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Schneider JG, Ormseth B, DiBartola AC, Magnussen RA, Duerr RA, Stoodley P, Flanigan DC. Incidence, Common Pathogens, and Risk Factors for Infection after Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review. J Knee Surg 2024; 37:470-481. [PMID: 37734405 DOI: 10.1055/a-2179-3678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
We sought to assess the current literature to present a comprehensive summary of the incidence, common pathogens, and risk factors for infection after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Scopus databases were searched for relevant studies reporting on infection after ACL reconstruction. Two reviewers independently screened the extracted studies for adherence to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies were selected if they reported on the incidence of infection, pathogens cultured from infected knees, or risk factors for infection after primary ACL reconstruction. Exclusion criteria consisted of studies with fewer than 100 patients or studies that included revision ACL reconstruction. Fifty studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, reporting on a total of 316,214 ACL reconstructions. Included studies evaluated between 123 and 104,255 patients. The overall incidence of infection was 0.60% (0.15-2.44%). The most common pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Five studies reported that the use of hamstring autograft was a statistically significant risk factor for infection after ACL reconstruction, thus making hamstring autograft the most commonly reported risk factor. Other reported risk factors included male sex, use of immuno-suppressive medications or intraarticular steroid injections, prior knee surgery, and diabetes. Systematic review of the literature revealed that infection after ACL reconstruction remains an infrequent event with an incidence of 0.60% (0.15-2.44%). Furthermore, the most common pathogens are from the Staphylococcus genus of bacteria, comprising 84% of all culture-positive infections. Multiple risk factors have been reported for ACL reconstruction; however, statistical significance varied across studies. Together, these findings may help guide physicians in the prevention and treatment of infection after ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex C DiBartola
- Sports Medicine and the Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robert A Magnussen
- Sports Medicine and the Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robert A Duerr
- Sports Medicine and the Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and the Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - David C Flanigan
- Sports Medicine and the Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Buckthorpe M, Gokeler A, Herrington L, Hughes M, Grassi A, Wadey R, Patterson S, Compagnin A, La Rosa G, Della Villa F. Optimising the Early-Stage Rehabilitation Process Post-ACL Reconstruction. Sports Med 2024; 54:49-72. [PMID: 37787846 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01934-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) need improving, with poor return-to-sport rates and a high risk of secondary re-injury. There is a need to improve rehabilitation strategies post-ACLR, if we can support enhanced patient outcomes. This paper discusses how to optimise the early-stage rehabilitation process post-ACLR. Early-stage rehabilitation is the vital foundation on which successful rehabilitation post-ACLR can occur. Without high-quality early-stage (and pre-operative) rehabilitation, patients often do not overcome major aspects of dysfunction, which limits knee function and the ability to transition through subsequent stages of rehabilitation optimally. We highlight six main dimensions during the early stage: (1) pain and swelling; (2) knee joint range of motion; (3) arthrogenic muscle inhibition and muscle strength; (4) movement quality/neuromuscular control during activities of daily living (5) psycho-social-cultural and environmental factors and (6) physical fitness preservation. The six do not share equal importance and the extent of time commitment devoted to each will depend on the individual patient. The paper provides recommendations on how to implement these into practice, discussing training planning and programming, and suggests specific screening to monitor work and when the athlete can progress to the next stage (e.g. mid-stage rehabilitation entry criteria).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Buckthorpe
- Faculty of Sport, Technology and Health Sciences, St Mary's University, London, TW1 4SX, Twickenham, UK.
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alli Gokeler
- Exercise Science and Neuroscience, Department Exercise & Health, Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Lee Herrington
- Centre for Human Sciences Research, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Mick Hughes
- North Queensland Physiotherapy Centre, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Alberto Grassi
- II Clinica Ortopedica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ross Wadey
- Faculty of Sport, Technology and Health Sciences, St Mary's University, London, TW1 4SX, Twickenham, UK
| | - Stephen Patterson
- Faculty of Sport, Technology and Health Sciences, St Mary's University, London, TW1 4SX, Twickenham, UK
| | - Alessandro Compagnin
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni La Rosa
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Della Villa
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
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Pérez-Prieto D, Totlis T, Madjarevic T, Becker R, Ravn C, Monllau JC, Renz N. ESSKA and EBJIS recommendations for the management of infections after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R): prevention, surgical treatment and rehabilitation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023; 31:4204-4212. [PMID: 37243789 PMCID: PMC10471731 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-023-07463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) is a rare but severe complication. Despite an increase in articles published on this topic over the last decade, solid data to optimized diagnostic and therapeutic measures are scarce. For this reason, the European Bone and Joint Infection Society (EBJIS) and the European Society for Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy (ESSKA) collaborated in order to develop recommendations for the diagnosis and management of infections after ACL-R. The aim of the workgroup was to perform a review of the literature and provide practical guidance to healthcare professionals involved in the management of infections after ACL-R. METHODS An international workgroup was recruited to provide recommendations for predefined clinical dilemmas regarding the management of infections after ACL-R. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases were searched for evidence to support the recommended answers to each dilemma. RESULTS The recommendations were divided into two articles. The first covers etiology, prevention, diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment of septic arthritis following ACL-R and is primarily aimed at infectious disease specialists. This article includes the second part of the recommendations and covers prevention of infections after ACL-R, surgical treatment of septic arthritis following ACL-R and subsequent postoperative rehabilitation. It is aimed not only at orthopedic surgeons, but at all healthcare professionals dealing with patients suffering from infections after ACL-R. CONCLUSION These recommendations guide clinicians in achieving timely and accurate diagnosis as well as providing optimal management, both of which are paramount to prevent loss of function and other devastating sequelae of infection in the knee joint. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Prieto
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IcatKNEE, Hospital Universitari Dexeus - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trifon Totlis
- Thessaloniki Minimally Invasive Surgery (The-MIS) Orthopaedic Centre, St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Tomislav Madjarevic
- University Hospital for Orthopaedic Surgery Lovran, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Roland Becker
- Centre of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Brandenburg Theodor Fontane, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Christen Ravn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Juan C Monllau
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IcatKNEE, Hospital Universitari Dexeus - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nora Renz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery (CMSC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Tong K, Wei J, Liu Z, Yang X, Hu Y. The early infection characterization of septic arthritis by Staphylococcus aureus after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a novel rat model. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:522. [PMID: 37481547 PMCID: PMC10362564 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to explore the time of maximum bacterial load and main colonization knee site in bacterial infection process based on a novel rat model of septic arthritis (SA) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). METHODS Ninety-five Wistar rats with unilateral ACLR, random enrolled into control surgery (CS) group; joint inject (JI) group; presoaking (PS) group, were injected with 30 μl sterile saline or 30 μl × 107 colony forming units/ml Staphylococcus aureus via the knee joint or graft with presoaked Staphylococcus aureus during ACLR, respectively. At 1, 4, 7, 11, and 14 days postoperatively, samples were harvested to evaluate progress of knee joint infection by postoperative body weight, body temperature, knee temperature, knee width, scales of tissue damage, serum inflammatory markers, microbiological counting, microcomputed tomography (Micro-CT), digital radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS No systemic infection was observed in all rats. Comparing with serum inflammatory markers, tissue scores of inflammatory reactions, bacterial counts in the CS group, these data were significantly elevated in the JI group and PS group. The bone mass around the bone tunnel was lower and the soft tissue of knee showed more obvious swelling on MRI in the infection groups than that in the CS group at 7 and 14 days postoperatively. Staphylococcus aureus clusters on the surface of screw and graft were observed in the infection group. The whole colony forming units of Staphylococcus aureus maintained a continuous upward trend peaking 7 and 11 days followed by a balanced curve in the infection groups. Bone and soft tissue were found to have more bacterial counts than graft and screws. CONCLUSION This animal model effectively mimics the acute knee infection after ACLR. We found that the bacterial colonization exhibited the peak of acute infection between 7 and 11 days postoperatively, with the major bacteria loads found in the bone, soft tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tong
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jian Wei
- Department of Joint Orthopedics, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Zilin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Thierbach M, Müller M, Stange R, Kronenberg D, Aurich M, Wildemann B. Wrap It! Preventive Antimicrobial Treatment Shows No Negative Effects on Tenocytes and Tendons-A Comprehensive Approach. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4104. [PMID: 37373797 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12124104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the rate of infection after the reconstruction of a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is low, prophylactic incubation of the graft with vancomycin (Vanco-wrap or vancomycin soaking) is routinely performed. A cytotoxic effect of vancomycin is reported for several cell types, and the prophylactic treatment might prevent infection but harm the tissue and cells. AIM A comprehensive study was performed to investigate the effect of vancomycin on tendon tissue and isolated tenocytes using cell viability, molecular and mechanical analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rat tendons or isolated tenocytes were incubated in increasing concentrations of vancomycin (0-10 mg/mL) for different times, and cell viability, gene expression, histology and Young's modulus were analyzed. RESULTS The clinically used concentration of vancomycin (5 mg/mL for 20 min) had no negative effect on cell viability in the tendons or the isolated tenocytes, while incubation with the toxic control significantly reduced cell viability. Increasing the concentration and prolonging the incubation time had no negative effect on the cells. The expression of Col1a1, Col3a1 and the tenocyte markers mohawk, scleraxis and tenomodulin was not affected by the various vancomycin concentrations. The structural integrity as measured through histological and mechanical testing was not compromised. CONCLUSION The results proved the safe application of the Vanco-wrap on tendon tissue. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Thierbach
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Michelle Müller
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Richard Stange
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute for Musculoskeletal Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Kronenberg
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute for Musculoskeletal Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Aurich
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
- DOUW-Section of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Halle (Saale), 06120 Halle, Germany
- BG Trauma Center Bergmannstrost, 06112 Halle, Germany
| | - Britt Wildemann
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
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Komnos GA, Chalatsis G, Mitrousias V, Hantes ME. Postoperative Infection after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Prevention and Management. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122349. [PMID: 36557602 PMCID: PMC9781783 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction can be one of the most debilitating complications following ACL reconstruction. Its reported incidence is around 1%. Utilization of vancomycin for presoaking the graft is considered an established method for infection prevention. The role of other agents, such as gentamycin needs further investigation. Staphylococci are the predominant causative pathogens, while particular attention should be paid to fungal infections due to their long-standing, occult process. Recent data demonstrate that hamstrings autograft may be at an elevated risk of being contaminated leading to subsequent septic arthritis. Diagnosis is set by clinical and laboratory findings and is usually confirmed by intraoperative cultures. Treatment varies, mainly depending on the intraoperative assessment. Satisfactory outcomes have been reported with both graft retaining and removal, and the decision is made upon the arthroscopic appearance of the graft and the characteristics of the infection. Of note, early management seems to lead to superior results, while persistent infection should be managed with graft removal in an attempt to protect the articular cartilage and the knee function.
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Pullen WM, Money AJ, Ray TE, Freehill MT, Sherman SL. Postoperative Infection: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment Guidelines for the Sports Surgeon. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2022; 30:17-23. [PMID: 35113838 DOI: 10.1097/jsa.0000000000000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative infection remains a potentially devastating complication facing the sports medicine surgeon. Infection prevention begins with a thorough history and physical examination to identify patient specific risk factors and aid in risk stratification. Perioperative steroid injections should be used cautiously, with increased time prior to or following surgery being associated with lower infection risk. Sterile preparation with an alcohol containing solution is typically preferred, though there is limited evidence to identify which product is superior. Diagnosis can be challenging with a high index of suspicion needed to identify and appropriately manage patients. Treatment involves prompt irrigation and debridement with deep cultures. Antibiotic coverage should begin with empiric broad treatment and be tailored based on culture results. Early consultation with an infectious disease specialist is recommended to ensure appropriate antibiotic coverage and duration of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Pullen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Adam J Money
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Taylor E Ray
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Seth L Sherman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Patients return to sports and to work after successful treatment of septic arthritis following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2022; 30:1871-1879. [PMID: 34870732 PMCID: PMC9159288 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-021-06819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine specific return to sports (RTS) and return to work (RTW) rates of patients with septic arthritis following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), and to assess for factors associated with a diminished postoperative return to physical activity after successful eradication of the infection. METHODS In this study, patients who were treated for postoperative septic arthritis of the knee following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction between 2006 and 2018 were evaluated at a minimum follow-up (FU) of 2 years. Patients' outcomes were retrospectively analyzed using standardized patient-reported outcome scores including the Lysholm score and the subjective IKDC score, as well as return to sports and return to work questionnaires to assess for the types, number, and frequency of sports performed pre- and postoperatively and to evaluate for potential occupational changes due to septic arthritis following ACLR. To assess for the signifiance of the graft at follow-up, outcomes were compared between patients with a functioning graft at FU and those without, as well as between patients with initial graft retention and those with graft removal and consecutive revision ACLR. RESULTS Out of 44 patients eligible for inclusion, 38 (86%) patients at a mean age of 36.2 ± 10.3 years were enrolled in this study. At a mean follow-up of 60.3 ± 39.9 months, the Lysholm score and the subjective IKDC score reached 80.0 ± 15.1 and 78.2 ± 16.6 points, respectively. The presence of a graft at FU yielded statistically superior results only on the IKDC score (p = 0.014). There were no statistically significant differences on the Lysholm score (n.s.) or on the IKDC score (n.s.) between patients with initial graft retention and those with initial removal who had undergone revision ACLR. All of the included 38 patients were able to return to sports at a median time of 8 (6-16) months after their last surgical intervention. Among patients who performed pivoting sports prior to their injury, 23 (62.2%) returned to at least one pivoting sport postoperatively. Overall, ten patients (26.3%) returned to all their previous sports at their previous frequency. The presence of a graft at FU resulted in a significantly higher RTS rate (p = 0.010). Comparing patients with initial graft retention and those with graft removal and consecutive revision ACLR, there was no statistically significant difference concerning the RTS rate (n.s.). Thirty-one patients (83.8%) were able to return to their previous work. CONCLUSION Successful eradication of septic arthritis following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction allows for a postoperative return to sports and a return to work particularly among patients with ACL-sufficient knees. However, the patients' expectations should be managed carefully, as overall return rates at the pre-injury frequency are relatively low. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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A Current Concepts Review The role of vancomycin-soaking of the graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J ISAKOS 2022; 7:94-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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[Management algorithm for septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2021; 53. [PMID: 34650284 PMCID: PMC8517665 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the experience in the diagnosis and management of septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of all the arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions performed at Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital between January 2001 and December 2020. In the study, 65 of 27 867 patients experienced postoperative septic arthritis. The incidence, presentation, laboratory results, treatment, and outcome of all the infected patients were analyzed. The experiences of diagnosis and management of septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were summarized. RESULTS A total of 27 867 anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions were performed at our department between January 2001 and December 2020. In the study, 65 (0.23%) patients were identified with postoperative septic arthritis. The most common symptoms of the infected patients were fever (38.7±0.5) ℃, knee swelling, pain, and restricted motion. The mean peripheral white blood cell count (WBC) was (9.2±2.6)×109/L (range 4.2×109/L-19.4×109/L), with (72.5±6.3) % (range 54.9%-85.1%) polymorphonuclear neutrophils (N). The mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was (59.9±24.1) mm/h (range 9-108 mm/h), C-reactive protein (CRP) was (10.9±5.7) mg/dL (range 1.2-30.8 mg/dL), and fibrinogen (FIB) level was (7.0±1.6) g/L (range 3.7-10.8 g/L). All of the laboratory results were statistically higher in the infection group compared with the normal postoperative group (P<0.001). The synovial white blood cell count (SWBC) of aspirated knee joint fluid was (45.0±29.8)×109/L (range 7.1×109-76.5×109/L). Polymorphonuclear cell percentage (PMNC) was (90.27±7.86) % (range 60%-97%). In the study, 45 patients (69.2%) had positive aspirate cultures. Microbiology showed coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) were the most common bacterium (34 cases and 7 cases, individually). There were 26 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus. Both conservative (16 patients) and operative (49 patients) treatments were effective, but conservative group had a longer recovery time (5.6 d vs. 1.6 d, P=0.042). CONCLUSION Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is a rare but potentially devastating complication. The correct diagnosis relies on synovial fluid analysis and bacterial culture. Our proposed treatment protocol is arthroscopic debridement and antibiotic therapy as quickly as possible.
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Papalia R, Cicione C, Russo F, Ambrosio L, Di Giacomo G, Vadalà G, Denaro V. Does Vancomycin Wrapping in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Affect Tenocyte Activity In Vitro? Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1087. [PMID: 34572669 PMCID: PMC8466500 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Knee septic arthritis is a devastating complication following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. To prevent this issue, intraoperative soaking of ACL grafts with vancomycin is often performed before implantation. Although vancomycin cytotoxicity has been reported several times, little is known about its biological effect on tenocytes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of vancomycin on human primary tenocytes (hTCs). hTCs were isolated from hamstring grafts of four patients undergoing ACL reconstruction. After expansion, hTCs were treated with different concentrations of vancomycin (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL) for 10, 15, 30 and 60 min. In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated measuring metabolic activity, cell toxicity, and apoptosis. hTC metabolic activity was affected starting from 10 mg/mL vancomycin and decreased markedly at 100 mg/mL. Cell viability remained unaffected only at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL vancomycin. Vancomycin cytotoxicity was detected from 10 mg/mL after 15 min and at all higher concentrations. Cells died when treated with concentrations higher than 5 mg/mL. The use of this antibiotic on tendons to prevent infections could be useful and safe for resident cells if used at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL for up to 1 h of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gianluca Vadalà
- Laboratory of Regenerative Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus BioMedico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (C.C.); (F.R.); (L.A.); (G.D.G.); (V.D.)
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Pfeiffer TR. Editorial Commentary: Vancomycin Soaking of the Graft in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Concept on the Way to Becoming the New Gold Standard. Arthroscopy 2021; 37:961-963. [PMID: 33673974 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.12.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of surgeons adopt the concept of vancomycin soaking of the graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and report drastically reduced numbers of postoperative septic knee arthritis. This reduction of incidence is supported by in vitro data, showing no influence of vancomycin on tendon material properties. Although the applied antibiotic concentration has reported to be potent in eradicating graft contamination, no evidence of chondrotoxicity has been shown. Based on the increasing evidence, the call for randomized controlled trials stands in ethical contrast with the medical responsibility not to withhold patients an infection prophylaxis that has already been proven to be safe and effective.
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Kuršumović K, Charalambous CP. Relationship of Graft Type and Vancomycin Presoaking to Rate of Infection in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. JBJS Rev 2020; 8:e1900156. [DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.19.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Naendrup JH, Marche B, de Sa D, Koenen P, Otchwemah R, Wafaisade A, Pfeiffer TR. Vancomycin-soaking of the graft reduces the incidence of septic arthritis following ACL reconstruction: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:1005-1013. [PMID: 30656372 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE (1) To compare the incidence of post-operative septic arthritis following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) between patients receiving routine pre-operative intravenous (IV) prophylaxis only intravenous (IV) infection prophylaxis and patients receiving additional graft-soaking in a vancomycin solution (5 mg/ml) perioperatively. (2) To review the literature regarding effects of graft-soaking in vancomycin solutions on outcomes, complication rates and tendon properties in ACLR. METHODS To identify studies pertaining to routine pre-operative IV prophylaxis and additional usage of intra-operative vancomycin-soaked grafts in primary ACLR, the Cochrane Library, SCOPUS and MEDLINE were searched till June 2018 for English and German language studies of all levels of evidence following the PRISMA guidelines. Additionally, all accepted abstracts at the ESSKA 2018, ISAKOS 2017, AGA 2017 and AOSSM 2017 meetings were screened. Data regarding the incidence of septic arthritis were abstracted and combined in a meta-analysis. Data including outcome scores, complication rates and in vitro analyses of tendon properties were collected and summarized descriptively. RESULTS Upon screening 785 titles, 8 studies were included. These studies examined 5,075 patients following ACLR and followed from 6 to 52 weeks post-operatively. Of those 2099 patients in the routine pre-operative IV prophylaxis group, 44 (2.1%) cases of early septic arthritis were reported. In contrast, there were no reports of septic arthritis following ACLR in 2976 cases of vancomycin-soaked grafts. The meta-analysis yielded an odds ratio of 0.04 (0.01-0.16) favouring the addition of intra-operative vancomycin-soaking of grafts. Across all available studies, no differences in clinical outcome (i.e. incidence of ACL revision, IKDC score, Tegner score), biomechanical tendon properties, or cartilage integrity between patients with and without vancomycin-soaked grafts were identified. CONCLUSION The incidence of septic arthritis following ACLR can be reduced dramatically by vancomycin-soaking the grafts intra-operatively prior to graft passage and fixation. Within the limitation confines of this study, intra-operative graft-soaking in vancomycin appears to be a safe and effective method to reduce the incidence of septic arthritis following ACLR. Still, it remains debatable if the available data facilitate the recommendation for a universal application of vancomycin-soaking for all ACLR patients or if it should be reserved for patients at risk, including the use hamstring tendons, revision cases and in the presence of medical preconditions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, systematic review of Level III and Level IV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik Naendrup
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Cologne Merheim Medical Centre, Witten/Herdecke University, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, 51109, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh-UPMC Rooney Sports Complex, 3200 S Water St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
| | - Benedikt Marche
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Cologne Merheim Medical Centre, Witten/Herdecke University, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, 51109, Cologne, Germany
| | - Darren de Sa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh-UPMC Rooney Sports Complex, 3200 S Water St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
| | - Paola Koenen
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Cologne Merheim Medical Centre, Witten/Herdecke University, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, 51109, Cologne, Germany
| | - Robin Otchwemah
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Cologne Merheim Medical Centre, Witten/Herdecke University, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, 51109, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arasch Wafaisade
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Cologne Merheim Medical Centre, Witten/Herdecke University, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, 51109, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas R Pfeiffer
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Cologne Merheim Medical Centre, Witten/Herdecke University, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, 51109, Cologne, Germany. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh-UPMC Rooney Sports Complex, 3200 S Water St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA.
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Hurvitz AP, Prentice HA, Funahashi TT, Maletis GB. Screw and Sheath Tibial Fixation Associated With a Higher Likelihood of Deep Infection After Hamstring Graft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:806-811. [PMID: 32049567 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520902716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hamstring autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions (ACLRs) have exhibited higher infection rates compared with bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) autograft. The reason for this observed difference is unclear, warranting investigation. PURPOSE To evaluate the association between tibial fixation, either with or without a sheath and screw construct, and the risk of deep infection after hamstring autograft ACLR, using BPTB autograft as a reference group for comparison. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Using the Kaiser Permanente ACLR Registry, we identified all primary isolated, unilateral, single-bundle ACLRs with a BPTB or hamstring autograft (January 1, 2008, to September 30, 2016). The exposure groups included the following: (1) BPTB ACLR, (2) hamstring ACLR using a screw and sheath construct for tibial fixation (HS with screw and sheath), and (3) hamstring ACLR using a method other than a screw and sheath construct for tibial fixation (HS without screw and sheath). We used logistic regression to evaluate the likelihood of 90-day postoperative deep infection using BPTB autograft as the reference group and adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index. The number needed to be exposed (NNE) was calculated. RESULTS Of 15,671 ACLRs, 6745 (43.0%) used a BPTB graft, 2852 (18.2%) used HS with screw and sheath tibial fixation, and 6074 (38.8%) used HS without screw and sheath tibial fixation. There were 38 (0.2%) 90-day deep infections: 11 (0.2%) for BPTB, 14 (0.5%) for HS with screw and sheath, and 13 (0.2%) for HS without screw and sheath. Staphylococcus aureus for the BPTB group and Staphylococcus epidermidis in both hamstring groups were the most common infecting organisms. HS with screw and sheath had a higher likelihood of 90-day deep infection compared with BPTB ACLR (odds ratio [OR], 2.87; 95% CI, 1.29-6.38). We failed to observe a difference for HS without screw and sheath compared with BPTB ACLR (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.54-2.77). The NNE was 330 and 2701 for HS with and HS without screw and sheath, respectively. CONCLUSION Although the overall infection rate after ACLR is low, the higher likelihood of infections when sheath and screw combined are used for tibial fixation of a hamstring autograft ACLR should be a consideration when this procedure is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hurvitz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Heather A Prentice
- Surgical Outcomes and Analysis, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tadashi T Funahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Gregory B Maletis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Baldwin Park, California, USA
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16
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Barbara K, Alan I, Goran V, Saša J. Knee infection following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a cohort study of one thousand, eight hundred and ninety one patients from the single-centre database. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2020; 44:869-875. [DOI: 10.1007/s00264-020-04500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Ishibashi Y, Adachi N, Koga H, Kondo E, Kuroda R, Mae T, Uchio Y. Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) clinical practice guidelines on the management of anterior cruciate ligament injury - Secondary publication. J Orthop Sci 2020; 25:6-45. [PMID: 31843222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This clinical guideline presents recommendations for the management of patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, endorsed by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) and Japanese Orthopaedic Society of Knee, Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine (JOSKAS). METHODS The JOA ACL guideline committee revised the previous guideline based on "Medical Information Network Distribution Service Handbook for Clinical Practice Guideline Development 2014", which proposed a desirable method for preparing clinical guidelines in Japan. Furthermore, the importance of "the balance of benefit and harm" was also emphasized. This guideline consists of 21 clinical questions (CQ) and 23 background questions (BQ). For each CQ, outcomes from the literature were collected and evaluated systematically according to the adopted study design. RESULTS We evaluated the objectives and results of each study in order to make a decision on the level of evidence so as to integrate the results with our recommendations for each CQ. For BQ, the guideline committee proposed recommendations based on the literature. CONCLUSIONS This guideline is intended to be used by physicians, orthopedic surgeons, physical therapists, and athletic trainers managing ACL injuries. We hope that this guideline is useful for appropriate decision-making and improved management of ACL injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Ishibashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Adachi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Koga
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Eiji Kondo
- Centre for Sports Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Mae
- Department of Sports Medical Biomechanics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuji Uchio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shimane University School of Medicine, Japan
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18
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Figueroa D, Figueroa F, Calvo R, Lopez M, Goñi I. Presoaking of Hamstring Autografts in Vancomycin Decreases the Occurrence of Infection Following Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119871038. [PMID: 31598528 PMCID: PMC6764058 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119871038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Postoperative septic arthritis is an uncommon but potentially devastating
complication after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Our
group started presoaking grafts with vancomycin to decrease this risk. Purpose: To compare the rate of septic arthritis in primary hamstring autograft ACL
reconstruction with and without vancomycin-presoaked grafts. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Consecutive periods were studied, inclusive of April 2013 through October
2015 (pre-vancomycin protocol) and November 2015 through May 2018
(vancomycin protocol). A total of 490 patients were included in the study:
230 in the pre-vancomycin protocol and 260 in the vancomycin protocol. All
patients who underwent a primary hamstring autograft ACL reconstruction by 2
senior surgeons during the periods studied were included. The final outcome
studied was occurrence of highly probable postoperative septic arthritis in
both groups. Diagnosis of probable septic arthritis was made by clinical
diagnosis as well as cytological analysis of joint aspiration (cell count
>50,000/μL and >90% neutrophils). Statistical analysis was performed
with the Fisher exact test. Significance was set at P <
.05. Results: Four cases of probable postoperative septic arthritis were noted in the
pre-vancomycin protocol (1.7%; 2 cases per surgeon), while no cases of
septic arthritis were noted in the vancomycin protocol during the study
period (P < .05). Diagnosis was made at a mean 21.7 days
(range, 16-25 days). Staphylococcus epidermidis was
isolated in 2 cases, and in the other 2 cases, no organism was isolated. Conclusion: Presoaking of hamstring autografts in vancomycin for primary ACL
reconstruction prevented the occurrence of postoperative septic arthritis
during the study period as compared with no soaking of the grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Figueroa
- Knee Unit, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Figueroa
- Knee Unit, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.,Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael Calvo
- Knee Unit, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Lopez
- Investigation performed in Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Goñi
- Investigation performed in Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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Brophy RH, Huston LJ, Wright RW, Liu X, Amendola A, Andrish JT, Flanigan DC, Jones MH, Kaeding CC, Marx RG, Matava MJ, McCarty EC, Parker RD, Wolcott ML, Wolf BR, Spindler KP. Patients treated with surgical irrigation and debridement for infection after ACL reconstruction have a high rate of subsequent knee surgery. J ISAKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/jisakos-2018-000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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Schüttler KF, Scharm A, Stein T, Heyse TJ, Lohoff M, Sommer F, Spiess-Naumann A, Efe T. Biomechanical and microbiological effects of local vancomycin in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction: a porcine tendon model. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2019; 139:73-78. [PMID: 30039308 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-018-3006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although there is increasing evidence for the successful use of local vancomycin applied by soaked compresses during ACL reconstruction, there are still little data on its microbiological and biomechanical effects. Furthermore, exact dosage of vancomycin with respect to tendon stability and microbiological effectivity is still unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS 63 porcine flexor digitorum profundus tendons were harvested under sterile conditions from fresh cadaver legs. After contamination with Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), tendons were wrapped into sterile compresses moistened with different concentrations of vancomycin for 10 or 20 min. Sterile sodium chloride was used for control. After treatment, tendons were rolled onto blood-agar plates to test for residual bacterial contamination and tested for maximum load and stiffness using a uniaxial testing device with cryo-clamps for tendon fixation. Agar plates were checked after 1 week of culture at 36 °C for signs of bacterial growth. RESULTS When applying vancomycin for only 10 min, bacterial contamination was found in all dosage groups ranging from 28.6% contamination (n = 2 of 7 tendons) when using 10 mg/ml up to 85.7% (n = 6 of 7 tendons) when using 1 mg/ml. Applying vancomycin-soaked compresses for 20 min, bacterial contamination was still found in the groups using 1 mg/ml and 2.5 mg/ml (contamination rate 85.7 and 42.9% respectively). When using 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml, no bacterial contamination could be perceived after 7 days of culture. With regard to biomechanical properties, no differences were found regarding maximum load or Young's modulus between groups. CONCLUSIONS This study showed no signs of biomechanical impairment of porcine flexor tendons after the use of vancomycin wraps with concentration ranging from 1 to 10 mg/ml for 10 or 20 min at a time zero testing. Contamination with S. epidermidis was cleansed in 100% of tendons when using at least 5 mg/ml of vancomycin for 20 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Friedrich Schüttler
- Centre for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Alexander Scharm
- Centre for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stein
- Department of Sporttraumatology, Knee- and Shoulder-Surgery, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Sports Science, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas J Heyse
- Centre for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lohoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Sommer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anja Spiess-Naumann
- Centre for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Turgay Efe
- Centre for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Orthopeadicum Lich, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 7a, 35423, Lich, Germany
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21
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DiBartola AC, Swank KR, Flanigan DC. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction complicated by Propionibacterium acnes infection: case series. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2018; 46:273-278. [PMID: 29634385 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2018.1463062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is one of the most commonly performed orthopaedic procedures. While generally successful, failure resulting in revision surgery is reported to be between 1.9 - 4.9%. However, when not related to traumatic re-injury, failure mechanism is poorly understood. One potential but understudied mechanism of ACL reconstruction failure is infection. We describe three patients with previous ACL reconstructions who later developed infection with Propionibacterium acnes. Two cases presented with knee pain and swelling, and one presented with instability. While only two of the three cases received antibiotic treatment, all three cases were free of knee and infectious symptomatology at most recent follow-up. P. acnes infection may represent one potential mechanism for biologic failure of ACL reconstruction and anaerobic operative cultures may be used to identify its presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C DiBartola
- a Department of Orthopaedics , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | | | - David C Flanigan
- a Department of Orthopaedics , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA.,c Team Physician and Director of the Cartilage Restoration Program, Department of Orthopaedics , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
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22
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Pogorzelski J, Themessl A, Achtnich A, Fritz EM, Wörtler K, Imhoff AB, Beitzel K, Buchmann S. Septic Arthritis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: How Important Is Graft Salvage? Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:2376-2383. [PMID: 30010396 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518782433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic arthritis (SA) of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is a rare but potentially devastating condition. In certain cases, graft removal becomes necessary. PURPOSE To evaluate clinical, subjective, and radiologic outcomes of patients with SA after ACLR and assess whether graft retention has superior clinical results as compared with graft removal. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS All patients who were at least 12 months out from arthroscopic treatment of SA after isolated ACLR at our institution were eligible for inclusion. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: group 1, patients with initial graft retention; group 2, patients with initial graft removal. Group 2 was subdivided into 2 groups: group 2a, patients with graft reimplantation; group 2b, patients without graft reimplantation. Objective and subjective assessments were obtained at follow-up, including the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) knee examination form, KT-1000 arthrometer measurements, WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) score, Lysholm score, and IKDC subjective evaluation. Radiologic assessment was performed with pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Of the 41 patients included, 33 (81%) were available for follow-up at a mean ± SD 54.7 ± 24.4 months at an age of 28.4 ± 9.3 years. When compared with patients from group 2 (n = 12), patients from group 1 (n = 21) obtained significantly better results on the objective IKDC score (normal or nearly normal: group 1, 66.6%; group 2, 36.4%; P = .047) and KT-1000 measurements (group 1, 1.3 ± 1.0 mm; group 2, 2.9 ± 1.5 mm; P = .005). Group 1 also scored better than group 2 on the Lysholm ( P = .007), IKDC subjective ( P = .011), and WOMAC ( P = .069) measures. Between groups 2a (n = 4) and 2b (n = 8), no significant differences in outcomes could be detected ( P values, .307-.705), although patients with anterior cruciate ligament graft reimplantation showed a clear tendency toward better results in objective and not subjective parameters. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation showed higher rates of cartilage damage and meniscal tears among patients with graft resection versus graft retention. CONCLUSION Patients with graft retention showed superior postoperative results when compared with patients who underwent initial graft resection, although subanalysis showed comparable outcomes between graft retention and reimplantation. Thus, while graft-retaining protocols should have the highest priority in the treatment of SA after ACLR, graft reimplantation should be performed in cases where graft resection becomes necessary, to avoid future cartilage and meniscal lesions. Finally, further studies with larger numbers of patients are needed to gain a better understanding of the outcomes of patients with SA after ACLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Pogorzelski
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Themessl
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Achtnich
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Erik M Fritz
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Klaus Wörtler
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas B Imhoff
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Knut Beitzel
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Buchmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Orthopädisches Fachzentrum, Weilheim-Garmisch-Starnberg-Penzberg-Murnau, Germany
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23
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Kusnezov N, Eisenstein ED, Dunn JC, Wey AJ, Peterson DR, Waterman BR. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Removal Versus Retention in the Setting of Septic Arthritis After Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Expected Value Decision Analysis. Arthroscopy 2018; 34:967-975. [PMID: 29122433 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.08.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide further guidance on the optimal decision between anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft removal versus retention in the setting of septic arthritis following reconstruction using an expected value decision analysis. METHODS A systematic review and expected value decision analysis and sensitivity analyses were performed to quantify the clinical decision. A decision tree was created with 5 outcomes of interest: nonoperative complications, revision surgery, early reoperation, late reoperation, and "well." Pooled probabilities of each outcome were generated through a systematic literature review. We included only peer-reviewed studies, published in English, with at least 6 months of follow-up. One hundred randomly selected volunteers were given descriptions of the clinical scenario, the 2 treatment options, and outcomes of interest. Patients younger than 18 and older than 50 years and those previously treated for either ACL injury or septic arthritis, or both, were excluded from the analysis to minimize bias. These hypothetical patients indicated preferences for each outcome on a visual analog scale and responses were averaged to generate overall "utility values." Fold-back analysis summed products of pooled outcomes probabilities with respective averaged utility values. The resulting overall expected values for graft removal and debridement were compared, with the highest expected value considered to be superior. We then performed 1-way sensitivity analyses to mitigate sample bias. RESULTS Fold-back analysis revealed graft removal to be strongly favored over retention, with overall expected values of 17.2 and 8.64, respectively. The most important contributor to the difference in overall expected values was late reoperation (8.59 vs 2.50 for removal and retention, respectively). Despite adjustments made to the rates of revision and early reoperation during the 1-way sensitivity analyses, graft removal remained the optimal strategy. CONCLUSIONS This expected value decision analysis revealed that ACL graft removal was strongly favored by patients over graft retention in the setting of postoperative septic arthritis when consideration was given to the probabilities of wellness, nonoperative complications, revision surgery, early reoperation, and late reoperation. Sensitivity analysis revealed that although variation in rates of other outcomes did not impact this preference, the rate of late reoperation had a substantial impact. Only a sizable increase in the probability of late reoperation (from 0% to 60%) after graft removal would cause potential patients to favor graft retention. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, systematic review and decision analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kusnezov
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, William Beaumont Army Medical Center/Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Emmanuel D Eisenstein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, William Beaumont Army Medical Center/Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - John C Dunn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, William Beaumont Army Medical Center/Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Aaron J Wey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, William Beaumont Army Medical Center/Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - David R Peterson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, William Beaumont Army Medical Center/Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A..
| | - Brian R Waterman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, William Beaumont Army Medical Center/Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
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Waterman BR, Arroyo W, Cotter EJ, Zacchilli MA, Garcia EJ, Owens BD. Septic Arthritis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Clinical and Functional Outcomes Based on Graft Retention or Removal. Orthop J Sports Med 2018; 6:2325967118758626. [PMID: 29552571 PMCID: PMC5846937 DOI: 10.1177/2325967118758626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There remains a debate over whether to retain the index anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft in the setting of septic arthritis. Purpose: To evaluate and compare clinical outcomes for the treatment of septic arthritis after ACL reconstruction (ACLR) in those with and without early graft retention. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: The Military Health System was queried for all ACLR procedures performed between 2007 and 2013. Inclusion criteria required active military status, primary ACLR with secondary septic arthritis, and minimum 24-month surveillance. Demographic, clinical, and surgical variables were evaluated using descriptive statistics and regression analysis for factors influencing selected outcomes. Results: Of 9511 ACLR procedures, 31 (0.32%) were identified as having secondary septic arthritis requiring urgent arthroscopic irrigation and debridement and intravenous antibiotics (mean, 6.3 weeks). The majority (62%) were treated in the subacute (2 weeks to 2 months) setting. Index ACLR was performed with a hamstring autograft (n = 17, 55%), soft tissue allograft (n = 11, 35%), and patellar tendon autograft (n = 3, 10%). The graft was retained in 71% (n = 22) of patients, while 29% (n = 9) underwent early graft debridement. At a mean 26.9-month follow-up, 48% of patients (n = 15) had returned to the military. Graft removal was not predictive of return to active duty (P = .29). The presence of postoperative complications, including symptomatic postinfection arthritis (22.6%) and arthrofibrosis (9.7%), was the only variable predictive of inability to return to duty (odds ratio, 27.5 [95% CI, 3.24-233.47]; P = .002). Seven of 9 patients who underwent graft debridement underwent revision ACLR, and all 7 had stable knees at final follow-up compared with 68% (15/22) in the graft retention group. Conclusion: Arthroscopic debridement with early graft removal and staged revision ACLR remains a viable option for restoring knee stability (100%), although the rate of return to active duty was low in the graft resection group (33%). The risk of knee laxity did not differ based on early graft retention. Time to presentation with graft retention was not associated with a decreased rate of graft laxity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Waterman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - William Arroyo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Eric J Cotter
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - E'Stephan J Garcia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Brett D Owens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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25
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Jacobs CA, Burnham JM, Makhni E, Malempati CS, Swart E, Johnson DL. Allograft Augmentation of Hamstring Autograft for Younger Patients Undergoing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:892-899. [PMID: 28298052 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516676079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Younger patients and those with smaller hamstring autograft diameters have been shown to be at significantly greater risk of graft failure after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. To date, there is no information in the literature about the clinical success and/or cost-effectiveness of increasing graft diameter by augmenting with semitendinosus allograft tissue for younger patients. HYPOTHESIS Hybrid hamstring grafts are a cost-effective treatment option because of a reduced rate of graft failure. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study (economic and decision analysis); Level of evidence, 3. METHODS We retrospectively identified patients younger than 18 years who had undergone ACL reconstruction by a single surgeon between 2010 and 2015. During this period, the operating surgeon's graft selection algorithm included the use of bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) autografts for the majority of patients younger than 18 years. However, hamstring autografts (hamstring) or hybrid hamstring autografts with allograft augment (hybrid) were used in skeletally immature patients and in those whom the surgeon felt might have greater difficulty with postoperative rehabilitation after BTB graft harvest. Patient demographics, graft type, graft diameter, the time the patient was cleared to return to activity, and the need for secondary surgical procedures were compared between the hamstring and hybrid groups. The clinical results were then used to assess the potential cost-effectiveness of hybrid grafts in this select group of young patients with an ACL injury or reconstruction. RESULTS This study comprised 88 patients (hamstring group, n = 46; hybrid group, n = 42). The 2 groups did not differ in terms of age, sex, timing of return to activity, or prevalence of skeletally immature patients. Graft diameters were significantly smaller in the hamstring group (7.8 vs 9.9 mm; P < .001), which corresponded with a significantly greater rate of graft failure (13 of 46 [28.3%] vs 5 of 42 [11.9%]; P = .049). As a result of the reduced revision rate, the hybrid graft demonstrated incremental cost savings of US$2765 compared with the hamstring graft, and the hybrid graft was the preferred strategy in 89% of cases. CONCLUSION Driven by increased graft diameters and the reduced risk of revision, hybrid grafts appear to be a more cost-effective treatment option in a subset of younger patients with an ACL injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cale A Jacobs
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jeremy M Burnham
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Makhni
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chaitu S Malempati
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Eric Swart
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Darren L Johnson
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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26
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Figueroa D, Calvo R, Figueroa F, Paccot D, Izquierdo G, Morales N. Clinical and arthrometric outcomes of an anatomic outside-in single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a retrodrill. Knee 2016; 23:1098-1105. [PMID: 27816290 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main option to perform an anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is the anteromedial portal (AMP) technique. It has several reported complications (iatrogenic chondral injury, posterior-wall blowout, short sockets, increased risk of injury to common peroneal nerve). In an attempt to avoid these complications the outside-in (OI) technique was revived with the addition of a retrodrill. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical and arthrometric outcomes of a series of anatomical OI single bundle ACL reconstruction using a retrodrill. METHODS Prospective case series. KT-1000 and Pivot Shift Test were done at 24 months follow-up. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Lysholm and Tegner activity scores preoperatively and at final follow-up. Complications were reported. Statistical analysis was done with t-test. RESULTS 275 knees of 200 (73%) males and 75 (27%) females were enrolled in the study. Mean age 29.1 years (15-54). Mean follow-up 34.5 months (24-49). Mean preoperatively Lysholm Score 62 (25-95) versus 95 (76-100) at final follow-up (p<0.001) Mean preoperatively IKDC score 60 (26.4-90.8) versus 92 (59.8-100) at final follow-up (p<0.001) Mean Tegner activity Score pre injury 5 versus 5 at final follow-up. (p=0.59) Mean KT-1000 side-to-side difference 2mm (1-6). Pivot Shift test negative in 243 patients (90%); positive in 32 (10%) patients. 13 (5%) ACL re-ruptures. 2 (0.7%) infections. No other complications were reported. CONCLUSION OI single bundle anatomic ACL reconstruction using a retrodrill is a valid and safe option that avoids the complications reported with the AMP technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Figueroa
- The Knee Surgery Unit, Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, Clínica Alemana - Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rafael Calvo
- The Knee Surgery Unit, Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, Clínica Alemana - Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Figueroa
- The Knee Surgery Unit, Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, Clínica Alemana - Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Paccot
- The Knee Surgery Unit, Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, Clínica Alemana - Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Izquierdo
- The Knee Surgery Unit, Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, Clínica Alemana - Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson Morales
- The Knee Surgery Unit, Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, Clínica Alemana - Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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27
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Eriksson K, Karlsson J. Local vancomycin in ACL reconstruction: a modern rationale (2016) for morbidity prevention and patient safety. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2016; 24:2721-2723. [PMID: 27517460 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-016-4283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Eriksson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Stockholm South Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jon Karlsson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden
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28
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Kuršumović K, Charalambous CP. Graft salvage following infected anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Bone Joint J 2016; 98-B:608-15. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.98b5.35990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aims To examine the rates of hamstring graft salvage with arthroscopic debridement of infected anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction as reported in the literature and discuss functional outcomes. Materials and Methods A search was performed without language restriction on PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid, CINAHL and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases from their inception to April 2015. We identified 147 infected hamstring grafts across 16 included studies. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to estimate the overall graft salvage rate, incorporating two different definitions of graft salvage. Results The graft salvage rate was 86% (95% confidence intervals (CI) 73% to 93%; heterogeneity: tau2 = 1.047, I2 = 40.51%, Q = 25.2, df = 15, p < 0.001), excluding ACL re-ruptures. Including re-ruptures as failures, the graft salvage rate was 85% (95% CI 76% to 91%; heterogeneity: tau2 = 0.099, I2 = 8.15%, Q = 14.15, df = 13, p = 0.36). Conclusions Arthroscopic debridement combined with antibiotic treatment can lead to successful eradication of infection and graft salvage, with satisfactory functional outcomes in many cases of septic arthritis following ACL reconstruction. Persistent infection despite repeat arthroscopic debridements requires graft removal with the intention of revision ACL surgery at a later stage. Take home message: Arthroscopic debridement combined with antibiotic therapy is an appropriate initial approach in most cases of septic arthritis following ACL reconstruction, achieving graft salvage rates of about 85%. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:608–15.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Kuršumović
- Blackpool Victoria Hospital, 38
Whinney Heys Road Blackpool, Lancashire, FY3
8NR, UK
| | - C. P. Charalambous
- Blackpool Victoria Hospital, 38 Whinney
Heys Road, Blackpool, FY3 8NR, and Honorary
Professor, School of Medicine, University
of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1
2HE, Lancashire, UK
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29
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Post-arthroscopy septic arthritis: Current data and practical recommendations. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2015; 101:S347-50. [PMID: 26412207 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Septic arthritis develops after less than 1% of all arthroscopy procedures. The clinical symptoms may resemble those seen after uncomplicated arthroscopy, raising diagnostic challenges. The diagnosis rests on emergent joint aspiration with microscopic smear examination and prolonged culturing on specific media. Urgent therapeutic measures must be taken, including abundant arthroscopic lavage, synovectomy, and the concomitant administration of two effective antibiotics for at least 6 weeks. Preservation of implants or transplants is increasingly accepted, and repeated joint lavage is a component of the treatment strategy. After knee arthroscopy, infection is the most common complication; most cases occur after cruciate ligament reconstruction, and staphylococci are the predominant causative organisms. Emergent synovectomy with transplant preservation and appropriate antibiotic therapy ensures eradication of the infection in 85% of cases, with no adverse effect on final functional outcomes. After shoulder arthroscopy, infection is 10 times less common than neurological complications and occurs mainly after rotator cuff repair procedures; the diagnosis may be difficult and delayed if Propionibacterium acnes is the causative organism. The update presented here is based on both a literature review and a practice survey. The findings have been used to develop practical recommendations aimed at improving the management of post-arthroscopy infections, which are exceedingly rare but can induce devastating functional impairments.
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30
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Torres-Claramunt R, Gelber P, Pelfort X, Hinarejos P, Leal-Blanquet J, Pérez-Prieto D, Monllau JC. Managing septic arthritis after knee ligament reconstruction. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2015; 40:607-14. [PMID: 26239533 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-015-2884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Joint infection after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is uncommon but has potentially serious consequences for the graft and articular cartilage. Most recently published series are in agreement that an urgent arthroscopic washout and antibiotic treatment are mandatory to preserve both graft and cartilage. However, several questions have not as yet been touched upon. METHODS We performed a literature review to assess the most interesting series published about this issue. RESULTS In this review, a management protocol is first presented that discusses the different diagnostic parameters to consider and surgical and antibiotic treatment suggested according to the literature. Outcomes published in different series are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Torres-Claramunt
- Orthopaedic Department, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Marítim 25-29, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pablo Gelber
- Orthopaedic Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Pelfort
- Orthopaedic Department, Consorci Sanitari de l'Anoia, Avinguda Catalunya 11, 08700, Igualada, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Hinarejos
- Orthopaedic Department, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Marítim 25-29, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Leal-Blanquet
- Orthopaedic Department, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Marítim 25-29, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez-Prieto
- Orthopaedic Department, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Marítim 25-29, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan C Monllau
- Orthopaedic Department, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Marítim 25-29, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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Makhni EC, Steinhaus ME, Mehran N, Schulz BS, Ahmad CS. Functional Outcome and Graft Retention in Patients With Septic Arthritis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy 2015; 31:1392-401. [PMID: 25727493 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a comprehensive review of clinical and functional outcomes after treatment for septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed. Two reviewers assessed and confirmed the methodologic quality of each study. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were assessed for pertinent data, and when available, similar outcomes were combined to generate frequency-weighted means. RESULTS Nineteen studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for this review, reporting on a total of 203 infected knees. The mean age was 27.5 years and the mean length of follow-up was 44.2 months, with male patients comprising 88% of the population. Hamstring and bone-patellar tendon-bone autografts were used in 63% and 33% of patients, respectively, with 78% of patients retaining their grafts. The studies reported mean flexion and extension deficits of 5.8° and 1.0°, respectively, and laxity testing showed a mean difference of 1.9 mm. The studies reported mean Lysholm, International Knee Documentation Committee, and Tegner scores of 82.1, 68.2, and 5.6, respectively. Of the patients, 83% reported an ability to return to activities of daily living whereas 67% reported a return to their preinjury level of athletics. Evidence of new degenerative changes was seen in 22% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction remains a very infrequent event, affecting 0.5% of patients. On average, outcomes in these patients are comparable with those in patients in whom infection does not develop, including postoperative range of motion, residual instability, Lysholm scores, and return to preinjury level of activity. These patients do exhibit decreased International Knee Documentation Committee scores compared with patients without septic arthritis, however. The impact of this differential is not clear, but this scoring difference suggests that septic arthritis may be associated with more severe symptoms and reduced functional outcomes. In addition, there is limited evidence suggesting that septic arthritis leads to early degenerative changes found on imaging. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, systematic review of Level III and IV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Makhni
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | | | - Nima Mehran
- Henry Ford Hospital, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Brian S Schulz
- Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
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