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Cai A, Meng Y, Zhou H, Cai H, Shao X, Wang Q, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Zhou W, Chen L, Mou S. Podocyte Pathogenic Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Pathway and Immune Cell Behaviors in Primary Membranous Nephropathy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2404151. [PMID: 38785168 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) is one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease, and the most frequent cause of massive proteinuria in nondiabetic adults, resulting in fatal complications. However, the underlying pathomechanisms of PMN remain largely unclear. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing is employed to analyze kidney biopsies from eleven PMN patients and seven healthy subjects. Profiling 44 060 cells from patients allowed us to characterize the cellular composition and cell-type-specific gene expression in the PMN kidney. The complement-induced BMP2/pSMAD1/COL4 pathway is identified as the pathogenic pathway in podocytes, bridging two key events, i.e., complement system activation and glomerular basement membrane thickening in PMN. Augmented infiltration and activation of myeloid leukocytes and B lymphocytes are found, profiling delicate crosstalk of immune cells in PMN kidneys. Overall, these results provide valuable insights into the roles of podocytes and immune cells in PMN, and comprehensive resources toward the complete understanding of PMN pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxiang Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yiwei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Hong Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xinghua Shao
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yin Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Wenyan Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Shan Mou
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
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Ma R, Guan X, Teng N, Du Y, Ou S, Li X. Construction of ceRNA prognostic model based on the CCR7/CCL19 chemokine axis as a biomarker in breast cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:254. [PMID: 37864213 PMCID: PMC10590005 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01683-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of CCR7/CCL19 chemokine axis and breast cancer (BC) prognosis and metastasis is a current hot topic. We constructed a ceRNA network and risk-prognosis model based on CCR7/CCL19. METHODS Based on the lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA expression data downloaded from the TCGA database, we used the starbase website to find the lncRNA and miRNA of CCR7/CCL19 and established the ceRNA network. The 1008 BC samples containing survival data were divided into Train group (504 cases) and Test group (504 cases) using R "caret" package. Then we constructed a prognostic risk model using RNA screened by univariate Cox analysis in the Train group and validated it in the Test and All groups. In addition, we explored the correlation between riskScores and clinical trials and immune-related factors (22 immune-infiltrating cells, tumor microenvironment, 13 immune-related pathways and 24 HLA genes). After transfection with knockdown CCR7, we observed the activity and migration ability of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells using CCK8, scratch assays and angiogenesis assays. Finally, qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of five RNAs in the prognostic risk model in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell. RESULTS Patients with high expression of CCR7 and CCL19 had significantly higher overall survival times than those with low expression. The ceRNA network is constructed by 3 pairs of mRNA-miRNA pairs and 8 pairs of miRNA-lncRNA. After multivariate Cox analysis, we obtained a risk prognostic model: riskScore= -1.544 *`TRG-AS1`+ 0.936 * AC010327.5 + 0.553 *CCR7 -0.208 *CCL19 -0.315 *`hsa-let-7b-5p. Age, stage and riskScore can all be used as independent risk factors for BC prognosis. By drug sensitivity analysis, we found 5 drugs targeting CCR7 (convolamine, amikacin, AH-23,848, ondansetron, flucloxacillin). After transfection with knockdown CCR7, we found a significant reduction in cell activity and migration capacity in MDA-MB-231 cells. CONCLUSION We constructed the first prognostic model based on the CCR7/CCL19 chemokine axis in BC and explored its role in immune infiltration, tumor microenvironment, and HLA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiuliang Guan
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Nan Teng
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Du
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shu Ou
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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Razizadeh MH, Zafarani A, Taghavi-Farahabadi M, Khorramdelazad H, Minaeian S, Mahmoudi M. Natural killer cells and their exosomes in viral infections and related therapeutic approaches: where are we? Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:261. [PMID: 37749597 PMCID: PMC10519079 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of the host immune system to fight against infections. Natural killer cells are the innate immunity lymphocytes responsible for fighting against virus-infected and cancerous cells. They have various mechanisms to suppress viral infections. On the other hand, viruses have evolved to utilize different ways to evade NK cell-mediated responses. Viruses can balance the response by regulating the cytokine release pattern and changing the proportion of activating and inhibitory receptors on the surface of NK cells. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles that are involved in intercellular communication. Most cell populations can release these nano-sized vesicles, and it was shown that these vesicles produce identical outcomes to the originating cell from which they are released. In recent years, the role of NK cell-derived exosomes in various diseases including viral infections has been highlighted, drawing attention to utilizing the therapeutic potential of these nanoparticles. In this article, the role of NK cells in various viral infections and the mechanisms used by viruses to evade these important immune system cells are initially examined. Subsequently, the role of NK cell exosomes in controlling various viral infections is discussed. Finally, the current position of these cells in the treatment of viral infections and the therapeutic potential of their exosomes are reviewed. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Razizadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zafarani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Taghavi-Farahabadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Sara Minaeian
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Nakayama M, Marchi H, Dmitrieva AM, Chakraborty A, Merl-Pham J, Hennen E, Le Gleut R, Ruppert C, Guenther A, Kahnert K, Behr J, Hilgendorff A, Hauck SM, Adler H, Staab-Weijnitz CA. Quantitative proteomics of differentiated primary bronchial epithelial cells from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and control identifies potential novel host factors post-influenza A virus infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:957830. [PMID: 36713229 PMCID: PMC9875134 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.957830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) collectively refers to chronic and progressive lung diseases that cause irreversible limitations in airflow. Patients with COPD are at high risk for severe respiratory symptoms upon influenza virus infection. Airway epithelial cells provide the first-line antiviral defense, but whether or not their susceptibility and response to influenza virus infection changes in COPD have not been elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the susceptibility of COPD- and control-derived airway epithelium to the influenza virus and assess protein changes during influenza virus infection by quantitative proteomics. Materials and methods The presence of human- and avian-type influenza A virus receptor was assessed in control and COPD lung sections as well as in fully differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells (phBECs) by lectin- or antibody-based histochemical staining. PhBECs were from COPD lungs, including cells from moderate- and severe-stage diseases, and from age-, sex-, smoking, and history-matched control lung specimens. Protein profiles pre- and post-influenza virus infection in vitro were directly compared using quantitative proteomics, and selected findings were validated by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. Results The human-type influenza receptor was more abundant in human airways than the avian-type influenza receptor, a property that was retained in vitro when differentiating phBECs at the air-liquid interface. Proteomics of phBECs pre- and post-influenza A virus infection with A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) revealed no significant differences between COPD and control phBECs in terms of flu receptor expression, cell type composition, virus replication, or protein profile pre- and post-infection. Independent of health state, a robust antiviral response to influenza virus infection was observed, as well as upregulation of several novel influenza virus-regulated proteins, including PLSCR1, HLA-F, CMTR1, DTX3L, and SHFL. Conclusion COPD- and control-derived phBECs did not differ in cell type composition, susceptibility to influenza virus infection, and proteomes pre- and post-infection. Finally, we identified novel influenza A virus-regulated proteins in bronchial epithelial cells that might serve as potential targets to modulate the pathogenicity of infection and acute exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Nakayama
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M BioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany,Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hannah Marchi
- Core Facility Statistical Consulting, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany,Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anna M. Dmitrieva
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ashesh Chakraborty
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M BioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hennen
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M BioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ronan Le Gleut
- Core Facility Statistical Consulting, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Ruppert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medizinische Klinik II, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medizinische Klinik II, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kahnert
- Department of Medicine V, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Member of the German Center of Lung Research, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Department of Medicine V, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Member of the German Center of Lung Research, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Hilgendorff
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M BioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Adler
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany,Institute of Asthma and Allergy Prevention, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany,*Correspondence: Heiko Adler,
| | - Claudia A. Staab-Weijnitz
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M BioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany,Claudia A. Staab-Weijnitz, ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1211-7834
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Smith DM, Schafer JR, Tullius B, Witkam L, Paust S. Natural killer cells for antiviral therapy. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabl5278. [PMID: 36599006 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl5278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy is being explored for treating infectious diseases, including viral infections. Here, we discuss evidence of NK cell responses to different viruses, ongoing clinical efforts to treat such infections with NK cell products, and review platforms to generate NK cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Laura Witkam
- Kiadis Pharma, Sanofi, 1105BP Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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6
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Pollock NR, Harrison GF, Norman PJ. Immunogenomics of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor (KIR) and HLA Class I: Coevolution and Consequences for Human Health. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:1763-1775. [PMID: 35561968 PMCID: PMC10038757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of killer cell immunoglobin-like receptors (KIR) with human leukocyte antigens (HLA) class I regulate effector functions of key cytotoxic cells of innate and adaptive immunity. The extreme diversity of this interaction is genetically determined, having evolved in the ever-changing environment of pathogen exposure. Diversity of KIR and HLA genes is further facilitated by their independent segregation on separate chromosomes. That fetal implantation relies on many of the same types of immune cells as infection control places certain constraints on the evolution of KIR interactions with HLA. Consequently, specific inherited combinations of receptors and ligands may predispose to specific immune-mediated diseases, including autoimmunity. Combinatorial diversity of KIR and HLA class I can also differentiate success rates of immunotherapy directed to these diseases. Progress toward both etiopathology and predicting response to therapy is being achieved through detailed characterization of the extent and consequences of the combinatorial diversity of KIR and HLA. Achieving these goals is more tractable with the development of integrated analyses of molecular evolution, function, and pathology that will establish guidelines for understanding and managing risks. Here, we present what is known about the coevolution of KIR with HLA class I and the impact of their complexity on immune function and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Pollock
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colo
| | - Genelle F Harrison
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colo
| | - Paul J Norman
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colo.
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7
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Harrison GF, Leaton LA, Harrison EA, Kichula KM, Viken MK, Shortt J, Gignoux CR, Lie BA, Vukcevic D, Leslie S, Norman PJ. Allele imputation for the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor KIR3DL1/S1. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009059. [PMID: 35192601 PMCID: PMC8896733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly polymorphic interaction of KIR3DL1 and KIR3DS1 with HLA class I ligands modulates the effector functions of natural killer (NK) cells and some T cells. This genetically determined diversity affects severity of infections, immune-mediated diseases, and some cancers, and impacts the course of immunotherapies, including transplantation. KIR3DL1 is an inhibitory receptor, and KIR3DS1 is an activating receptor encoded by the KIR3DL1/S1 gene that has more than 200 diverse and divergent alleles. Determination of KIR3DL1/S1 genotypes for medical application is hampered by complex sequence and structural variation, requiring targeted approaches to generate and analyze high-resolution allele data. To overcome these obstacles, we developed and optimized a model for imputing KIR3DL1/S1 alleles at high-resolution from whole-genome SNP data. We designed the model to represent a substantial component of human genetic diversity. Our Global imputation model is effective at genotyping KIR3DL1/S1 alleles with an accuracy ranging from 88% in Africans to 97% in East Asians, with mean specificity of 99% and sensitivity of 95% for alleles >1% frequency. We used the established algorithm of the HIBAG program, in a modification named Pulling Out Natural killer cell Genomics (PONG). Because HIBAG was designed to impute HLA alleles also from whole-genome SNP data, PONG allows combinatorial diversity of KIR3DL1/S1 with HLA-A and -B to be analyzed using complementary techniques on a single data source. The use of PONG thus negates the need for targeted sequencing data in very large-scale association studies where such methods might not be tractable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genelle F. Harrison
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Laura Ann Leaton
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Harrison
- Independent Researcher, Broomfield, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Kichula
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marte K. Viken
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan Shortt
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Gignoux
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Benedicte A. Lie
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Damjan Vukcevic
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Leslie
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J. Norman
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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Duygu B, Olieslagers TI, Groeneweg M, Voorter CEM, Wieten L. HLA Class I Molecules as Immune Checkpoints for NK Cell Alloreactivity and Anti-Viral Immunity in Kidney Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680480. [PMID: 34295330 PMCID: PMC8290519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that can kill diseased- or virally-infected cells, mediate antibody dependent cytotoxicity and produce type I immune-associated cytokines upon activation. NK cells also contribute to the allo-immune response upon kidney transplantation either by promoting allograft rejection through lysis of cells of the transplanted organ or by promoting alloreactive T cells. In addition, they protect against viral infections upon transplantation which may be especially relevant in patients receiving high dose immune suppression. NK cell activation is tightly regulated through the integrated balance of signaling via inhibitory- and activating receptors. HLA class I molecules are critical regulators of NK cell activation through the interaction with inhibitory- as well as activating NK cell receptors, hence, HLA molecules act as critical immune checkpoints for NK cells. In the current review, we evaluate how NK cell alloreactivity and anti-viral immunity are regulated by NK cell receptors belonging to the KIR family and interacting with classical HLA class I molecules, or by NKG2A/C and LILRB1/KIR2DL4 engaging non-classical HLA-E or -G. In addition, we provide an overview of the methods to determine genetic variation in these receptors and their HLA ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Duygu
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Timo I Olieslagers
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Mathijs Groeneweg
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Christina E M Voorter
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lotte Wieten
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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