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Mehinagic K, Liniger M, Samoilenko M, Soltermann N, Gerber M, Ruggli N. A sensitive luciferase reporter assay for the detection of infectious African swine fever virus. J Virol Methods 2024; 323:114854. [PMID: 37989458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a complex DNA virus causing severe hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boar. The disease has spread worldwide, with important socio-economic consequences. Early virus detection and control measures are crucial as there are no effective vaccines nor antivirals on the market. While the diagnosis of ASFV is fast and based primarily on qPCR, the detection of infectious ASFV is a labor-intensive process requiring susceptible macrophages and subsequent antibody-based staining or hemadsorption. The latter cannot detect ASFV isolates devoid of functional CD2v (EP402R) expression. Here, we report the development of a plasmid-based reporter assay (RA) for the sensitive detection and titration of infectious ASFV. To this end, we constructed a plasmid for secreted NanoLuc luciferase (secNluc) expression driven by the ASFV DNA polymerase gene G1211R promoter. Infection of plasmid-transfected immortalized porcine kidney macrophages (IPKM) followed by measurement of secNluc from cell culture supernatants allowed reliable automated quantification of infectious ASFV. The RA-based titers matched the titers determined by conventional p72-staining or hemadsorption protocols. The novel assay is specific for ASFV as it does not detect classical swine fever virus nor porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. It is applicable to ASFV of different genotypes, virulence, and sources, including ASFV from sera and whole blood from infected pigs as well as non-hemadsorbing ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Mehinagic
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Liniger
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maksym Samoilenko
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nick Soltermann
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Liu T, Li Y, Koydemir HC, Zhang Y, Yang E, Eryilmaz M, Wang H, Li J, Bai B, Ma G, Ozcan A. Rapid and stain-free quantification of viral plaque via lens-free holography and deep learning. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:1040-1052. [PMID: 37349390 PMCID: PMC10427422 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
A plaque assay-the gold-standard method for measuring the concentration of replication-competent lytic virions-requires staining and usually more than 48 h of runtime. Here we show that lens-free holographic imaging and deep learning can be combined to expedite and automate the assay. The compact imaging device captures phase information label-free at a rate of approximately 0.32 gigapixels per hour per well, covers an area of about 30 × 30 mm2 and a 10-fold larger dynamic range of virus concentration than standard assays, and quantifies the infected area and the number of plaque-forming units. For the vesicular stomatitis virus, the automated plaque assay detected the first cell-lysing events caused by viral replication as early as 5 h after incubation, and in less than 20 h it detected plaque-forming units at rates higher than 90% at 100% specificity. Furthermore, it reduced the incubation time of the herpes simplex virus type 1 by about 48 h and that of the encephalomyocarditis virus by about 20 h. The stain-free assay should be amenable for use in virology research, vaccine development and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tairan Liu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuzhu Li
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hatice Ceylan Koydemir
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ethan Yang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Merve Eryilmaz
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Hongda Wang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jingxi Li
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bijie Bai
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guangdong Ma
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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U5 snRNP Core Proteins Are Key Components of the Defense Response against Viral Infection through Their Roles in Programmed Cell Death and Interferon Induction. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122710. [PMID: 36560714 PMCID: PMC9785106 DOI: 10.3390/v14122710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spliceosome is a massive ribonucleoprotein structure composed of five small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complexes that catalyze the removal of introns from pre-mature RNA during constitutive and alternative splicing. EFTUD2, PRPF8, and SNRNP200 are core components of the U5 snRNP, which is crucial for spliceosome function as it coordinates and performs the last steps of the splicing reaction. Several studies have demonstrated U5 snRNP proteins as targeted during viral infection, with a limited understanding of their involvement in virus-host interactions. In the present study, we deciphered the respective impact of EFTUD2, PRPF8, and SNRNP200 on viral replication using mammalian reovirus as a model. Using a combination of RNA silencing, real-time cell analysis, cell death and viral replication assays, we discovered distinct and partially overlapping novel roles for EFTUD2, PRPF8, and SNRNP200 in cell survival, apoptosis, necroptosis, and the induction of the interferon response pathway. For instance, we demonstrated that EFTUD2 and SNRNP200 are required for both apoptosis and necroptosis, whereas EFTUD2 and PRPF8 are required for optimal interferon response against viral infection. Moreover, we demonstrated that EFTUD2 restricts viral replication, both in a single cycle and multiple cycles of viral replication. Altogether, these results establish U5 snRNP core components as key elements of the cellular antiviral response.
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Ke G, Zhang J, Gao W, Chen J, Liu L, Wang S, Zhang H, Yan G. Application of advanced technology in traditional Chinese medicine for cancer therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1038063. [PMID: 36313284 PMCID: PMC9606699 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1038063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer has seriously threatened people’s health, it is also identified by the World Health Organization as a controllable, treatable and even curable chronic disease. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been extensively used to treat cancer due to its multiple targets, minimum side effects and potent therapeutic effects, and thus plays an important role in all stages of tumor therapy. With the continuous progress in cancer treatment, the overall efficacy of cancer therapy has been significantly improved, and the survival time of patients has been dramatically prolonged. In recent years, a series of advanced technologies, including nanotechnology, gene editing technology, real-time cell-based assay (RTCA) technology, and flow cytometry analysis technology, have been developed and applied to study TCM for cancer therapy, which efficiently improve the medicinal value of TCM and accelerate the research progress of TCM in cancer therapy. Therefore, the applications of these advanced technologies in TCM for cancer therapy are summarized in this review. We hope this review will provide a good guidance for TCM in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Ke
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wufeng Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Luotong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Simiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Huan Zhang, ; Guojun Yan,
| | - Guojun Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Huan Zhang, ; Guojun Yan,
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African swine fever virus: A raised global upsurge and a continuous threaten to pig husbandry. Microb Pathog 2022; 167:105561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Moetlhoa B, Naicker L, Hayeshi R, Grobler A, Mokoena NB, Mawadza C. Application of a real-time cell analysis system in the process development and quantification of Rift Valley fever virus clone 13. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000191. [PMID: 34151150 PMCID: PMC8209705 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional cell-culture viral quantification methods, namely viral plaque and 50 % tissue culture infective dose assays, are time-consuming, subjective and are not suitable for routine testing. The viral plaque formation assay is the main method utilized for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) clone 13 quantification. The RVFV is a mosquito-borne RNA Phlebovirus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. The virus comprises a single serotype and causes the zoonotic Rift Valley fever disease. The real-time cell analysis (RTCA) system has been developed for the monitoring of cell growth, cell adhesion, cell viability and mortality using electronic impedance technology. In this study, Vero cell growth kinetics and RVFV clone 13 replication kinetics were investigated in a roller bottle and RTCA systems. In roller bottles, Vero cell growth was measured by cell counts through trypan blue staining, whilst impedance expressed as the cell index (CI) was used for Vero growth measurement in the RTCA system. Similar growth patterns were observed in both roller bottle and RTCA systems. Exponential growth phase was observed between 48 and 100 h, followed by a stationary phase from 100 to 120 h, before cell death was observed. Viral plaque assay quantification of RVFV clone 13 in the roller bottle system and the time required for the CI to decrease 50 % after virus infection (CIT50) in the RTCA system were comparable. The highest RVFV clone 13 titre was obtained at 120 h in both roller bottle and RTCA systems. An increase in time for cytopathic effect (CPE) formation was observed with a decrease in the concentration of the virus used to infect the RTCA plates. A positive correlation was observed between the viral concentration and the time for a CPE and was used to calculate CIT50. A similar correlation was observed between the viral concentration and the time for a CPE in the roller bottle system. This study shows that the RTCA system can be used as an alternative method for conducting cell culture kinetics and viral quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boitumelo Moetlhoa
- Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP) SOC Ltd, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- DST-NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform (PCDDP), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Leeann Naicker
- Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP) SOC Ltd, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Rose Hayeshi
- DST-NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform (PCDDP), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Anne Grobler
- DST-NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform (PCDDP), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Nobalanda B. Mokoena
- Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP) SOC Ltd, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Crispen Mawadza
- Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP) SOC Ltd, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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Stefanowicz-Hajduk J, Ochocka JR. Real-time cell analysis system in cytotoxicity applications: Usefulness and comparison with tetrazolium salt assays. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:335-344. [PMID: 32090021 PMCID: PMC7025972 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RTCA system allows to easily monitor cell adhesion and proliferation. The real-time impedance technique is widely used in many toxicological studies. RTCA results are generally comparable with results from tetrazolium salts assays. RTCA analysis should be limited when drugs with electroactive additives are tested. Tetrazolium salts assays should be avoided when colored compounds are studied.
Real-time cell analysis (RTCA) is a technique based on impedance and microsensor electrodes. RTCA system allows label-free, real-time, and continuous monitoring of cell adhesion, morphology, and rate of cell proliferation. The system offers a wide range of applications, mainly in toxicological studies, new drug screening, and microbiology. Here, we describe the usefulness of the system in different applications and compare this technology with conventional endpoint assays based on tetrazolium salts. We present advantages and disadvantages of the system and endpoint methods and their limitations in cytotoxicity investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Stefanowicz-Hajduk
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - J Renata Ochocka
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
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Arabyan E, Kotsynyan A, Hakobyan A, Zakaryan H. Antiviral agents against African swine fever virus. Virus Res 2019; 270:197669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Lebourgeois S, Fraisse A, Hennechart-Collette C, Guillier L, Perelle S, Martin-Latil S. Development of a Real-Time Cell Analysis (RTCA) Method as a Fast and Accurate Method for Detecting Infectious Particles of the Adapted Strain of Hepatitis A Virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:335. [PMID: 30319992 PMCID: PMC6167467 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most common agents causing acute liver disease worldwide. HAV has been increasingly reported as the cause of foodborne disease outbreaks. The standard method currently available for detection of the genome of HAV in vulnerable foodstuffs is by RT-qPCR (ISO 15216). Despite its usefulness in the investigation of foodborne viruses, the use of RT-qPCR in food virology has been shown to overestimate the quantity of infectious virus or to highly underestimate the effect of the treatment on virus inactivation. The gold standard methods currently used for evaluating the efficacy of inactivation treatments on the adapted strain of HAV (HM175/18f) are either the plaque assay or the end-point dilution assay (TCID50). However, both assays are labor-intensive and time-consuming. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the xCELLigence real-time cell analysis (RTCA) system for detecting the infectivity of the adapted strain of HAV. Kinetics of cell impedance showed that HAV induced a decrease in cell index (CI) correlated with the onset of HAV-induced cell death. In addition, the time to which the HAV-induced CI drop occurred was dependent on the viral concentration. An inverse linear relation could be established over a range of 5 log10 between the concentration of HAV and the time to reach 50% of CI decrease (TCI50), showing that the RTCA assay could be used as a titration method for HAV. In addition, the RTCA-based assay could be performed in less than 6 days instead of 12 to 14 days with the gold standard methods. Therefore, the RTCA-based titration method is a powerful and suitable tool for high-throughput screening of anti-viral treatments. Its usefulness in HAV inactivation studies will improve the assessment of viral risk in food virology, as controlling transmission of viruses through their removal from foodstuffs is also an important challenge in reducing the burden of viral foodborne illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Lebourgeois
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Audrey Fraisse
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Laurent Guillier
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Perelle
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandra Martin-Latil
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
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