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Wang C, Liu X, Zhang Z, Xu S, Zhang Q, Chen J, Zheng W. The influence of motor learning methods on motor performance stability: The moderating effect of reinvestment propensity. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 72:102601. [PMID: 38278464 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Different motor learning methods (explicit or analogy learning) show different effects on motor performance stability, and reinvestment propensity plays an important role in motor performance stability. This study aimed to explore whether reinvestment propensity, that is, movement self-consciousness (MS-C) and conscious motor processing (CMP) as two dimensions, played a moderating role in the relationship between motor learning methods and motor performance stability. A total of 78 participants were randomly assigned to either the explicit or analogy learning group and their reinvestment propensity was measured. We recorded the number of golf putt goals in both the practice phase and the test phases (including a retention test and a stress test). In the moderating analysis, participants' reinvestment propensity was the moderating variable, and the dependent variable was motor performance stability (i.e., the difference between the two test phases). Results showed that motor performance was significantly different between practicing blocks, which indicated that the motor performance of learners was gradually increasing. The significant interaction between learning methods and the test phase on motor performance was detected, suggesting under stress, analogy learning was more likely to maintain the stability of motor performance, while explicit learning impaired the stability of motor performance. The CMP played a significant moderating role in the relationship between motor learning methods and motor performance stability. The result indicated that for learners with low CMP, the motor performance stability of analogy learning was better than explicit learning, while there was no significant difference in the stability of motor performance between the two learning methods for learners with high reinvestment propensity. No significant evidence was found that MS-C played a moderating role in the relationship between motor learning methods and motor performance stability. These findings expand the theoretical framework of motor skill learning and provide theoretical support for motor performance stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Information Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinyun Liu
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Information Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Information Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shengnan Xu
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Information Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Information Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Information Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Weiqi Zheng
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Information Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Stoll SEM, Mack L, Scheib JPP, Pruessner J, Randerath J. Selective effects of psychosocial stress on plan based movement selection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5401. [PMID: 35354889 PMCID: PMC8967871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient movement selection is crucial in everyday activities. Whether this function is governed by our stress system is so far unknown. In the current study, data from thirty-six young male adults were analyzed. They performed rule- and plan-based movement selection tasks before (session 1) and after (session 2) a psychosocial stressor, or after a control condition without additional social stressor. Results showed that the rule-based efficiency advantage which was observed prior to the psychosocial stressor was significantly reduced afterwards in the whole sample, as well as in the stress group. Regression analyses revealed that this effect was due to a modulation of the plan-based approach. Especially variations-both increase and decrease-in the parasympathetic activity (reflected by the heart rate variability measure RMSSD) appeared to be disadvantageous for plan-based movement selection improvement. In contrast, performance in the rule-based movement selection tasks appeared to be rather invariant to external influences. The current results suggest that autonomic nervous system activity might modulate motor-cognitive performance. This modulatory capability might be selective for plan-based approaches, hence the applied strategy to movement selection could be decisive when it comes to the vulnerability of motor-cognitive processes towards psychosocial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E M Stoll
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Constance, Germany.,Lurija Institute for Rehabilitation and Health Sciences at the University of Konstanz, Schmieder Foundation for Sciences and Research, 78476, Allensbach, Germany
| | - Leonie Mack
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Constance, Germany
| | - Jean P P Scheib
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Constance, Germany.,Lurija Institute for Rehabilitation and Health Sciences at the University of Konstanz, Schmieder Foundation for Sciences and Research, 78476, Allensbach, Germany
| | - Jens Pruessner
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Constance, Germany
| | - Jennifer Randerath
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Constance, Germany. .,Lurija Institute for Rehabilitation and Health Sciences at the University of Konstanz, Schmieder Foundation for Sciences and Research, 78476, Allensbach, Germany.
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Harmon TG, Nielsen C, Loveridge C, Williams C. Effects of Positive and Negative Emotions on Picture Naming for People With Mild-to-Moderate Aphasia: A Preliminary Investigation. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2022; 65:1025-1043. [PMID: 35143738 DOI: 10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to investigate how emotional arousal and valence affect confrontational naming accuracy and response time (RT) in people with mild-to-moderate aphasia compared with adults without aphasia. We hypothesized that negative and positive emotions would facilitate naming for people with aphasia (PWA) but lead to slower responses for adults with no aphasia. METHOD Eight participants with mild-to-moderate aphasia, 15 older adults (OAs), and 17 young adults (YAs) completed a confrontational naming task across three conditions (positive, negative, and neutral) in an ABA (where A = neutral and B = negative) case series design. Immediately following each naming condition, participants self-reported their perceived arousal and pleasure. Accuracy and RT were measured and compared. RESULTS As expected, PWA performed significantly less accurately and with longer RTs than both YA and OA groups across all conditions. However, opposite our hypothesis for the aphasia group, the negative condition resulted in decreased accuracy for the aphasia and the OA group and increased RT across all groups. No statistically significant differences were found between the positive and any other condition. Participants with aphasia who demonstrated an effect in the negative condition were observed to produce a larger proportion of semantically related errors than any other error types. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that strong negative emotions can interfere with semantic-lexical processing by diverting attentional resources to emotion regulation. Both clinicians and researchers should be aware of the potential influence of negative stimuli and negative emotional states on language performance for PWA, and these effects should be disentangled in future research. Further research should also be conducted with a larger number of participants with aphasia across a broader range of severity to replicate and extend findings. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.19119356.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson G Harmon
- Department of Communication Disorders, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Courtney Nielsen
- Department of Communication Disorders, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Corinne Loveridge
- Department of Communication Disorders, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Camille Williams
- Department of Communication Disorders, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
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Gartner-Schmidt J, Gillespie AI. Conversation Training Therapy: Let's Talk It Through. Semin Speech Lang 2021; 42:32-40. [PMID: 33596602 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This article introduces a novel approach to voice therapy called conversation training therapy (CTT). CTT is the first voice therapy approach to remove the therapeutic hierarchy common in most treatment programs. Rather, CTT uses patient-driven conversation as the sole stimuli in therapy to increase perceptual awareness of voice production in conversational speech. The genesis as to why CTT was developed, as well as the conceptual, theoretical, and component parts of CTT, will be explained. In addition, this article will offer examples of the language of therapy, as it applies to CTT and how to trouble-shoot if problems arise. Medical documentation relevant to CTT will also be outlined. Last, results from a recent efficacy study on CTT will be reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Gartner-Schmidt
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Voice Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda I Gillespie
- Emory Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University Hospital Midtown, Atlanta, Georgia
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Perrine BL, Scherer RC. Aerodynamic and Acoustic Voice Measures Before and After an Acute Public Speaking Stressor. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:3311-3325. [PMID: 32916082 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The goal of this study was to determine if differences in stress system activation lead to changes in speaking fundamental frequency, average oral airflow, and estimated subglottal pressure before and after an acute, psychosocial stressor. Method Eighteen vocally healthy adult females experienced the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) to activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The TSST includes public speaking and performing mental arithmetic in front of an audience. At seven time points, three before the stressor and four after the stressor, the participants produced /pa/ repetitions, read the Rainbow Passage, and provided a saliva sample. Measures included (a) salivary cortisol level, (b) oral airflow, (c) estimated subglottal pressure, and (d) speaking fundamental frequency from the second sentence of the Rainbow Passage. Results Ten of the 18 participants experienced a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress as indicated by a 2.5-nmol/L increase in salivary cortisol from before the TSST to after the TSST. Those who experienced a response to stress had a significantly higher speaking fundamental frequency before and immediately after the stressor than later after the stressor. No other variable varied significantly due to the stressor. Conclusions This study suggests that the idiosyncratic and inconsistent voice changes reported in the literature may be explained by differences in stress system activation. In addition, laryngeal aerodynamic measures appear resilient to changes due to acute stress. Further work is needed to examine the influence of other stress systems and if these findings hold for dysphonic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Perrine
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Baylor University, Waco, TX
| | - Ronald C Scherer
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Bowling Green State University, OH
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Lo ESC, Wong AWK, Tse ACY, Ma EPM, Whitehill TL, Masters RSW. Development of a Psychometric Measure of the Propensity to Consciously Control and Monitor Speech Production. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:963-982. [PMID: 32310711 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose A speech-specific reinvestment scale (SSRS) is a psychometric measure of the propensity to consciously control and monitor speech production. This study develops and validates an SSRS as well as examines its relationship with speech performance with the moderating effects of trait social anxieties (i.e., social interaction anxiety, public speaking anxiety, and social phobia). Method Scale development involves the following stages: (a) initial item generation based on relevant literature, (b) item evaluation through cognitive interviews with 24 healthy respondents, (c) scale reliability and validity tests using cross-sectional survey data from 498 healthy respondents, and (d) test-retest reliability assessment using longitudinal survey data from 185 healthy respondents. Respondents' speech performance is quantified using speech examination scores. Hierarchical moderated regression analyses are conducted to examine the moderating effects of trait social anxieties. Results The validated SSRS comprises 35 items, which can be categorized into four subdimensions, namely, speech movement self-consciousness, public consciousness of speech content, speech manner, and speech movement. Results show that respondents with low trait social anxieties indicate a generally positive relationship between public consciousness of speech movement and speech performance, whereas respondents with high trait social anxieties exhibit a nonsignificant relationship. Conclusions SSRS offers a reliable and valid method for assessing the predisposition for conscious speech control and monitoring, which plays a role in speech performance and is moderated by an individual's level of trait social anxiety. SSRS is a potential assessment tool for speech-language pathologists to evaluate the impacts of conscious speech control and monitoring on individuals with speech impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Siu-Chung Lo
- Nam Shan Psychology Laboratory, Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Andus Wing-Kuen Wong
- Nam Shan Psychology Laboratory, Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Andy Choi-Yeung Tse
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Tara L Whitehill
- Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Rich S W Masters
- Te Huataki Waiora Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Whitling S, Lyberg-Åhlander V, Rydell R. Long-Time Voice Accumulation During Work, Leisure, and a Vocal Loading Task in Groups With Different Levels of Functional Voice Problems. J Voice 2017; 31:246.e1-246.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tse CYA, Wong A, Whitehill T, Ma E, Masters R. Examining the cognitive demands of analogy instructions compared to explicit instructions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2016; 18:465-472. [PMID: 27063681 DOI: 10.3109/17549507.2015.1112834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In many learning domains, instructions are presented explicitly despite high cognitive demands associated with their processing. This study examined cognitive demands imposed on working memory by different types of instruction to speak with maximum pitch variation: visual analogy, verbal analogy and explicit verbal instruction. METHOD Forty participants were asked to memorise a set of 16 visual and verbal stimuli while reading aloud a Cantonese paragraph with maximum pitch variation. Instructions about how to achieve maximum pitch variation were presented via visual analogy, verbal analogy, explicit rules or no instruction. Pitch variation was assessed off-line, using standard deviation of fundamental frequency. Immediately after reading, participants recalled as many stimuli as possible. RESULT Analogy instructions resulted in significantly increased pitch variation compared to explicit instructions or no instructions. Explicit instructions resulted in poorest recall of stimuli. Visual analogy instructions resulted in significantly poorer recall of visual stimuli than verbal stimuli. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that non-propositional instructions presented via analogy may be less cognitively demanding than instructions that are presented explicitly. Processing analogy instructions that are presented as a visual representation is likely to load primarily visuospatial components of working memory rather than phonological components. The findings are discussed with reference to speech therapy and human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choi Yeung Andy Tse
- a Hong Kong Institute of Education , Department of Health and Physical Education , Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Andus Wong
- b The City University of Hong Kong , Department of Social Sciences , Hong Kong , PR China
| | - Tara Whitehill
- c University of Hong Kong , Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences , Hong Kong , PR China , and
| | - Estella Ma
- c University of Hong Kong , Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences , Hong Kong , PR China , and
| | - Rich Masters
- d The University of Waikato , Sport and Leisure Studies , Waikato , New Zealand
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Postma-Nilsenová M, Holt E, Heyn L, Groeneveld K, Finset A. A case study of vocal features associated with galvanic skin response to stressors in a clinical interaction. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2016; 99:1349-1354. [PMID: 26988238 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated vocal characteristics associated with physiologically determined stressful episodes by means of post-hoc acoustic analyses of speech recorded in a clinical setting. Our research addressed the understudied question of which vocal features may serve as cues naturally occurring stress and is the first to explore this issue in a pitch accent language. METHODS The vocal profile of a single female patient interacting with a physician was analyzed with standard speech analysis software for acoustic indicators of stress-related arousal determined by galvanic skin response measurements. RESULTS Vocal jitter, representing an aspect of voice quality perceived as hoarseness, appeared to increase during and immediately after skin conductance response intervals. Skin conductance levels during the response intervals were negatively correlated with acoustic features used to approximate the perception of voice unsteadiness (slope and standard deviation of fundamental frequency). CONCLUSION An acoustic analysis of vocal properties of speech uttered during independently detected skin conductance response intervals revealed individual patterns for some acoustic features linked to stress in earlier studies. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Non-invasive methods of arousal detection in physician-patient communication based on acoustic analyses of vocal profiles may, in combination with other analyses, help identify stressful events and thus improve the process of medical information gathering and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Holt
- Department of Behavioural Science, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Lena Heyn
- Lovisenberg Diaconal University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kim Groeneveld
- Tilburg center for Cognition and Communication, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
| | - Arnstein Finset
- Department of Behavioural Science, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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Kleynen M, Braun SM, Rasquin SMC, Bleijlevens MHC, Lexis MAS, Halfens J, Wilson MR, Masters RSW, Beurskens AJ. Multidisciplinary Views on Applying Explicit and Implicit Motor Learning in Practice: An International Survey. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135522. [PMID: 26296203 PMCID: PMC4546413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A variety of options and techniques for causing implicit and explicit motor learning have been described in the literature. The aim of the current paper was to provide clearer guidance for practitioners on how to apply motor learning in practice by exploring experts’ opinions and experiences, using the distinction between implicit and explicit motor learning as a conceptual departure point. Methods A survey was designed to collect and aggregate informed opinions and experiences from 40 international respondents who had demonstrable expertise related to motor learning in practice and/or research. The survey was administered through an online survey tool and addressed potential options and learning strategies for applying implicit and explicit motor learning. Responses were analysed in terms of consensus (≥ 70%) and trends (≥ 50%). A summary figure was developed to illustrate a taxonomy of the different learning strategies and options indicated by the experts in the survey. Results Answers of experts were widely distributed. No consensus was found regarding the application of implicit and explicit motor learning. Some trends were identified: Explicit motor learning can be promoted by using instructions and various types of feedback, but when promoting implicit motor learning, instructions and feedback should be restricted. Further, for implicit motor learning, an external focus of attention should be considered, as well as practicing the entire skill. Experts agreed on three factors that influence motor learning choices: the learner’s abilities, the type of task, and the stage of motor learning (94.5%; n = 34/36). Most experts agreed with the summary figure (64.7%; n = 22/34). Conclusion The results provide an overview of possible ways to cause implicit or explicit motor learning, signposting examples from practice and factors that influence day-to-day motor learning decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kleynen
- Research Centre for Autonomy and Participation of Persons with a Chronic Illness, Faculty of Health, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, Heerlen, The Netherlands
- Adelante Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Brain Injury, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands
- Department of Family Medicine, CAPHRI, School for Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CAPHRI, School for Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Susy M. Braun
- Research Centre for Autonomy and Participation of Persons with a Chronic Illness, Faculty of Health, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, Heerlen, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI, School for Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sascha M. C. Rasquin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CAPHRI, School for Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Adelante Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands
| | - Michel H. C. Bleijlevens
- Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI, School for Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Innovation Platform Sevagram, Sevagram Zorgcentra, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Monique A. S. Lexis
- Research Centre for Technology in Care, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Halfens
- Adelante Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Brain Injury, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands
| | - Mark R. Wilson
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Rich S. W. Masters
- Institute of Human Performance, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Te Oranga School of Human Development and Movement Studies, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Anna J. Beurskens
- Research Centre for Autonomy and Participation of Persons with a Chronic Illness, Faculty of Health, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, Heerlen, The Netherlands
- Department of Family Medicine, CAPHRI, School for Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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