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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Bottari B, Cummins E, Ylivainio K, Muñoz Guajardo I, Ortiz‐Pelaez A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Inactivation of indicator microorganisms and biological hazards by standard and/or alternative processing methods in Category 2 and 3 animal by-products and derived products to be used as organic fertilisers and/or soil improvers. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06932. [PMID: 34900004 PMCID: PMC8638561 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission requested EFSA to assess if different thermal processes achieve a 5 log10 reduction in Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella Senftenberg (775W) and (if relevant) a 3 log10 reduction in thermoresistant viruses (e.g. Parvovirus) as well as if different chemical processes achieve a 3 log10 reduction of eggs of Ascaris sp., in eight groups of Category 2 and 3 derived products and animal by-products (ABP). These included (1) ash derived from incineration, co-incineration and combustion; (2) glycerine derived from the production of biodiesel and renewable fuels; (3) other materials derived from the production of biodiesel and renewable fuels; (4) hides and skins; (5) wool and hair; (6) feathers and down; (7) pig bristles; and (8) horns, horn products, hooves and hoof products. Data on the presence of viral hazards and on thermal and chemical inactivation of the targeted indicator microorganisms and biological hazards under relevant processing conditions were extracted via extensive literature searches. The evidence was assessed via expert knowledge elicitation. The certainty that the required log10 reductions in the most resistant indicator microorganisms or biological hazards will be achieved for each of the eight groups of materials mentioned above by the thermal and/or chemical processes was (1) 99-100% for the two processes assessed; (2) 98-100% in Category 2 ABP, at least 90-99% in Category 3 ABP; (3) 90-99% in Category 2 ABP; at least 66-90% in Category 3 ABP; (4) 10-66% and 33-66%; (5) 1-33% and 10-50%; (6) 66-90%; (7) 33-66% and 50-95%; (8) 66-95%, respectively. Data generation on the occurrence and reduction of biological hazards by thermal and/or chemical methods in these materials and on the characterisation of the usage pathways of ABP as organic fertilisers/soil improvers is recommended.
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Wang Y, Li L, Wang Y, Yang Q, Ye Z, Fu Z, Sun L, Guo X. Coacervation of Spherical Polyelectrolyte Brushes with Additional Polyelectrolytes Bearing Positive or Negative Charges. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:6388-6396. [PMID: 34008987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
By combining small-angle X-ray scattering, wide-angle X-ray scattering, and rheology, the effect of additional polyelectrolyte chains on interactions among spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPB) was systematically investigated both on microscopic and macroscopic levels. The negatively charged poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) chains and positively charged poly(dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride) (PDDA) chains were used as additional polyelectrolyte chains to investigate the local ordered structure and the "polyelectrolyte peak" among SPB. Interestingly, coacervation appeared in the SPB emulsion while introducing additional free polyelectrolyte chains. The addition of excess positively charged PDDA chains would lead to the transformation of the SPB emulsion from the coacervation to the aggregation, while it has not been observed in the case of PAA chains. Moreover, it was further confirmed that the specific local ordered structure was caused by the electrostatic interaction among polyelectrolyte chains of adjacent SPB. This work could enrich our understanding of polyelectrolyte assembly in concentrated SPB, thereby greatly broadening the application fields of SPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Large Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology (Ministry of Education), and International Joint Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Large Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology (Ministry of Education), and International Joint Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Yiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Large Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology (Ministry of Education), and International Joint Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Qingsong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Large Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology (Ministry of Education), and International Joint Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Zhishuang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Large Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology (Ministry of Education), and International Joint Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Zhinan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Large Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology (Ministry of Education), and International Joint Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Liang Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Xinjiang Bingtuan of Materials Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Xuhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Large Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology (Ministry of Education), and International Joint Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Xinjiang Bingtuan of Materials Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
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