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Sharma N, Jamwal VL, Nagial S, Ranjan M, Rath D, Gandhi SG. Current status of diagnostic assays for emerging zoonotic viruses: Nipah and Hendra. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2024; 24:473-485. [PMID: 38924448 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2024.2368591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nipah and Hendra viruses belong to the Paramyxoviridae family, which pose a significant threat to human health, with sporadic outbreaks causing severe morbidity and mortality. Early symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, and headache, which offer little in terms of differential diagnosis. There are no specific therapeutics and vaccines for these viruses. AREAS COVERED This review comprehensively covers a spectrum of diagnostic techniques for Nipah and Hendra virus infections, discussed in conjunction with appropriate type of samples during the progression of infection. Serological assays, reverse transcriptase Real-Time PCR assays, and isothermal amplification assays are discussed in detail, along with a listing of few commercially available detection kits. Patents protecting inventions in Nipah and Hendra virus detection are also covered. EXPERT OPINION Despite several outbreaks of Nipah and Hendra infections in the past decade, in-depth research into their pathogenesis, Point-of-Care diagnostics, specific therapies, and human vaccines is lacking. A prompt and accurate diagnosis is pivotal for efficient outbreak management, patient treatment, and the adoption of preventative measures. The emergence of rapid point-of-care tests holds promise in enhancing diagnostic capabilities in real-world settings. The patent landscape emphasizes the importance of innovation and collaboration within the legal and business realms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Sharma
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vijay Lakshmi Jamwal
- Microfluidics Design and Bioengineering Lab, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu (IIT), Jammu, India
| | - Sakshi Nagial
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu, India
| | - Manish Ranjan
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jammu (AIIMS), Jammu, India
| | - Dharitri Rath
- Microfluidics Design and Bioengineering Lab, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu (IIT), Jammu, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Wang Z, McCallum M, Yan L, Gibson CA, Sharkey W, Park YJ, Dang HV, Amaya M, Person A, Broder CC, Veesler D. Structure and design of Langya virus glycoprotein antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314990121. [PMID: 38593070 PMCID: PMC11032465 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314990121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Langya virus (LayV) is a recently discovered henipavirus (HNV), isolated from febrile patients in China. HNV entry into host cells is mediated by the attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins which are the main targets of neutralizing antibodies. We show here that the LayV F and G glycoproteins promote membrane fusion with human, mouse, and hamster target cells using a different, yet unknown, receptor than Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) and that NiV- and HeV-elicited monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies do not cross-react with LayV F and G. We determined cryoelectron microscopy structures of LayV F, in the prefusion and postfusion states, and of LayV G, revealing their conformational landscape and distinct antigenicity relative to NiV and HeV. We computationally designed stabilized LayV G constructs and demonstrate the generalizability of an HNV F prefusion-stabilization strategy. Our data will support the development of vaccines and therapeutics against LayV and closely related HNVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Matthew McCallum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD20814
| | - Cecily A. Gibson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - William Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- HHMI, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Ha V. Dang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Moushimi Amaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD20814
| | - Ashley Person
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Christopher C. Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD20814
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- HHMI, Seattle, WA98195
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Wang Z, McCallum M, Yan L, Sharkey W, Park YJ, Dang HV, Amaya M, Person A, Broder CC, Veesler D. Structure and design of Langya virus glycoprotein antigens. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.20.554025. [PMID: 37645760 PMCID: PMC10462157 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.20.554025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Langya virus (LayV) is a recently discovered henipavirus (HNV), isolated from febrile patients in China. HNV entry into host cells is mediated by the attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins which are the main targets of neutralizing antibodies. We show here that the LayV F and G glycoproteins promote membrane fusion with human, mouse and hamster target cells using a different, yet unknown, receptor than NiV and HeV and that NiV- and HeV-elicited monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies do not cross-react with LayV F and G. We determined cryo-electron microscopy structures of LayV F, in the prefusion and postfusion states, and of LayV G, revealing previously unknown conformational landscapes and their distinct antigenicity relative to NiV and HeV. We computationally designed stabilized LayV G constructs and demonstrate the generalizability of an HNV F prefusion-stabilization strategy. Our data will support the development of vaccines and therapeutics against LayV and closely related HNVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthew McCallum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ha V. Dang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Moushimi Amaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashley Person
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher C. Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Amaya M, Yin R, Yan L, Borisevich V, Adhikari BN, Bennett A, Malagon F, Cer RZ, Bishop-Lilly KA, Dimitrov AS, Cross RW, Geisbert TW, Broder CC. A Recombinant Chimeric Cedar Virus-Based Surrogate Neutralization Assay Platform for Pathogenic Henipaviruses. Viruses 2023; 15:1077. [PMID: 37243163 PMCID: PMC10223282 DOI: 10.3390/v15051077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The henipaviruses, Nipah virus (NiV), and Hendra virus (HeV) can cause fatal diseases in humans and animals, whereas Cedar virus is a nonpathogenic henipavirus. Here, using a recombinant Cedar virus (rCedV) reverse genetics platform, the fusion (F) and attachment (G) glycoprotein genes of rCedV were replaced with those of NiV-Bangladesh (NiV-B) or HeV, generating replication-competent chimeric viruses (rCedV-NiV-B and rCedV-HeV), both with and without green fluorescent protein (GFP) or luciferase protein genes. The rCedV chimeras induced a Type I interferon response and utilized only ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 as entry receptors compared to rCedV. The neutralizing potencies of well-characterized cross-reactive NiV/HeV F and G specific monoclonal antibodies against rCedV-NiV-B-GFP and rCedV-HeV-GFP highly correlated with measurements obtained using authentic NiV-B and HeV when tested in parallel by plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT). A rapid, high-throughput, and quantitative fluorescence reduction neutralization test (FRNT) using the GFP-encoding chimeras was established, and monoclonal antibody neutralization data derived by FRNT highly correlated with data derived by PRNT. The FRNT assay could also measure serum neutralization titers from henipavirus G glycoprotein immunized animals. These rCedV chimeras are an authentic henipavirus-based surrogate neutralization assay that is rapid, cost-effective, and can be utilized outside high containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moushimi Amaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Randy Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bishwo N. Adhikari
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command–Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA
| | - Andrew Bennett
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA
- Leidos, Inc., Reston, VA 20190, USA
| | - Francisco Malagon
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA
- Leidos, Inc., Reston, VA 20190, USA
| | - Regina Z. Cer
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command–Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Bishop-Lilly
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command–Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Antony S. Dimitrov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Robert W. Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Christopher C. Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Zhu W, Pickering B, Smith G, Pinette M, Truong T, Babiuk S, Kobasa D, Banadyga L, Yang M. Development and laboratory evaluation of a competitive ELISA for serodiagnosis of Nipah and Hendra virus infection using recombinant Nipah glycoproteins and a monoclonal antibody. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1120367. [PMID: 36816187 PMCID: PMC9929177 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1120367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), of the genus Henipavirus, family Paramyxoviridae, are classified as Risk Group 4 (RG4) pathogens that cause respiratory disease in pigs and acute/febrile encephalitis in humans with high mortality. Methods A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) using a monoclonal antibody (mAb) and recombinant NiV glycoprotein (G) was developed and laboratory evaluated using sera from experimental pigs, mini pigs and nonhuman primates. The test depends on competition between specific antibodies in positive sera and a virus-specific mAb for binding to NiV-G. Results Based on 1,199 negative and 71 NiV positive serum test results, the cutoff value was determined as 35% inhibition. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the NiV cELISA was 98.58 and 99.92%, respectively. When testing sera from animals experimentally infected with NiV Malaysia, the cELISA detected antibodies from 14 days post-infection (dpi) and remained positive until the end of the experiment (28 dpi). Comparisons using the Kappa coefficient showed strong agreement (100%) between the cELISA and a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Discussion Because our cELISA is simpler, faster, and gives comparable or better results than PRNT, it would be an adequate screening test for suspect NiV and HeV cases, and it would also be useful for epidemiological surveillance of Henipavirus infections in different animal species without changing reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhu
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bradley Pickering
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Greg Smith
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mathieu Pinette
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Thang Truong
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ming Yang
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,*Correspondence: Ming Yang ✉
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Wang Z, Dang HV, Amaya M, Xu Y, Yin R, Yan L, Hickey AC, Annand EJ, Horsburgh BA, Reid PA, Smith I, Eden JS, Xu K, Broder CC, Veesler D. Potent monoclonal antibody-mediated neutralization of a divergent Hendra virus variant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122769119. [PMID: 35617431 PMCID: PMC9295758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122769119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are deadly zoonotic Henipaviruses (HNVs) responsible for recurrent outbreaks in humans and domestic species of highly fatal (50 to 95%) disease. A HeV variant (HeV-g2) of unprecedented genetic divergence has been identified in two fatally diseased horses, and in two flying fox species in regions of Australia not previously considered at risk for HeV spillover. Given the HeV-g2 divergence from HeV while retaining equivalent pathogenicity and spillover potential, understanding receptor usage and antigenic properties is urgently required to guide One Health biosecurity. Here, we show that the HeV-g2 G glycoprotein shares a conserved receptor tropism with prototypic HeV and that a panel of monoclonal antibodies recognizing the G and F glycoproteins potently neutralizes HeV-g2– and HeV G/F–mediated entry into cells. We determined a crystal structure of the Fab fragment of the hAH1.3 antibody bound to the HeV G head domain, revealing an antigenic site associated with potent cross-neutralization of both HeV-g2 and HeV. Structure-guided formulation of a tetravalent monoclonal antibody (mAb) mixture, targeting four distinct G head antigenic sites, results in potent neutralization of HeV and HeV-g2 and delineates a path forward for implementing multivalent mAb combinations for postexposure treatment of HNV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Ha V. Dang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Moushimi Amaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Randy Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Andrew C. Hickey
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814
- US Public Health Services Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Edward J. Annand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2570 NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
- Black Mountain Laboratories, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, 2601 ACT, Australia
- Equine Veterinary and One Health Epidemiology, EquiEpiVet, Aireys Inlet, Surf Coast, 3231 VIC, Australia
| | - Bethany A. Horsburgh
- University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, 2145 NSW, Australia
| | - Peter A. Reid
- Private Equine Veterinary Practice, Brisbane, 4034 QLD, Australia
| | - Ina Smith
- Black Mountain Laboratories, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, 2601 ACT, Australia
| | - John-Sebastian Eden
- University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, 2145 NSW, Australia
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Christopher C. Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- HHMI, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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Serological Hendra Virus Diagnostics Using an Indirect ELISA-Based DIVA Approach with Recombinant Hendra G and N Proteins. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061095. [PMID: 35744614 PMCID: PMC9230382 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of Hendra virus (HeV) infections in horses in Australia in 1994, more than 80 outbreaks in horses have been reported, and four out of seven spillover infections in humans had a fatal outcome. With the availability of a subunit vaccine based on the HeV-Glycoprotein (HeV-G), there is a need to serologically Differentiate the Infected from the Vaccinated Animals (DIVA). We developed an indirect ELISA using HeV-G expressed in Leishmania tarentolae and HeV-Nucleoprotein (HeV-N) expressed in recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells as antigens. During evaluation, we tested panels of sera from naïve, vaccinated and infected horses that either originated from a Hendra-virus free region, or had been pre-tested in validated diagnostic tests. Our data confirm the reliability of this approach, as HeV-N-specific antibodies were only detected in sera from infected horses, while HeV-G-specific antibodies were detected in infected and vaccinated horses with a high level of specificity and sensitivity. Given the excellent correlation of data obtained for German and Australian HeV-negative horses, we assume that this test can be applied for the testing of horse serum samples from a variety of geographical regions.
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Wang Z, Amaya M, Addetia A, Dang HV, Reggiano G, Yan L, Hickey AC, DiMaio F, Broder CC, Veesler D. Architecture and antigenicity of the Nipah virus attachment glycoprotein. Science 2022; 375:1373-1378. [PMID: 35239409 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm5561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are zoonotic henipaviruses (HNVs) responsible for outbreaks of encephalitis and respiratory illness. The entry of HNVs into host cells requires the attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins, which are the main targets of antibody responses. To understand viral infection and host immunity, we determined a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the NiV G homotetrameric ectodomain in complex with the nAH1.3 broadly neutralizing antibody Fab fragment. We show that a cocktail of two nonoverlapping G-specific antibodies neutralizes NiV and HeV synergistically and limits the emergence of escape mutants. Analysis of polyclonal serum antibody responses elicited by vaccination of macaques with NiV G indicates that the receptor binding head domain is immunodominant. These results pave the way for implementing multipronged therapeutic strategies against these deadly pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Moushimi Amaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Amin Addetia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ha V Dang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gabriella Reggiano
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Andrew C Hickey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,U.S. Public Health Services Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Frank DiMaio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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