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Dunowska M, Lal R, Dissanayake SD, Bond SD, Burrows E, Moffat J, Howe L. Bovine viral diarrhoea viruses from New Zealand belong predominantly to the BVDV-1a genotype. N Z Vet J 2024; 72:66-78. [PMID: 38212951 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2291039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
AIM To determine which genotypes of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) circulate among cattle in New Zealand. METHODS Samples comprised BVDV-1-positive sera sourced from submissions to veterinary diagnostic laboratories in 2019 (n = 25), 2020 (n = 59) and 2022 (n = 74) from both beef and dairy herds, as well as archival BVDV-1 isolates (n = 5). Fragments of the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and glycoprotein E2 coding sequence of the BVDV genome were amplified and sequenced. The sequences were aligned to each other and to international BVDV-1 sequences to determine their similarities and phylogenetic relationships. The 5' UTR sequences were also used to create genetic haplotype networks to determine if they were correlated with selected traits (location, type of farm, and year of collection). RESULTS The 5' UTR sequences from New Zealand BVDV were closely related to each other, with pairwise identities between 89% and 100%. All clustered together and were designated as BVDV-1a (n = 144) or BVDV-1c (n = 5). There was no evidence of a correlation between the 5' UTR sequence and the geographical origin within the country, year of collection or the type of farm. Partial E2 sequences from New Zealand BVDV (n = 76) showed 74-100% identity to each other and clustered in two main groups. The subtype assignment based on the E2 sequence was the same as based on the 5' UTR analysis. This is the first comprehensive analysis of genomic variability of contemporary New Zealand BVDV based on the analysis of the non-coding (5' UTR) and coding (E2) sequences. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Knowledge of the diversity of the viruses circulating in the country is a prerequisite for the development of effective control strategies, including a selection of suitable vaccines. The data presented suggest that New Zealand BVDV are relatively homogeneous, which should facilitate eradication efforts including selection or development of the most suitable vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dunowska
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - R Lal
- College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S D Dissanayake
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S D Bond
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - E Burrows
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Moffat
- Scipharma Ltd., Upper Moutere, New Zealand
| | - L Howe
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Falkenberg SM, Ma H, Casas E, Dassanayake RP, Bolton MW, Raithel G, Silvis S, Neill JD, Walz PH. Multivariate Analysis as a Method to Evaluate Antigenic Relationships between Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1b Isolates and Vaccine Strains. Viruses 2023; 15:2085. [PMID: 37896862 PMCID: PMC10612043 DOI: 10.3390/v15102085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigenicity of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been evaluated using virus-neutralizing titer data analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and has demonstrated numerous isolates to be antigenically divergent from US vaccine strains. The lack of BVDV-1b strains in currently licensed vaccines has raised concerns regarding the lack of protection against BVDV-1b field strains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antigenic diversity of BVDV-1b strains and better understand the breadth of antigenic relatedness using BVDV-1b antisera and antisera from vaccine strains. Results from this analysis demonstrate the antigenic diversity observed among BVDV-1b isolates and genetic assignment into the BVDV-1b subgenotype is not representative of antigenic relatedness. This is demonstrated by BVDV-1b isolates (2280N, SNc, Illc, MSU, and 2337) observed to be as antigenically dissimilar as BVDV-2a isolates when using BVDV-1b antisera. Additionally, when BVDV-1a vaccine antisera was used for comparisons, a greater percentage of BVDV-1b isolates clustered with BVDV-1a vaccine strains as part of PC1, suggesting antigenic relatedness and potentially partial protection. Collectively, data from this study would suggest that while most BVDV-1b isolates are antigenically similar, there are antigenically dissimilar BVDV-1b isolates as determined by the lack of cross-reactivity, which may contribute to the lack of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shollie M. Falkenberg
- Sugg Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (S.S.); (P.H.W.)
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA (J.D.N.)
| | - Hao Ma
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA (J.D.N.)
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA (J.D.N.)
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA (J.D.N.)
| | | | - Gage Raithel
- Sugg Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (S.S.); (P.H.W.)
| | - Scott Silvis
- Sugg Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (S.S.); (P.H.W.)
| | - John D. Neill
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA (J.D.N.)
| | - Paul H. Walz
- Sugg Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (S.S.); (P.H.W.)
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Grange G, Mindeguia M, Gisbert P, Meyer G. Cross-Neutralization between Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Types 1 and 2 after Vaccination with a BVDV-1a Modified-Live-Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1204. [PMID: 37515020 PMCID: PMC10383975 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus types 1 and 2 (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2) involves removing persistently infected animals from the herd, ensuring the biosecurity level of the farms and vaccination for the prevention of fetal infection. Given pestiviruses high genetic and antigenic diversities, one challenge for a BVDV vaccine is to provide the broadest possible heterologous protection against most genotypes and sub-genotypes. The Modified-Live Mucosiffa® vaccine, which contains the BVDV-1 sub-genotype 1a (BVDV-1a) cytopathic Oregon C24 strain, was shown to protect fetuses of pregnant heifers against a challenge with a BVDV-1f Han strain. In this study, we tested the cross-neutralizing antibody (NA) response of 9 heifers at 28, 203- and 363-days post-vaccination with Mucosiffa® against recent and circulating European strains of BVDV-1a, -1b, -1e, -1f and BVDV-2a. We showed that Mucosiffa® vaccination generates a stable over time NA response against all BVDV strains. NA response was greater against BVDV-1a and -1b, with no significant differences between these sub-genotypes. Interestingly the NA response against the two BVDV-2a strains was similar to that observed against the BVDV-1f Han strain, which was the challenge strain used in fetal protection studies to validate the Mucosiffa® vaccine. These results suggest that Mucosiffa® vaccination provides humoral cross-immunity, which may protect against BVDV-1 and BVDV-2a infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Mindeguia
- Clinique Vétérinaire Amikuze, 64120 Béhasque-Lapiste, France
| | | | - Gilles Meyer
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31100 Toulouse, France
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Mosena ACS, Ma H, Casas E, Dassanayake RP, Canal CW, Neill JD, Falkenberg SM. Multivariate analysis reveals that BVDV field isolates do not show a close VN-based antigenic relationship to US vaccine strains. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:121. [PMID: 37365644 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antigenicity by using virus neutralization titers (VNT) analyzed using the principal component analysis (PCA) from antisera generated against US-based vaccine strains against both US-origin field isolates and non-US-origin field isolates. RESULTS Data from both independent analyses demonstrated that several US-origin and non-US-origin BVDV field isolates appear to be antigenically divergent from the US-based vaccine strains. Results from the combined analysis provided greater insight into the antigenic diversity observed among BVDV isolates. Data from this study further support genetic assignment into BVDV subgenotypes, as well as strains within subgenotypes is not representative of antigenic relatedness. PCA highlights isolates that are antigenically divergent from members of the same species and subgenotype and conversely isolates that belong to different subgenotypes have similar antigenic characteristics when using antisera from US-based vaccine isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina S Mosena
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Hao Ma
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rohana P Dassanayake
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Cláudio W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - John D Neill
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shollie M Falkenberg
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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Rivas J, Hasanaj A, Deblon C, Gisbert P, Garigliany MM. Genetic diversity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in cattle in France between 2018 and 2020. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1028866. [PMID: 36304414 PMCID: PMC9593101 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1028866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is one of the main pathogens that affects ruminants worldwide, generating significant economic losses. Like other RNA viruses, BVDV is characterized by a high genetic variability, generating the emergence of new variants, and increasing the risk of new outbreaks. The last report on BVDV genotypes in France was in 2008, since which there have been no new information. The goal of this study is to determine the genetic diversity of BVDV strains currently circulating in France. To this aim, samples of cattle were taken from different departments that are part of the main areas of livestock production during the years 2018 to 2020. Using the partial sequence of the 5'UTR region of the viral genome, we identified and classified 145 samples corresponding to Pestivirus A and one sample corresponding to Pestivirus D. For the Pestivirus A samples, the 1e, 1b, 1d, and 1l genotypes, previously described in France, were identified. Next, the 1r and 1s genotypes, not previously described in the country, were detected. In addition, a new genotype was identified and was tentatively assigned as 1x genotype. These results indicate an increase in the genetic diversity of BVDV in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rivas
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alesia Hasanaj
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline Deblon
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Mutien-Marie Garigliany
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium,*Correspondence: Mutien-Marie Garigliany
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