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Leung N, Nasr SH. 2024 Update on Classification, Etiology, and Typing of Renal Amyloidosis: A Review. Am J Kidney Dis 2024:S0272-6386(24)00679-6. [PMID: 38514011 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2024.01.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a protein folding disease that causes organ injuries and even death. In humans, 42 proteins are now known to cause amyloidosis. Some proteins become amyloidogenic as a result of a pathogenic variant as seen in hereditary amyloidoses. In acquired forms of amyloidosis, the proteins form amyloid in their wild-type state. Four types (serum amyloid A, transthyretin, apolipoprotein A-IV, and β2-macroglobulin) of amyloid can occur either as acquired or as a mutant. Iatrogenic amyloid from injected protein medications have also been reported and AIL1RAP (anakinra) has been recently found to involve the kidney. Finally, the mechanism of how leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (ALECT2) forms amyloid remains unknown. This article reviews the amyloids that involve the kidney and how they are typed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Leung
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Samih H Nasr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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2
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Sethi S, Theis JD, Palma LM, Madden B. From Patterns to Proteins: Mass Spectrometry Comes of Age in Glomerular Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:117-128. [PMID: 37749770 PMCID: PMC10786612 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Laser capture microdissection and mass spectrometry (LCM/MS) is a technique that involves dissection of glomeruli from paraffin-embedded biopsy tissue, followed by digestion of the dissected glomerular proteins by trypsin, and subsequently mass spectrometry to identify and semiquantitate the glomerular proteins. LCM/MS has played a crucial role in the identification of novel types of amyloidosis, biomarker discovery in fibrillary GN, and more recently discovery of novel target antigens in membranous nephropathy (MN). In addition, LCM/MS has also confirmed the role for complement proteins in glomerular diseases, including C3 glomerulopathy. LCM/MS is now widely used as a clinical test and considered the gold standard for diagnosis and typing amyloidosis. For the remaining glomerular diseases, LCM/MS has remained a research tool. In this review, we discuss the usefulness of LCM/MS in other glomerular diseases, particularly MN, deposition diseases, and diseases of complement pathways, and advocate more routine use of LCM/MS at the present time in at least certain diseases, such as MN, for target antigen detection. We also discuss the limitations of LCM/MS, particularly the difficulties faced from moving from a research-based technique to a clinical test. Nonetheless, the role of LCM/MS in glomerular diseases is expanding. Currently, LCM/MS may be used to identify the etiology in certain glomerular diseases, but in the future, LCM/MS can play a valuable role in determining pathways of complement activation, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Sethi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jason D. Theis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lilian M.P. Palma
- Pediatric Nephrology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Madden
- Mayo Clinic Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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3
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Biederman LE, Dasgupta AD, Dreyfus DE, Nadasdy T, Satoskar AA, Brodsky SV. Kidney Biopsy Corner: Amyloidosis. GLOMERULAR DISEASES 2023; 3:165-177. [PMID: 37901698 PMCID: PMC10601942 DOI: 10.1159/000533195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is an infiltrative disease caused by misfolded proteins depositing in tissues. Amyloid infiltrates the kidney in several patterns. There are, as currently described by the International Society of Amyloidosis, 14 types of amyloid that can involve the kidney, and these types may have different locations or clinical settings. Herein we report a case of AA amyloidosis occurring in a 24-year-old male with a history of intravenous drug abuse and provide a comprehensive review of different types of amyloids involving the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Biederman
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alana D. Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Tibor Nadasdy
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anjali A. Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sergey V. Brodsky
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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4
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Bollati M, Peqini K, Barone L, Natale C, Beeg M, Gobbi M, Diomede L, Trucchi M, de Rosa M, Pellegrino S. Rational Design of a Peptidomimetic Inhibitor of Gelsolin Amyloid Aggregation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213973. [PMID: 36430461 PMCID: PMC9698219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelsolin amyloidosis (AGel) is characterized by multiple systemic and ophthalmic features resulting from pathological tissue deposition of the gelsolin (GSN) protein. To date, no cure is available for the treatment of any form of AGel. More than ten single-point substitutions in the GSN gene are responsible for the occurrence of the disease and, among them, D187N/Y is the most widespread variant. These substitutions undergo an aberrant proteolytic cascade, producing aggregation-prone peptides of 5 and 8 kDa, containing the Gelsolin Amyloidogenic Core, spanning residues 182-192 (GAC182-192). Following a structure-based approach, we designed and synthesized three novel sequence-specific peptidomimetics (LB-5, LB-6, and LB-7) built on a piperidine-pyrrolidine unnatural amino acid. LB-5 and LB-6, but not LB-7, efficiently inhibit the aggregation of the GAC182-192 amyloidogenic peptides at sub-stoichiometric concentrations. These peptidomimetics resulted also effective in vivo, in a C. elegans-based assay, in counteracting the proteotoxicity of aggregated GAC182-192. These data pave the way to a novel pharmacological strategy against AGel and also validate a toolbox exploitable in other amyloidogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bollati
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (IBF-CNR), c/o Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Kaliroi Peqini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, “A. Marchesini” General and Organic Chemistry Section, University of Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Barone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, “A. Marchesini” General and Organic Chemistry Section, University of Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carmina Natale
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Marten Beeg
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Trucchi
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (IBF-CNR), c/o Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo de Rosa
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (IBF-CNR), c/o Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.d.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Sara Pellegrino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, “A. Marchesini” General and Organic Chemistry Section, University of Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.d.R.); (S.P.)
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5
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Bollati M, Diomede L, Giorgino T, Natale C, Fagnani E, Boniardi I, Barbiroli A, Alemani R, Beeg M, Gobbi M, Fakin A, Mastrangelo E, Milani M, Presciuttini G, Gabellieri E, Cioni P, de Rosa M. A novel hotspot of gelsolin instability triggers an alternative mechanism of amyloid aggregation. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:6355-6365. [PMID: 34938411 PMCID: PMC8649582 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelsolin comprises six homologous domains, named G1 to G6. Single point substitutions in this protein are responsible for AGel amyloidosis, a hereditary disease causing progressive corneal lattice dystrophy, cutis laxa, and polyneuropathy. Although several different amyloidogenic variants of gelsolin have been identified, only the most common mutants present in the G2 domain have been thoroughly characterized, leading to clarification of the functional mechanism. The molecular events underlying the pathological aggregation of 3 recently identified mutations, namely A551P, E553K and M517R, all localized at the interface between G4 and G5, are here explored for the first time. Structural studies point to destabilization of the interface between G4 and G5 due to three structural determinants: β-strand breaking, steric hindrance and/or charge repulsion, all implying impairment of interdomain contacts. Such rearrangements decrease the temperature and pressure stability of gelsolin but do not alter its susceptibility to furin cleavage, the first event in the canonical aggregation pathway. These variants also have a greater tendency to aggregate in the unproteolysed forms and exhibit higher proteotoxicity in a C. elegans-based assay. Our data suggest that aggregation of G4G5 variants follows an alternative, likely proteolysis-independent, pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bollati
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Toni Giorgino
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Carmina Natale
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Fagnani
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Irene Boniardi
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Barbiroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Rebecca Alemani
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Marten Beeg
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Ana Fakin
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eloise Mastrangelo
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Milani
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Edi Gabellieri
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cioni
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo de Rosa
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
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6
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Gupta N, Kaur H, Wajid S. Renal amyloidosis: an update on diagnosis and pathogenesis. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:1259-1276. [PMID: 32447467 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a diverse group of protein conformational disorder which is caused by accumulation and deposition of insoluble protein fibrils in vital tissues or organs, instigating organ dysfunction. Renal amyloidosis is characterized by the acellular Congo red-positive pathologic deposition of amyloid fibrils within glomeruli and/or the interstitium. It is generally composed of serum amyloid A-related protein or an immunoglobulin light chain; other rare forms lysozyme, gelsolin, fibrinogen alpha chain, transthyretin, apolipoproteins AI/AII/AIV/CII/CIII; and the recently identified form ALECT2. This disease typically manifests with heavy proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, and finally progression to end-stage renal failure. Early diagnosis of renal amyloidosis is arduous as its symptoms appear in later stages with prominent amyloid deposition. The identification of the correct type of amyloidosis is quite troublesome as it can be confused with another related form. Therefore, the exact typing of amyloid is essential for prognosis, treatment, and correct management of renal amyloidosis. The emanation of new techniques of proteomic analysis, for instance, mass spectroscopy/laser microdissection, has provided greater accuracy in amyloid typing. This in-depth review emphasizes on the clinical features, renal pathological findings, and diagnosis of the AL and non-AL forms of renal amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Harshdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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7
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Abildgaard N, Rojek AM, Møller HE, Palstrøm NB, Nyvold CG, Rasmussen LM, Hansen CT, Beck HC, Marcussen N. Immunoelectron microscopy and mass spectrometry for classification of amyloid deposits. Amyloid 2020; 27:59-66. [PMID: 31752543 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2019.1688289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a shared name for several rare, complex and serious diseases caused by extra-cellular deposits of different misfolded proteins. Accurate characterization of the amyloid protein is essential for patient care. Immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) and laser microdissection followed by tandem mass spectrometry (LMD-MS) are new gold standards for molecular subtyping. Both methods perform superiorly to immunohistochemistry, but their complementarities, strengths and weaknesses across amyloid subtypes and organ biopsy origin remain undefined. Therefore, we performed a retrospective study of 106 Congo Red positive biopsies from different involved organs; heart, kidney, lung, gut mucosa, skin and bone marrow. IEM, performed with gold-labelled antibodies against kappa light chains, lambda light chains, transthyretin and amyloid A, identified specific staining of amyloid fibrils in 91.6%; in six biopsies amyloid fibrils were not identified, and in two, the fibril subtype could not be established. LMD-MS identified amyloid protein signature in 98.1%, but in nine the amyloid protein could not be clearly identified. MS identified protein subtype in 89.6%. Corresponding specificities ranged at organ level from 94-100%. Concordance was 89.6-100% for different amyloid subtypes. Importantly, combined use of both methods increased the diagnostic classification to 100%. Some variety in performances at organ level was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Abildgaard
- Odense Amyloidosis Centre, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Haematology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense, Denmark
| | - Aleksandra M Rojek
- Odense Amyloidosis Centre, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hanne Eh Møller
- Odense Amyloidosis Centre, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Bjødstrup Palstrøm
- Odense Amyloidosis Centre, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Centre for Clinical Proteomics, Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Guldborg Nyvold
- Odense Amyloidosis Centre, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Haematology Pathology Research Laboratory, Department of Haematology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Odense Amyloidosis Centre, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Centre for Clinical Proteomics, Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Toftmann Hansen
- Odense Amyloidosis Centre, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Haematology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Beck
- Odense Amyloidosis Centre, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Centre for Clinical Proteomics, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Marcussen
- Odense Amyloidosis Centre, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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9
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Dammacco R, Merlini G, Lisch W, Kivelä TT, Giancipoli E, Vacca A, Dammacco F. Amyloidosis and Ocular Involvement: an Overview. Semin Ophthalmol 2019; 35:7-26. [PMID: 31829761 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2019.1687738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To describe the ophthalmic manifestations of amyloidosis and the corresponding therapeutic measures.Methods: The 178 patients included in the study had different types of amyloidosis, diagnosed at a single internal medicine institution (Bari, Italy). To provide a comprehensive review of the types of amyloidosis that can be associated with ocular involvement, the images and clinical descriptions of patients with amyloidosis structurally related to gelsolin, keratoepithelin and lactoferrin were obtained in collaborations with the ophthalmology departments of hospitals in Mainz (Germany) and Helsinki (Finland).Results: Overall, ocular morbidity was detected in 41 of the 178 patients with amyloidosis (23%). AL amyloidosis was diagnosed in 18 patients with systemic disease, 3 with multiple myeloma, and 11 with localized amyloidosis. AA amyloidosis was detected in 2 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 3 with Behçet syndrome, and transthyretin amyloidosis in 4 patients. The treatment of AL amyloidosis is based on chemotherapy to suppress the production of amyloidogenic L-chains and on surgical excision of orbital or conjunctival masses. AA amyloidosis is managed by targeting the underlying condition. Vitreous opacities and additional findings of ocular involvement in patients with transthyretin amyloidosis indicate the need for pars plana vitrectomy. Gelsolin amyloidosis, characterized by lattice corneal amyloidosis and polyneuropathy, results in recurrent keratitis and corneal scarring, such that keratoplasty is inevitable. In patients with lattice corneal dystrophies associated with amyloid deposits of keratoepithelin fragments, corneal transparency is compromised by deposits of congophilic material in the subepithelial layer and deep corneal stroma. Patients with established corneal opacities are treated by corneal transplantation, but the prognosis is poor because recurrent corneal deposits are possible after surgery. In patients with gelatinous drop-like dystrophy, the amyloid fibrils that accumulate beneath the corneal epithelium consist of lactoferrin and can severely impair visual acuity. Keratoplasty and its variants are performed for visual rehabilitation.Conclusion: A routine ophthalmic follow-up is recommended for all patients with established or suspected amyloidosis, independent of the biochemical type of the amyloid. Close collaboration between the ophthalmologist and the internist will facilitate a more precise diagnosis of ocular involvement in amyloidosis and allow the multidisciplinary management of these patients.Abbreviations: CD: corneal dystrophy; CLA: corneal lattice amyloidosis; CNS: central nervous system; CT: computed tomography; FAP: familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy; GDLCD: gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy; GLN: gelsolin; LCD: lattice corneal dystrophy; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; OLT: orthotopic liver transplantation; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TGFBI: transforming growth factor β induced; TTR: transthyretin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Dammacco
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Walter Lisch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tero T Kivelä
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ermete Giancipoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Dammacco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Giannini G, Nast CC. An Organ System-Based Approach to Differential Diagnosis of Amyloid Type in Surgical Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 144:379-387. [PMID: 31697170 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2018-0509-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Amyloidosis is an uncommon but important entity. A protein-based classification of amyloidosis defines the underlying disease process, directing clinical management and providing prognostic information. However, in routine surgical pathology there often is no attempt to classify amyloid other than staining to determine light chain-associated amyloidosis. Systemic and localized amyloidosis vary with respect to frequency of organ involvement by different amyloid types, and most amyloid proteins have commercial antibodies available for identification. OBJECTIVE.— To provide a guide for the likelihood of amyloid type by organ system. DATA SOURCES.— Literature review based on PubMed searches containing the word amyloid, specifically addressing the prevalence and significance of amyloid proteins in each organ system other than the brain, and the authors' practice experience. CONCLUSIONS.— In patients with amyloidosis, determination of the responsible protein is critical for appropriate patient care. In large subspecialty practices and reference laboratories with experience in using and analyzing relevant immunohistochemistry, most amyloid proteins can be identified with an organ-specific algorithm. Referring to an organ-based algorithm may be helpful in providing clinicians with a more specific differential diagnosis regarding amyloid type to help guide clinical evaluation and treatment. When the protein cannot be characterized, mass spectrometry can be performed to definitively classify the amyloid type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Giannini
- From the Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cynthia C Nast
- From the Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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11
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Abstract
Objectives: Previous clinical studies have shown frequent cardiac symptoms in patients with hereditary gelsolin (AGel) amyloidosis, possibly related to amyloid deposition in the heart and other internal organs. Previous studies on internal organ amyloid deposition in AGel amyloidosis have been based on small patient series. Methods: Paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 25 autopsied individuals (age at death 44.4-88.6 years) with AGel amyloidosis were stained with HE, Congo red and Herovici stains and immunohistochemistry against the low molecular weight gelsolin fraction was performed. The amount of amyloid was estimated semi-quantitatively. Results: AGel-based amyloid deposits were found in the myocardium and cardiac blood vessels in every patient. The deposits were mainly small and co-localized with regions with excess fibrosis in the myocardium. The lungs were positive for amyloid in 79%, renal parenchyma in 54% and renal blood vessels in 71% of the cases. The amount of myocardial, renal and hepatic amyloid correlated with age at death of the patients. Conclusions: We show the constant presence of AGel amyloid in the hearts of patients with AGel amyloidosis. Although the deposits were mainly small, the co-localization of amyloid with fibrosis may amplify the effect of pure amyloid deposition, possibly leading to clinical signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva-Kaisa Schmidt
- a Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Sari Kiuru-Enari
- a Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Sari Atula
- a Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Maarit Tanskanen
- c Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.,d Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
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12
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Abstract
In the disease familial amyloidosis, Finnish type (FAF) the mechanism by which point mutations in gelsolin domain 2 (G2) lead to furin cleavage is not understood for the intact protein. Here, we determine that FAF mutants adopt similar conformations to the wild-type protein. However, the mutations appear to affect the dynamics of domain:domain interactions. Thus, proper domain:domain interactions are needed to protect G2 from protease cleavage. We make mutations in the following domain (G3) that functionally mimic the FAF mutations in G2. We conclude that G2 is on the limits of stability, and perturbations that affect domain:domain stabilizing interactions tip the balance toward cleavage. These data explain how multiple FAF mutations give rise to amyloid formation. In the disease familial amyloidosis, Finnish type (FAF), also known as AGel amyloidosis (AGel), the mechanism by which point mutations in the calcium-regulated actin-severing protein gelsolin lead to furin cleavage is not understood in the intact protein. Here, we provide a structural and biochemical characterization of the FAF variants. X-ray crystallography structures of the FAF mutant gelsolins demonstrate that the mutations do not significantly disrupt the calcium-free conformations of gelsolin. Small-angle X-ray–scattering (SAXS) studies indicate that the FAF calcium-binding site mutants are slower to activate, whereas G167R is as efficient as the wild type. Actin-regulating studies of the gelsolins at the furin cleavage pH (6.5) show that the mutant gelsolins are functional, suggesting that they also adopt relatively normal active conformations. Deletion of gelsolin domains leads to sensitization to furin cleavage, and nanobody-binding protects against furin cleavage. These data indicate instability in the second domain of gelsolin (G2), since loss or gain of G2-stabilizing interactions impacts the efficiency of cleavage by furin. To demonstrate this principle, we engineered non-FAF mutations in G3 that disrupt the G2-G3 interface in the calcium-activated structure. These mutants led to increased furin cleavage. We carried out molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on the FAF and non-FAF mutant G2-G3 fragments of gelsolin. All mutants showed an increase in the distance between the center of masses of the 2 domains (G2 and G3). Since G3 covers the furin cleavage site on G2 in calcium-activated gelsolin, this suggests that destabilization of this interface is a critical step in cleavage.
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13
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Giorgino T, Mattioni D, Hassan A, Milani M, Mastrangelo E, Barbiroli A, Verhelle A, Gettemans J, Barzago MM, Diomede L, de Rosa M. Nanobody interaction unveils structure, dynamics and proteotoxicity of the Finnish-type amyloidogenic gelsolin variant. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:648-660. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bonì F, Milani M, Barbiroli A, Diomede L, Mastrangelo E, de Rosa M. Gelsolin pathogenic Gly167Arg mutation promotes domain-swap dimerization of the protein. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:53-65. [PMID: 29069428 PMCID: PMC5886171 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AGel amyloidosis is a genetic degenerative disease characterized by the deposition of insoluble gelsolin protein aggregates in different tissues. Until recently, this disease was associated with two mutations of a single residue (Asp187 to Asn/Tyr) in the second domain of the protein. The general opinion is that pathogenic variants are not per se amyloidogenic but rather that the mutations trigger an aberrant proteolytic cascade, which results in the production of aggregation prone fragments. Here, we report the crystal structure of the second domain of gelsolin carrying the recently identified Gly167Arg mutation. This mutant dimerizes through a three-dimensional domain swapping mechanism, forming a tight but flexible assembly, which retains the structural topology of the monomer. To date, such dramatic conformational changes of this type have not been observed. Structural and biophysical characterizations reveal that the Gly167Arg mutation alone is responsible for the monomer to dimer transition and that, even in the context of the full-length protein, the pathogenic variant is prone to form dimers. These data suggest that, in addition to the well-known proteolytic-dependent mechanism, an alternative oligomerization pathway may participate in gelsolin misfolding and aggregation. We propose to integrate this alternative pathway into the current model of the disease that may also be relevant for other types of AGel amyloidosis, and other related diseases with similar underlying pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bonì
- CNR Istituto di Biofisica, c/o Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Milani
- CNR Istituto di Biofisica, c/o Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Barbiroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Farmacologia Molecolare, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Eloise Mastrangelo
- CNR Istituto di Biofisica, c/o Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo de Rosa
- CNR Istituto di Biofisica, c/o Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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15
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Obici L, Merlini G. Seek and You Shall Find: Is Subclinical Amyloid More Common Than Expected? Mayo Clin Proc 2018; 93:1546-1548. [PMID: 30392540 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Obici
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Centre, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Centre, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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16
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Sethi S, Dasari S, Plaisier E, Ronco P, Nasr SH, Brocheriou I, Theis JD, Vrana JA, Zimmermann MT, Quint PS, McPhail ED, Kurtin PJ. Apolipoprotein CII Amyloidosis Associated With p.Lys41Thr Mutation. Kidney Int Rep 2018; 3:1193-1201. [PMID: 30197986 PMCID: PMC6127408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Apolipoprotein CII amyloidosis (AApoCII) is a rare form of amyloidosis. Here, we report a novel mutation associated with AApoCII amyloidosis in 5 patients and describe their clinical, renal biopsy, and mass spectrometry findings. Methods Five patients with renal AApoCII p.Lys41Thr amyloidosis were identified from our amyloid mass spectrometry cohort. Clinical features, kidney biopsy, and mass spectrometry findings were analyzed in this rare type of amyloidosis. Results The patients were older adults (mean age of 71.6 years at diagnosis), presented with nephrotic-range proteinuria, and often had declining renal function. All renal biopsy specimens showed massive mesangial nodules composed of weakly eosinophilic, periodic acid−Schiff negative, Congo red–positive amyloid deposits. There were no interstitial, vascular, or medullary deposits. In all cases, immunofluorescence studies were negative for Igs and electron microscopy showed amyloid fibrils. Proteomic analysis of Congo red−positive amyloid deposits detected large amounts of apolipoprotein CII (APOC2) protein. We also detected APOC2 p.Lys41Thr mutant protein in amyloid deposits of all patients. DNA sequencing in 1 patient confirmed the presence of the mutation. Both mutant and wild-type forms of APOC2 were detected in amyloid deposits of all patients. Molecular dynamic simulations showed the variant mediating a collapse of the native structure of APOC2, thereby destabilizing the protein. Conclusion We propose that AApoCII p.Lys41Thr amyloidosis is a new form of amyloidosis seen in elderly individuals, histologically exhibiting massive glomerular involvement, leading to nephrotic-range proteinuria and progressive chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Sethi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Pierre Ronco
- Service de Néphrologie et Dialyses, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Samih H Nasr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Jason D Theis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julie A Vrana
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Patrick S Quint
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ellen D McPhail
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paul J Kurtin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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17
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Pathology and diagnosis of renal non-AL amyloidosis. J Nephrol 2017; 31:343-350. [DOI: 10.1007/s40620-017-0426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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18
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Gao Y, Liu L, Shen B, Chen X, Wang L, Wang L, Feng W, Huang C, Li F. Amphiphilic PEGylated Lanthanide-Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles for Significantly Passive Accumulation in the Peritoneal Metastatic Carcinomatosis Models Following Intraperitoneal Administration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2176-2184. [PMID: 33440565 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic nanoparticles have emerged as attractive materials for cancer research, because of their exceptional physical properties and multifunctional engineering. However, inorganic nanoparticle accumulation in the tumors located in the abdominal cavity after intravenous (IV) administration is confined because of the peritoneum-plasma barrier. To improve this situation, we developed lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), coated by amphiphilic polyethylene glycol (P-PEG), serving as a representative of inorganic nanoparticles. Following intraperitoneal (IP) administration into the peritoneal metastatic carcinomatosis models, UCNPs coated by P-PEG (P-PEG-UCNPs) passively accumulated in the cancerous tissues at a larger amount than that in the main normal organs. On the basis of spatial proximity, P-PEG-UCNPs administrated via the IP route exhibited higher passive accumulation in the tumors in the abdominal cavity compared to that via the IV route. It is suggested that IP administration could be a promising strategy for inorganic nanoparticles to be efficaciously applied in peritoneal cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Gao
- Department of Chemistry & Institute of Biomedicine Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Lang Liu
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, P.R. China
| | - Bin Shen
- Department of Chemistry & Institute of Biomedicine Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Center of Analysis and Measurement, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Center of Analysis and Measurement, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Liya Wang
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, P.R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry & Institute of Biomedicine Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Chunhui Huang
- Department of Chemistry & Institute of Biomedicine Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Fuyou Li
- Department of Chemistry & Institute of Biomedicine Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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