phylogenetic studies divide the isolates into three distinct genotypes (A, B, and C). However, there is no description of how this genetic divergence reflects on the phenotype of VSAV isolates such as in vitro replication fitness. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the ability of three distinct genotypes of Brazilian isolates of VSAV to grow in different cell-culture lines (BHK-21, Vero, and NCI-H1299). Quantification of viral RNA was performed using RT-PCR digital droplet from supernatant of cell culture collected every 4 h for a period of 24 h of viral growth in three different cell lines (BHK-21, Vero, and NCI-H1299). It was observed that the genotype C isolate has the lowest replication efficiency among the three analyzed viruses, without major changes in the copies of viral RNA over the entire time of the study.
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Phylodynamics of Alagoas vesiculovirus in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1691-1699. [PMID: 35553417 PMCID: PMC9433616 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00756-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The vesicular stomatitis virus belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family, genus Vesiculovirus. Four species (New Jersey, Indiana, Cocal, and Alagoas) are responsible for disease outbreaks in Western Hemisphere countries. In Brazil, the Alagoas virus is responsible for the main outbreaks of the disease, mainly in the states of the Northeast, Midwest, and Southeast regions of the country. The present study aimed to perform the genetic characterization of 41 vesicular stomatitis virus samples. RNA was extracted using Trizol and used to amplify part of gene P. Amplicons were sequenced using the Sanger method. The phylogenetic trees generated showed that Alagoas vesiculoviruses were positioned into three groups: group A formed by the first virus isolate; group B by isolates from states in the Northeast region; and group C by isolates from the states of Bahia, Goiás, and Tocantins. Their divergence to date has generated the formation of two genotypes evolving independently in regions that until the present study had little geographic overlap.
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Fonseca Júnior AA, de Freitas Passos ÉE, de Oliveira JS, Starling Rocha R, Laguardia-Nascimento M, de Souza Trindade G. Validation of molecular diagnostics for the detection of pseudocowpox virus. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1077-1080. [PMID: 35220553 PMCID: PMC9151948 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) is recognized for causing exanthematic lesions in cattle and humans. The diagnosis is important because it is a zoonosis and its clinical signs can be confused with foot-and-mouth disease, a high-impact bovine disease in livestock. The objective of this work is to validate a SYBR Green qPCR and a conventional PCR for virus detection in bovine samples. Detection limit tests, repeatability, reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity were compared. When two analysts were compared, results demonstrated that training and pipetting influence the repeatability. The qPCR was more sensitive than conventional PCR but showed nonspecific reactions distinguishable by the melting curve. Both showed high repeatability and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Augusto Fonseca Júnior
- LANAGRO/MG - Ministério da AgriculturaPecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brazil. .,UNIFEMM, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | | | | | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
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Fonseca Júnior AA, Ferreira LR, Laguardia-Nascimento M, Rivetti Júnior AV, Bueno BL, Dos Reis JKP, Camargos MF. Evaluation of three different genomic regions for detection of bovine leukemia virus by real-time PCR. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2483-2488. [PMID: 34595727 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic member of the genus Deltaretrovirus. BLV infects cattle worldwide and is responsible for significant economic losses. The objective of this study was to validate real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the detection of BLV. After identification of the most efficient qPCR, the limits of detection, repeatability, and reproducibility were determined. The results indicate that qPCR can be easily reproduced between laboratories with high sensitivity. The test variation was low in samples from lesions suggestive of bovine leukosis or whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Augusto Fonseca Júnior
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, 33600-000, Brazil.
- Centro Universitário de Sete Lagoas, UNIFEMM, Sete Lagoas, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Rabello Ferreira
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Mateus Laguardia-Nascimento
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Anselmo Vasconcelos Rivetti Júnior
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, 33600-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Fernandes Camargos
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, 33600-000, Brazil
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de Oliveira AM, Laguardia-Nascimento M, Sales ML, Júnior ARV, Camargos MF, de Melo CB, Fonseca Júnior AA. Outbreaks of Vesicular Stomatitis in Brazil caused by a distinct lineage of Alagoas vesiculovirus. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1637-1642. [PMID: 34145554 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the recurrence of outbreaks of Vesicular Stomatitis in the State of Maranhão, Brazil. The procedures for treating the outbreak of vesicular disease, sample collection, laboratory tests performed, and the results obtained were described. The clinical signs and observed injuries have been described. The sera showed antibodies that cross-react between the Vesiculovirus Indiana, Cocal, and Alagoas. The serological profile shows the presence of high antibody titers for Alagoas vesiculovirus in cattle, swine, and horses. Higher antibody titers indicate the viral serotype present in the outbreak. The genetic sequencing of the isolates confirmed the presence of Alagoas vesiculovirus, which grouped with the virus isolated in 2013 from cattle from the State of Maranhão.
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Fonseca Júnior AA, Pinto CA, Alencar CADS, Bueno BL, Dos Reis JKP, de Carvalho Filho MB. Validation of three qPCR for the detection of Burkholderia mallei in equine tissue samples. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:3965-3971. [PMID: 34028570 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is the causative agent of glanders, a zoonosis listed by the World Organization for Animal Health as of mandatory notification. In this work, a comparison of three qPCR protocols was made, two of them based on articles by other authors and one standardized in house, this last one aiming at a genomic region that does not exist in other species of the Burkholderia genus. All qPCRs showed high efficiency and good repeatability. However, reactions with Cq between 36 and 40 were considered suspicious and unreliable, requiring greater clinical criteria to analyze the results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Amaral Pinto
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária Em Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Brazil
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Taques CB, Coelho LC, Barbosa-Júnior HV, de Sá MEP, de Castro MB, de Melo CB. Challenges to and advancements of the official veterinary service of the Federal District, Brazil. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021; 43:e003221. [PMID: 35749101 PMCID: PMC9179201 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm003221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal diseases can be both a precursor to social instability and a result of social instability. For disease outbreaks to be prevented or even quickly controlled, an efficient and well-structured veterinary service is fundamental. The monitoring of the efficiency of an official veterinary service (OVS) by official audits is a sine qua non condition for the progress of an efficient way to control and eradicate diseases. In this sense, the present work aims to study the advances and challenges of the OVS of the Federal District (DF), Brazil, from a study of the scores obtained by the evaluation of the Programme of Quality Evaluation and Improvement of Official Veterinary Services which is based on the World Organisation for Animal Health - Performance of Veterinary Services Pathway (Quali-SV/OIE-PVS), which was used to officially assess the quality and improvement of the OVS of the DF. In Brazil, the official evaluation was conducted by the Coordination of Evaluation and Improvement of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, considering manpower, infrastructure and financial resources. Five possible scoring levels were audited: authority, technical and operational capacity, interaction with stakeholders and access to markets. These components were described and assessed as critical competencies in the OVS assessment. Strengths and weaknesses observed during the audit were listed, and levels of OVS progress were rated and assessed. Despite the predominance of strengths in the OVS audit, the weaknesses detected require urgent corrective action, especially with regard to the autonomy of the OVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristyanne Barbosa Taques
- Veterinarian, Msc., Secretaria de Estado da Agricultura, Abastecimento e Desenvolvimento Rural do Distrito Federal (Seagri/DF), Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Cláudio Coelho
- Veterinarian, MSc., Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Márcio Botelho de Castro
- Veterinarian, DSc., Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Animais (PPGCA), Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Cristiano Barros de Melo
- Veterinarian, DSc., Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Animais (PPGCA), Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Brasília, DF, Brazil.
- Correspondence Cristiano Barros de Melo Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Animais - PPGCA, Universidade de Brasília - UnB Campus Darcy Ribeiro, ICC Sul, Asa Norte CEP 70910-970 - Brasília (DF), Brazil E-mail:
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de Oliveira Lopes GA, Ferreira LR, de Souza Trindade G, Fonseca AA, Dos Reis JKP. qPCR assay for the detection of pseudocowpox virus. Arch Virol 2020; 166:243-247. [PMID: 33159590 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pseudocowpox is a zoonosis caused by pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), which mainly affects cows but can be an occupational disease of humans. The aim of the study was to validate a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for the detection of PCPV. The assay was able to detect up to 1000 copies of PCPV per µL in field samples, with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 100%. We did not observe any cross-reactivity between PCPV-positive samples and samples that were positive for other genetically similar viruses. The repeatability and reproducibility were adequate according to parameters preestablished in official test validation manuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Augusto de Oliveira Lopes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Pedro Leopoldo, Brazil
| | | | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Jenner Karlisson Pimenta Dos Reis
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Lázaro Sales M, Dall'Agnol M, de Oliveira AM, Camargos MF, Fonseca AA, Dos Reis JKP. RT-qPCR for the diagnosis of the vesiculovirus Cocal virus. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1843-1847. [PMID: 32448993 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04668-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cocal virus (COCV) is one of the causative agents of vesicular stomatitis, presenting clinical signs indistinguishable from those caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Therefore, the differentiation of these two viruses via laboratory diagnosis is essential. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) protocol for the diagnosis of COCV directly from epithelial samples. The method developed had 97% accuracy at 3950 pfu and a repeatability error of 1.29%. RT-qPCR was able to distinguish COCV from other viruses that cause vesicular diseases, an important factor because seroneutralization may produce cross-reactivity between COCV and vesicular stomatitis Alagoas virus (VSAV). No epithelial sample originating from vesicular disease outbreaks between 2014 and 2018 in Brazil was positive for COCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Lázaro Sales
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Jenner Karlisson Pimenta Dos Reis
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Pinheiro de Oliveira TF, Laguardia-Nascimento M, Xavier FG, do Amaral Pinto C, Ferreira LR, de Castro Campos de Souza I, Hammerschmitt ME, Bianchi RM, Wronski JG, Etges RN, Rigon GM, Camargos MF, Júnior AVR, Fonseca Junior AA. Quantification of ovine herpesvirus 2 by digital PCR in an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever. Arch Virol 2019; 164:3045-3050. [PMID: 31520217 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infection with ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is generally asymptomatic in sheep; however, when it crosses the species barrier, it causes malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in cattle. In the present study, we developed a real-time PCR assay and a droplet digital PCR assay and use both methods to study an outbreak caused by OvHV-2. Both PCR methods showed high sensitivity and specificity and were able to detect low copy numbers of OvHV-2 in sheep and cattle. The present study describes the first digital PCR quantification of OvHV-2 genome copies in samples collected from sheep and cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateus Laguardia-Nascimento
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, CEP 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Galtarossa Xavier
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, CEP 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Carla do Amaral Pinto
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, CEP 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Rabello Ferreira
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, CEP 33600-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Nestor Etges
- Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Grazziane Maciel Rigon
- Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fernandes Camargos
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, CEP 33600-000, Brazil
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