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Zhang D, Cao Y, Liu D, Zhang J, Guo Y. The Etiology and Molecular Mechanism Underlying Smooth Muscle Phenotype Switching in Intimal Hyperplasia of Vein Graft and the Regulatory Role of microRNAs. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:935054. [PMID: 35966541 PMCID: PMC9365958 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.935054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that the phenotypic transformation of venous smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from differentiated (contractile) to dedifferentiated (proliferative and migratory) phenotypes causes excessive proliferation and further migration to the intima leading to intimal hyperplasia, which represents one of the key pathophysiological mechanisms of vein graft restenosis. In recent years, numerous miRNAs have been identified as specific phenotypic regulators of vascular SMCs (VSMCs), which play a vital role in intimal hyperplasia in vein grafts. The review sought to provide a comprehensive overview of the etiology of intimal hyperplasia, factors affecting the phenotypic transformation of VSMCs in vein graft, and molecular mechanisms of miRNAs involved in SMCs phenotypic modulation in intimal hyperplasia of vein graft reported in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengshen Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yiran Cao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Daxing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yingqiang Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yingqiang Guo,
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2
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Cao Y, Desai TA. TiO 2-Based Nanotopographical Cues Attenuate the Restenotic Phenotype in Primary Human Vascular Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:923-932. [PMID: 32529030 PMCID: PMC7288980 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coronary and peripheral stents are implants that are inserted into blocked arteries to restore blood flow. After stent deployment, the denudation of the endothelial cell (EC) layer and the resulting inflammatory cascade can lead to restenosis, the renarrowing of the vessel wall due to the hyperproliferation and excessive matrix secretion of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Despite advances in drug-eluting stents (DES), restenosis remains a clinical challenge and can require repeat revascularizations. In this study, we investigated how vascular cell phenotype can be modulated by nanotopographical cues on the stent surface, with the goal of developing an alternative strategy to DES for decreasing restenosis. We fabricated TiO2 nanotubes and demonstrated that this topography can decrease SMC surface coverage without affecting endothelialization. In addition, to our knowledge, this is the first study reporting that TiO2 nanotube topography dampens the response to inflammatory cytokine stimulation in both endothelial and smooth muscle cells. We observed that compared to flat titanium surfaces, nanotube surfaces attenuated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression in ECs by 1.8-fold and decreased TNFα-induced SMC growth by 42%. Further, we found that the resulting cellular phenotype is sensitive to changes in nanotube diameter and that 90 nm diameter nanotubes leads to the greatest magnitude in cell response compared to 30 or 50 nm nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Cao
- UC San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tejal A Desai
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Group in Bioengineering, San Francisco, California
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Koenig O, Neumann B, Schlensak C, Wendel HP, Nolte A. Hyaluronic acid/poly(ethylenimine) polyelectrolyte multilayer coatings for siRNA-mediated local gene silencing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212584. [PMID: 30889177 PMCID: PMC6424445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Local gene delivery systems utilizing RNA interference technology are a promising approach for therapeutic applications where site-specific release of agents is desired. Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) can be constructed using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique and serve as a depot for bioactive substances, which can then be released in a controlled manner. Multilayers of hyaluronic acid/poly(ethylenimine) HA/PEI were built up with different numbers of bilayers and PEI-siRNA particles were embedded in bioactive layers for gene silencing. The increase of the bilayers and the release of siRNA particles were demonstrated by fluorescence intensity measurement with a fluorescence reader. Two different LbL techniques were tested for the reduction of ICAM–1 expression in EA.hy926: PEM build-up by dipping or drying steps, respectively. Herein, the drying technique of the bioactive layers with ICAM siRNA mediated a significant reduction of the ICAM–1 expression from 3 to 24 bilayers. The fluorescent siRNA release study and the re-culturing of the HA/PEI films demonstrated a release of the transfection particles within the first hour. The advantage of dried built-up PEMs compared to a dried monolayer of PEI-siRNA particles with the same siRNA concentration was a significant higher amount of viable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Koenig
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumann
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlensak
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Hans Peter Wendel
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Nolte
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
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Choi HJ, Kim NE, Kim BM, Seo M, Heo JH. TNF-α-Induced YAP/TAZ Activity Mediates Leukocyte-Endothelial Adhesion by Regulating VCAM1 Expression in Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113428. [PMID: 30388809 PMCID: PMC6274800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
YAP/TAZ, a transcriptional co-activator of Hippo pathway, has emerged as a central player in vessel homeostasis such as sprouting angiogenesis and vascular barrier stabilization, during development. However, the role of YAP/TAZ in pathological angiogenesis remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that YAP/TAZ is a critical mediator in leukocyte-endothelial adhesion induced by the vascular inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. YAP/TAZ was dephosphorylated, translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus, and activated by TNF-α in endothelial cells. A specific inhibitor of Rho GTPases suppressed the TNF-α-induced dephosphorylation of YAP. Knockdown of YAP/TAZ using siRNA significantly reduced the expression of the leukocyte adhesion molecule VCAM1 induced by TNF-α. The adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells was also markedly reduced by YAP/TAZ silencing. However, knockdown of YAP/TAZ did not affect TNF-α-induced NF-κB signaling. Overall, these results suggest that YAP/TAZ plays critical roles in regulating TNF-α-induced endothelial cell adhesive properties without affecting the NF-κB pathway, and implicate YAP/TAZ as a potential therapeutic target for treating inflammatory vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Choi
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases (SIRIC), Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Na-Eun Kim
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases (SIRIC), Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Byeong Mo Kim
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases (SIRIC), Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Miran Seo
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases (SIRIC), Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases (SIRIC), Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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Nabzdyk CS, Pradhan-Nabzdyk L, LoGerfo FW. RNAi therapy to the wall of arteries and veins: anatomical, physiologic, and pharmacological considerations. J Transl Med 2017; 15:164. [PMID: 28754174 PMCID: PMC5534068 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease remains a major health care challenge. The knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of the respective vascular disease etiologies has greatly expanded over the last decades. This includes the contribution of microRNAs, endogenous non-coding RNA molecules, known to vastly influence gene expression. In addition, short interference RNA has been established as a mechanism to temporarily affect gene expression. This review discusses challenges relating to the design of a RNA interference therapy strategy for the modulation of vascular disease. Despite advances in medical and surgical therapies, atherosclerosis (ATH), aortic aneurysms (AA) are still associated with high morbidity and mortality. In addition, intimal hyperplasia (IH) remains a leading cause of late vein and prosthetic bypass graft failure. Pathomechanisms of all three entities include activation of endothelial cells (EC) and dedifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). RNA interference represents a promising technology that may be utilized to silence genes contributing to ATH, AA or IH. Successful RNAi delivery to the vessel wall faces multiple obstacles. These include the challenge of cell specific, targeted delivery of RNAi, anatomical barriers such as basal membrane, elastic laminae in arterial walls, multiple layers of VSMC, as well as adventitial tissues. Another major decision point is the route of delivery and potential methods of transfection. A plethora of transfection reagents and adjuncts have been described with varying efficacies and side effects. Timing and duration of RNAi therapy as well as target gene choice are further relevant aspects that need to be addressed in a temporo-spatial fashion. Conclusions While multiple preclinical studies reported encouraging results of RNAi delivery to the vascular wall, it remains to be seen if a single target can be sufficient to the achieve clinically desirable changes in the injured vascular wall in humans. It might be necessary to achieve simultaneous and/or sequential silencing of multiple, synergistically acting target genes. Some advances in cell specific RNAi delivery have been made, but a reliable vascular cell specific transfection strategy is still missing. Also, off-target effects of RNAi and unwanted effects of transfection agents on gene expression are challenges to be addressed. Close collaborative efforts between clinicians, geneticists, biologists, and chemical and medical engineers will be needed to provide tailored therapeutics for the various types of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph S Nabzdyk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Frank W. LoGerfo Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Leena Pradhan-Nabzdyk
- Frank W. LoGerfo Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Frank W LoGerfo
- Frank W. LoGerfo Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Koenig O, Zengerle D, Perle N, Hossfeld S, Neumann B, Behring A, Avci-Adali M, Walker T, Schlensak C, Wendel HP, Nolte A. RNA-Eluting Surfaces for the Modulation of Gene Expression as A Novel Stent Concept. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10010023. [PMID: 28208634 PMCID: PMC5374427 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Presently, a new era of drug-eluting stents is continuing to improve late adverse effects such as thrombosis after coronary stent implantation in atherosclerotic vessels. The application of gene expression–modulating stents releasing specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to the vascular wall might have the potential to improve the regeneration of the vessel wall and to inhibit adverse effects as a new promising therapeutic strategy. Different poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) resomers for their ability as an siRNA delivery carrier against intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 with a depot effect were tested. Biodegradability, hemocompatibility, and high cell viability were found in all PLGAs. We generated PLGA coatings with incorporated siRNA that were able to transfect EA.hy926 and human vascular endothelial cells. Transfected EA.hy926 showed significant siICAM-1 knockdown. Furthermore, co-transfection of siRNA and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) mRNA led to the expression of eGFP as well as to the siRNA transfection. Using our PLGA and siRNA multilayers, we reached high transfection efficiencies in EA.hy926 cells until day six and long-lasting transfection until day 20. Our results indicate that siRNA and mRNA nanoparticles incorporated in PLGA films have the potential for the modulation of gene expression after stent implantation to achieve accelerated regeneration of endothelial cells and to reduce the risk of restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Koenig
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Diane Zengerle
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Nadja Perle
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Susanne Hossfeld
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Bernd Neumann
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Behring
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Meltem Avci-Adali
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Tobias Walker
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Christian Schlensak
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Hans Peter Wendel
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Nolte
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Zhang JY, Lei L, Shang J, Huo TM, Zhang B, Chen G, Zeng ZY, Li SK. Local application of paeonol prevents early restenosis: a study with a rabbit vein graft model. J Surg Res 2016; 212:278-287. [PMID: 28550918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neointimal hyperplasia, which is caused by dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle cells and vascular endothelial cells (VECs), is a foundation for later development of vein grafted occlusion. This study investigates whether neointimal hyperplasia could be prevented by the application of paeonol, a phenolic compound having functions of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-proliferative. METHODS Autologous jugular veins, which engrafted to carotid arteries in rabbits, were enveloped with paeonol or left untreated. After 0, 2, and 3 wk, vein grafts were respectively harvested. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, vascular cell adhesion molecule l (VCAM-1), and intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 were assessed with immunohistochemistry and Western blot. VECs apoptosis was also detected with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. RESULTS Paeonol treatment reduced early neointimal hyperplasia by 42%-46% (P < 0.001) and early medial hyperplasia by 18%-22% (P < 0.001) compared with the controls. Immunohistochemical and Western blot results show a significant downregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (P < 0.001) and VCAM-1 (P < 0.001) in paeonol treatment group in the second and third weeks. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling analysis discovered that VECs apoptosis was also reduced by the paeonol treatment in the second and third weeks (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Paeonol could prevent vein graft early restenosis by suppressing intimal and medial hyperplasia via inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation, VCAM-1 expression, and anti-apoptosis of VECs in grafted veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue-Yu Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Luo Lei
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jun Shang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tian-Ming Huo
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Shi-Kang Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
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Zhang YQ, Tian F, Zhou Y, Chen YD, Li B, Ma Q, Zhang Y. Nicorandil attenuates carotid intimal hyperplasia after balloon catheter injury in diabetic rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:62. [PMID: 27059601 PMCID: PMC4826484 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic patients suffer from undesired intimal hyperplasia after angioplasty. Nicorandil has a trend to reduce the rate of target lesion revascularization. However, whether nicorandil inhibits intimal hyperplasia and the possible mechanisms underlying it remain to be determined. We aimed at assessing the effect of nicorandil on intimal hyperplasia in diabetic rats. METHODS After intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg), balloon injury model was established in carotid arteries of diabetic rats. Rats were randomized to vehicle, nicorandil (15 mg/kg/day) or 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD, 10 mg/kg/day), a mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mitoKATP channel)-selective antagonist. Perivascular delivery of εPKC siRNA was conducted to determine the role of εPKC pathway in intimal hyperplasia. In hyperglycemia environment (25 mM glucose), primary culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were treated with nicorandil or 5-HD. Cell proliferation and cell migration were analyzed. RESULTS Intimal hyperplasia significantly increased 14 days after balloon injury in diabetic rats (p < 0.01). Nicorandil inhibited intima development, reduced inflammation and prevented cell proliferation in balloon-injured arteries (p < 0.01). The protective effects of nicorandil were reversed by 5-HD (p < 0.05). εPKC was activated in balloon-injured arteries (p < 0.01). Nicorandil inhibited εPKC activation by opening mitoKATP channel. Perivascular delivery of εPKC siRNA inhibited intimal hyperplasia, inflammation and cell proliferation (p < 0.01). High glucose-induced VSMCs proliferation and migration were inhibited by nicorandil. εPKC activation induced by high glucose was also inhibited by nicorandil and that is partially reversed by 5-HD. εPKC knockdown prevented VSMCs proliferation and migration (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that nicorandil inhibits intimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured arteries in diabetic rats. Nicorandil also prevents VSMCs proliferation and migration induced by high glucose. The beneficial effect of nicorandil is conducted via opening mitoKATP channel and inhibiting εPKC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Rd, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Rd, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Rd, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yun Dai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Rd, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Rd, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Rd, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Rd, Beijing, 100853, China
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Curaj A, Wu Z, Fokong S, Liehn EA, Weber C, Burlacu A, Lammers T, van Zandvoort M, Kiessling F. Noninvasive molecular ultrasound monitoring of vessel healing after intravascular surgical procedures in a preclinical setup. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1366-73. [PMID: 25838431 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular interventions induce damage to the vessel wall making antithrombotic therapy inevitable until complete endothelial recovery. Without a method to accurately determine the endothelial status, many patients undergo prolonged anticoagulation therapy, denying them any invasive medical procedures, such as surgical operations and dental interventions. Therefore, we aim to introduce molecular ultrasound imaging of the vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 using targeted poly-n-butylcyanoacrylate microbubbles (MB(VCAM-1)) as an easy accessible method to monitor accurately the reendothelialization of vessels. APPROACH AND RESULTS ApoE(-/-) mice were fed with an atherogenic diet for 1 and 12 weeks and subsequently, endothelial denudation was performed in the carotid arteries using a guidewire. Molecular ultrasound imaging was performed at different time points after denudation (1, 3, 7, and 14 days). An increased MB(VCAM-1) binding after 1 day, a peak after 3 days, and a decrease after 7 days was found. After 12 weeks of diet, MB(VCAM-1) binding also peaked after 3 days but remained high until 7 days, indicating a delay in endothelial recovery. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy imaging of double fluorescence staining confirmed the exposure of VCAM-1 on the superficial layer after arterial injury only during the healing phase. After complete reendothelialization, VCAM-1 expression persisted in the subendothelial layer but was not reachable for the MBV(CAM-1) anymore. CONCLUSION Molecular ultrasound imaging with MB(VCAM-1) is promising to assess vascular damage and to monitor endothelial recovery after arterial interventions. Thus, it may become an important diagnostic tool supporting the development of adequate therapeutic strategies to personalize anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory therapy after cardiovascular intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Curaj
- From the Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (A.C., Z.W., S.F., T.L., F.K.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (A.C., Z.W., E.A.L., M.v.Z.), University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (C.W.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance), Munich, Germany (C.W.); Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania (A.B.); Department of Controlled Drug Delivery, University of Twente, AE Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); and Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.v.Z.)
| | - Zhuojun Wu
- From the Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (A.C., Z.W., S.F., T.L., F.K.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (A.C., Z.W., E.A.L., M.v.Z.), University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (C.W.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance), Munich, Germany (C.W.); Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania (A.B.); Department of Controlled Drug Delivery, University of Twente, AE Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); and Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.v.Z.)
| | - Stanley Fokong
- From the Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (A.C., Z.W., S.F., T.L., F.K.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (A.C., Z.W., E.A.L., M.v.Z.), University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (C.W.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance), Munich, Germany (C.W.); Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania (A.B.); Department of Controlled Drug Delivery, University of Twente, AE Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); and Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.v.Z.)
| | - Elisa A Liehn
- From the Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (A.C., Z.W., S.F., T.L., F.K.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (A.C., Z.W., E.A.L., M.v.Z.), University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (C.W.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance), Munich, Germany (C.W.); Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania (A.B.); Department of Controlled Drug Delivery, University of Twente, AE Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); and Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.v.Z.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (A.C., Z.W., S.F., T.L., F.K.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (A.C., Z.W., E.A.L., M.v.Z.), University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (C.W.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance), Munich, Germany (C.W.); Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania (A.B.); Department of Controlled Drug Delivery, University of Twente, AE Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); and Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.v.Z.)
| | - Alexandrina Burlacu
- From the Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (A.C., Z.W., S.F., T.L., F.K.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (A.C., Z.W., E.A.L., M.v.Z.), University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (C.W.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance), Munich, Germany (C.W.); Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania (A.B.); Department of Controlled Drug Delivery, University of Twente, AE Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); and Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.v.Z.)
| | - Twan Lammers
- From the Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (A.C., Z.W., S.F., T.L., F.K.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (A.C., Z.W., E.A.L., M.v.Z.), University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (C.W.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance), Munich, Germany (C.W.); Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania (A.B.); Department of Controlled Drug Delivery, University of Twente, AE Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); and Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.v.Z.)
| | - Marc van Zandvoort
- From the Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (A.C., Z.W., S.F., T.L., F.K.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (A.C., Z.W., E.A.L., M.v.Z.), University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (C.W.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance), Munich, Germany (C.W.); Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania (A.B.); Department of Controlled Drug Delivery, University of Twente, AE Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); and Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.v.Z.).
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- From the Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (A.C., Z.W., S.F., T.L., F.K.), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (A.C., Z.W., E.A.L., M.v.Z.), University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (C.W.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance), Munich, Germany (C.W.); Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania (A.B.); Department of Controlled Drug Delivery, University of Twente, AE Enschede, The Netherlands (T.L.); and Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.v.Z.).
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PDE4 inhibition reduces neointima formation and inhibits VCAM-1 expression and histone methylation in an Epac-dependent manner. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 81:23-33. [PMID: 25640159 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) activity mediates cAMP-dependent smooth muscle cell (SMC) activation following vascular injury. In this study we have investigated the effects of specific PDE4 inhibition with roflumilast on SMC proliferation and inflammatory activation in vitro and neointima formation following guide wire-induced injury of the femoral artery in mice in vivo. In vitro, roflumilast did not affect SMC proliferation, but diminished TNF-α induced expression of the vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Specific activation of the cAMP effector Epac, but not PKA activation mimicked the effects of roflumilast on VCAM-1 expression. Consistently, the reduction of VCAM-1 expression was rescued following inhibition of Epac. TNF-α induced NFκB p65 translocation and VCAM-1 promoter activity were not altered by roflumilast in SMCs. However, roflumilast treatment and Epac activation repressed the induction of the activating epigenetic histone mark H3K4me2 at the VCAM-1 promoter, while PKA activation showed no effect. Furthermore, HDAC inhibition blocked the inhibitory effect of roflumilast on VCAM-1 expression. Both, roflumilast and Epac activation reduced monocyte adhesion to SMCs in vitro. Finally, roflumilast treatment attenuated femoral artery intima-media ratio by more than 50% after 4weeks. In summary, PDE4 inhibition regulates VCAM-1 through a novel Epac-dependent mechanism, which involves regulatory epigenetic components and reduces neointima formation following vascular injury. PDE4 inhibition and Epac activation might represent novel approaches for the treatment of vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and in-stent restenosis.
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Koenig O, Walker T, Perle N, Zech A, Neumann B, Schlensak C, Wendel HP, Nolte A. New aspects of gene-silencing for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:881-914. [PMID: 24276320 PMCID: PMC3816708 DOI: 10.3390/ph6070881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD), mainly caused by atherosclerosis, represents the single leading cause of death in industrialized countries. Besides the classical interventional therapies new applications for treatment of vascular wall pathologies are appearing on the horizon. RNA interference (RNAi) represents a novel therapeutic strategy due to sequence-specific gene-silencing through the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA). The modulation of gene expression by short RNAs provides a powerful tool to theoretically silence any disease-related or disease-promoting gene of interest. In this review we outline the RNAi mechanisms, the currently used delivery systems and their possible applications to the cardiovascular system. Especially, the optimization of the targeting and transfection procedures could enhance the efficiency of siRNA delivery drastically and might open the way to clinical applicability. The new findings of the last years may show the techniques to new innovative therapies and could probably play an important role in treating CHD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Koenig
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Dept. of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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12
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Du L, Qu X, Zheng H, Li R, Wang J, Chen M, Zhao P, Zhang Z, Gong K. Reverse Apolipoprotein A-I Mimetic Peptide R-D4F Inhibits Neointimal Formation following Carotid Artery Ligation in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1932-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Orozco-Sevilla V, Naftalovich R, Hoffmann T, London D, Czernizer E, Yang C, Dardik A, Dardik H. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is a potent phytochemical inhibitor of intimal hyperplasia in the wire-injured carotid artery. J Vasc Surg 2013; 58:1360-5. [PMID: 23538007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a catechin gallate ester, is the major component of green tea and has been demonstrated to inhibit tumor growth as well as inhibit smooth muscle cell migration. We evaluated the effect of the phytochemicals resveratrol, allicin, sulforaphane (SFN), and EGCG on intimal hyperplasia in the carotid artery injury model. METHODS Intimal hyperplasia was induced in carotid arteries of adult Sprague-Dawley rats with a wire injury. Experimental animals received intraperitoneal injections of one of the four phytochemicals daily beginning 1 day prior to surgery and continued for up to 4 weeks. Control animals were administered saline. Carotid specimens were harvested at 2 weeks and subjected to quantitative image analysis. In addition, EGCG specimens were analyzed for cell proliferation, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Quantitative image analysis showed significant phytochemical suppression of intimal hyperplasia at 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively with EGCG (62% decrease in intimal area). Significant decreases were also noted at 2 weeks for SFN (56%) and resveratrol (44%), whereas the decrease with allicin (24%) was not significant. Quantification of intimal hyperplasia by intima:media ratio showed similar results. Cell proliferation assay of specimens demonstrated suppression by EGCG. Immunohistochemical staining of EGCG-treated specimens showed extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) suppression but not of the c-jun N-terminal kinase or p38 pathways. Western blot analysis confirmed reduced ERK activation in arteries treated with EGCG. CONCLUSIONS Intraperitoneal injection of the phytochemicals EGCG, SFN, resveratrol, and allicin have suppressive effects on the development of intimal hyperplasia in the carotid artery injury model, with maximal effect due to EGCG. The mechanism of EGCG action may be due to inhibition of ERK activation. EGCG may affect a common pathway underlying either neoplastic cellular growth or vascular smooth muscle cellular proliferation.
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Cook-Mills JM. Isoforms of Vitamin E Differentially Regulate PKC α and Inflammation: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4. [PMID: 23977443 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E regulation of disease has been extensively studied but most studies focus on the α-tocopherol isoform of vitamin E. These reports indicate contradictory outcomes for anti-inflammatory functions of the α-tocopherol isoform of vitamin E with regards to animal and clinical studies. These seemingly disparate results are consistent with our recent studies demonstrating that purified natural forms of vitamin E have opposing regulatory functions during inflammation. In this review, we discuss that α-tocopherol inhibits whereas γ-tocopherol elevates allergic inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and endothelial cell adhesion molecule signaling through protein kinase Cα. Moreover, we have demonstrated that α-tocopherol is an antagonist and γ-tocopherol is an agonist of PKCα through direct binding to a regulatory domain of PKCα. In summary, we have determined mechanisms for opposing regulatory functions of α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol on inflammation. Information from our studies will have significant impact on the design of clinical studies and on vitamin E consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Cook-Mills
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Kwon JS, Joung H, Kim YS, Shim YS, Ahn Y, Jeong MH, Kee HJ. Sulforaphane inhibits restenosis by suppressing inflammation and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 2012; 225:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sun J, Zheng J, Ling KH, Zhao K, Xie Z, Li B, Wang T, Zhu Z, Patel AN, Min W, Liu K, Zheng X. Preventing intimal thickening of vein grafts in vein artery bypass using STAT-3 siRNA. J Transl Med 2012; 10:2. [PMID: 22216901 PMCID: PMC3286375 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a key role in neointimal formation which leads to restenosis of vein graft in venous bypass. STAT-3 is a transcription factor associated with cell proliferation. We hypothesized that silencing of STAT-3 by siRNA will inhibit proliferation of VSMCs and attenuate intimal thickening. METHODS Rat VSMCs were isolated and cultured in vitro by applying tissue piece inoculation methods. VSMCs were transfected with STAT 3 siRNA using lipofectamine 2000. In vitro proliferation of VSMC was quantified by the MTT assay, while in vivo assessment was performed in a venous transplantation model. In vivo delivery of STAT-3 siRNA plasmid or scramble plasmid was performed by admixing with liposomes 2000 and transfected into the vein graft by bioprotein gel applied onto the adventitia. Rat jugular vein-carotid artery bypass was performed. On day 3 and7 after grafting, the vein grafts were extracted, and analyzed morphologically by haematoxylin eosin (H&E), and assessed by immunohistochemistry for expression of Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Western-blot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression in vivo and in vitro. Cell apoptosis in vein grafts was detected by TUNEL assay. RESULTS MTT assay shows that the proliferation of VSMCs in the STAT-3 siRNA treated group was inhibited. On day 7 after operation, a reduced number of Ki-67 and PCNA positive cells were observed in the neointima of the vein graft in the STAT-3 siRNA treated group as compared to the scramble control. The PCNA index in the control group (31.3 ± 4.7) was higher than that in the STAT-3 siRNA treated group (23.3 ± 2.8) (P < 0.05) on 7d. The neointima in the experimental group(0.45 ± 0.04 μm) was thinner than that in the control group(0.86 ± 0.05 μm) (P < 0.05).Compared with the control group, the protein and mRNA levels in the experimental group in vivo and in vitro decreased significantly. Down regulation of STAT-3 with siRNA resulted in a reduced expression of Bcl-2 and cyclin D1. However, apoptotic cells were not obviously found in all grafts on day 3 and 7 post surgery. CONCLUSIONS The STAT-3 siRNA can inhibit the proliferation of VSMCs in vivo and in vitro and attenuate neointimal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbin Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
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Cook-Mills JM, Marchese ME, Abdala-Valencia H. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression and signaling during disease: regulation by reactive oxygen species and antioxidants. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1607-38. [PMID: 21050132 PMCID: PMC3151426 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium is immunoregulatory in that inhibiting the function of vascular adhesion molecules blocks leukocyte recruitment and thus tissue inflammation. The function of endothelial cells during leukocyte recruitment is regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. In inflammatory sites and lymph nodes, the endothelium is stimulated to express adhesion molecules that mediate leukocyte binding. Upon leukocyte binding, these adhesion molecules activate endothelial cell signal transduction that then alters endothelial cell shape for the opening of passageways through which leukocytes can migrate. If the stimulation of this opening is blocked, inflammation is blocked. In this review, we focus on the endothelial cell adhesion molecule, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Expression of VCAM-1 is induced on endothelial cells during inflammatory diseases by several mediators, including ROS. Then, VCAM-1 on the endothelium functions as both a scaffold for leukocyte migration and a trigger of endothelial signaling through NADPH oxidase-generated ROS. These ROS induce signals for the opening of intercellular passageways through which leukocytes migrate. In several inflammatory diseases, inflammation is blocked by inhibition of leukocyte binding to VCAM-1 or by inhibition of VCAM-1 signal transduction. VCAM-1 signal transduction and VCAM-1-dependent inflammation are blocked by antioxidants. Thus, VCAM-1 signaling is a target for intervention by pharmacological agents and by antioxidants during inflammatory diseases. This review discusses ROS and antioxidant functions during activation of VCAM-1 expression and VCAM-1 signaling in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Cook-Mills
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 E Huron, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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CD40 is essential in the upregulation of TRAF proteins and NF-kappaB-dependent proinflammatory gene expression after arterial injury. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23239. [PMID: 21876738 PMCID: PMC3158063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive investigations, restenosis, which is characterized primarily by neointima formation, remains an unsolved clinical problem after vascular interventions. A recent study has shown that CD40 signaling through TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) plays a key role in neointima formation after carotid artery injury; however, underlying mechanisms are not clearly elucidated. Because neointima formation may vary significantly depending on the type of injury, we first assessed the effect of CD40 deficiency on neointima formation in 2 injury models, carotid artery ligation and femoral artery denudation injury. Compared with wild-type mice, CD40 deficiency significantly reduced neointima formation and lumen stenosis in two different models. Further, we investigated the mechanism by which CD40 signaling affects neointima formation after arterial injury. In wild-type mice, the expression levels of CD40, several TRAF proteins, including TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF5, and TRAF6, as well as total NF-kB p65 and phospho-NF-kB p65, in the carotid artery were markedly upregulated within 3-7 days after carotid ligation. Deficiency of CD40 abolished the injury-induced upregulation of TRAFs including TRAF6 and NF-kB-p65 in the injured vessel wall. Further, CD40(-/-) mice showed a significant decrease in the recruitment of neutrophils (at 3, 7d) and macrophages (at 7, 21d) into injured artery; this effect was most likely attributed to inhibition of NF-kB activation and marked downregulation of NF-kB-related gene expression, including cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6), chemokines (MCP-1), and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1). Moreover, neutrophil recruitment in a model of thioglycollate-induced peritonitis is impaired in CD40-deficient mice. In vitro data revealed that CD40 deficiency blocked CD40L-induced NF-kB p65 nuclear translocation in leukocytes. Altogether, our data identified for the first time that CD40 is essential in the upregulation of TRAF6, NF-kB activation, and NF-kB-dependent proinflammatory genes in vivo. Our findings firmly established the role for CD40 in neointima formation in 2 distinct injury models.
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Turner EC, Mulvaney EP, Reid HM, Kinsella BT. Interaction of the human prostacyclin receptor with the PDZ adapter protein PDZK1: role in endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:2664-79. [PMID: 21653824 PMCID: PMC3145543 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-04-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin is widely implicated in re-endothelialization and angiogenesis but through unknown mechanisms. Herein the HDL scavenger receptor class B, type 1 adapter PDZK1 was identified as a direct, functional interactant of the human prostacyclin receptor and was found to influence prostacyclin-mediated endothelial migration and in vitro angiogenesis. Prostacyclin is increasingly implicated in re-endothelialization and angiogenesis but through largely unknown mechanisms. Herein the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) scavenger receptor class B, type 1 (SR-B1) adapter protein PDZ domain-containing protein 1 (PDZK1) was identified as an interactant of the human prostacyclin receptor (hIP) involving a Class I PDZ ligand at its carboxyl terminus and PDZ domains 1, 3, and 4 of PDZK1. Although the interaction is constitutive, it may be dynamically regulated following cicaprost activation of the hIP through a mechanism involving cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PK)A-phosphorylation of PDZK1 at Ser-505. Although PDZK1 did not increase overall levels of the hIP, it increased its functional expression at the cell surface, enhancing ligand binding and cicaprost-induced cAMP generation. Consistent with its role in re-endothelialization and angiogenesis, cicaprost activation of the hIP increased endothelial cell migration and tube formation/in vitro angiogenesis, effects completely abrogated by the specific IP antagonist RO1138452. Furthermore, similar to HDL/SR-B1, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-targeted disruption of PDZK1 abolished cicaprost-mediated endothelial responses but did not affect VEGF responses. Considering the essential role played by prostacyclin throughout the cardiovascular system, identification of PDZK1 as a functional interactant of the hIP sheds significant mechanistic insights into the protective roles of these key players, and potentially HDL/SR-B1, within the vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizebeth C Turner
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Cook-Mills JM, McCary CA. Isoforms of vitamin E differentially regulate inflammation. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2011; 10:348-66. [PMID: 20923401 DOI: 10.2174/1871530311006040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E regulation of disease has been extensively studied in humans, animal models and cell systems. Most of these studies focus on the α-tocopherol isoform of vitamin E. These reports indicate contradictory outcomes for anti-inflammatory functions of the α-tocopherol isoform of vitamin E, especially with regards to clinical studies of asthma and atherosclerosis. These seemingly disparate clinical results are consistent with recently reported unrecognized properties of isoforms of vitamin E. Recently, it has been reported that physiological levels of purified natural forms of vitamin E have opposing regulatory functions during inflammation. These opposing regulatory functions by physiological levels of vitamin E isoforms impact interpretations of previous studies on vitamin E. Moreover, additional recent studies also indicate that the effects of vitamin E isoforms on inflammation are only partially reversible using physiological levels of a vitamin E isoform with opposing immunoregulatory function. Thus, this further influences interpretations of previous studies with vitamin E in which there was inflammation and substantial vitamin E isoforms present before the initiation of the study. In summary, this review will discuss regulation of inflammation by vitamin E, including alternative interpretations of previous studies in the literature with regards to vitamin E isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Cook-Mills
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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