1
|
Kamnikar KR, Appel NS, Menegaz R, Jashashvili T, Hill EC, Edgar HJH. Technical note: Measuring bicondylar length in computed tomography data. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024:e25032. [PMID: 39373402 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.25032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With the increased use of 3D-generated images in biological research, there is a critical need to adapt classical anatomical measurements, traditionally conducted with calipers, to a virtual environment. We present detailed protocols for measuring bicondylar length, a critical dimension of the femur, using three different imaging software programs-3D Slicer™, Amira™, and Simpleware™. These protocols provide researchers and practitioners in radiology, orthopedics, biomechanics, and biological anthropology with accurate and reproducible measurement techniques. The objective is to standardize and support virtual osteology in biomechanical research, stature estimation, and related medical and anthropological studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adhering to standardized protocols, we adapted femoral bicondylar length measurements for computed tomography images from a New Mexican collection (n = 10). The method was designed for applicability and reproducibility across three software platforms. By comparing measurements from the same sample across different observers and different platforms, this study validates the accuracy and consistency of the adapted protocol, demonstrating its utility for research and clinical assessments. RESULTS We present a step-by-step guide for each program, detailing bone alignment and measurement. We illustrate each step and provide video tutorials via links for an enhanced understanding of the process. DISCUSSION Bicondylar length can be measured effectively in each software program following the provided instructions. However, ease of measurement varied among the programs, with some offering a more straightforward process. This variability underscores the importance of choosing appropriate software for the user's needs and proficiency. It also suggests areas for improvement and standardization in software design and instructional clarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Kamnikar
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Nicollette S Appel
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Office of the Medical Investigator, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Rachel Menegaz
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, The University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Tea Jashashvili
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ethan C Hill
- Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Heather J H Edgar
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Office of the Medical Investigator, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kanna R, Kumar VS, Karthikeyan V, Anand S, Ravichandran C, Murali SM. Influence of Preoperative Deformity on Flexion Gap Asymmetry in Measured Resection Technique: A Theoretical Study in Navigated Gap Balancing Total Knee Arthroplasties, Done for Varus Knee Osteoarthritis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev 2024; 8:01979360-202402000-00007. [PMID: 38354198 PMCID: PMC11136515 DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-23-00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disagreement exists on (a) achieving a symmetrical flexion gap and (b) the influence of varus deformity on the flexion gap asymmetry (FGA) in measured resection (MR) total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We aimed to determine the FGA and influence of preoperative deformity on the FGA, based on the MR technique, in varus knee osteoarthritis. METHODS In 321 navigated TKAs, we released the soft tissues in extension. In 90° flexion, with the tensioner in situ, we calculated the FGA, the angle between the posterior femoral cut (planned 3° external rotation to the posterior condylar line, parallel to the surgical transepicondylar axis, or perpendicular to the Whiteside line) and the proximal tibial resection plane. RESULTS The FGA values varied widely, and the risk of >2° and >3° FGA was present in at least 60% and 40% knees, respectively. These risks were high in knees with moderate and severe varus deformity. CONCLUSIONS In varus knee osteoarthritis, the risk of FGA (based on the MR technique) was high, especially when the deformity was moderate to severe. Caution is required in MR TKA, and surgeons must consider safer alternatives (gap balancing or hybrid technique) to achieve a symmetrical flexion gap in these knees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kanna
- From the Madha Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kanna); Department of Orthopaedics, Prashanth Super Speciality Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kanna); Government Headquarters Hospital, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kumar); Department of Radiodiagnosis, Bhaarath Medical College Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Karthikeyan); Department of Orthopaedics, Primus Hospital, Delhi, India (Dr. Anand); WYE Valley NHS Trust, The County Hospital, Hereford, Herefordshire, UK (Dr. Ravichandran), Department of Orthopaedics,SMMCH&RI, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Murali)
| | - V. Senthil Kumar
- From the Madha Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kanna); Department of Orthopaedics, Prashanth Super Speciality Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kanna); Government Headquarters Hospital, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kumar); Department of Radiodiagnosis, Bhaarath Medical College Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Karthikeyan); Department of Orthopaedics, Primus Hospital, Delhi, India (Dr. Anand); WYE Valley NHS Trust, The County Hospital, Hereford, Herefordshire, UK (Dr. Ravichandran), Department of Orthopaedics,SMMCH&RI, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Murali)
| | - Vijaya Karthikeyan
- From the Madha Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kanna); Department of Orthopaedics, Prashanth Super Speciality Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kanna); Government Headquarters Hospital, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kumar); Department of Radiodiagnosis, Bhaarath Medical College Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Karthikeyan); Department of Orthopaedics, Primus Hospital, Delhi, India (Dr. Anand); WYE Valley NHS Trust, The County Hospital, Hereford, Herefordshire, UK (Dr. Ravichandran), Department of Orthopaedics,SMMCH&RI, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Murali)
| | - Sumit Anand
- From the Madha Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kanna); Department of Orthopaedics, Prashanth Super Speciality Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kanna); Government Headquarters Hospital, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kumar); Department of Radiodiagnosis, Bhaarath Medical College Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Karthikeyan); Department of Orthopaedics, Primus Hospital, Delhi, India (Dr. Anand); WYE Valley NHS Trust, The County Hospital, Hereford, Herefordshire, UK (Dr. Ravichandran), Department of Orthopaedics,SMMCH&RI, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Murali)
| | - Chandramohan Ravichandran
- From the Madha Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kanna); Department of Orthopaedics, Prashanth Super Speciality Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kanna); Government Headquarters Hospital, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kumar); Department of Radiodiagnosis, Bhaarath Medical College Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Karthikeyan); Department of Orthopaedics, Primus Hospital, Delhi, India (Dr. Anand); WYE Valley NHS Trust, The County Hospital, Hereford, Herefordshire, UK (Dr. Ravichandran), Department of Orthopaedics,SMMCH&RI, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Murali)
| | - S. M. Murali
- From the Madha Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kanna); Department of Orthopaedics, Prashanth Super Speciality Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kanna); Government Headquarters Hospital, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Kumar); Department of Radiodiagnosis, Bhaarath Medical College Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Karthikeyan); Department of Orthopaedics, Primus Hospital, Delhi, India (Dr. Anand); WYE Valley NHS Trust, The County Hospital, Hereford, Herefordshire, UK (Dr. Ravichandran), Department of Orthopaedics,SMMCH&RI, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr. Murali)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu K, Liu Y, Fan Z, Fu D. Accuracy and reproducibility of two-dimensional computed tomography-based positioning of femoral component rotational alignment in preoperative planning for total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:964. [PMID: 38098082 PMCID: PMC10722822 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor rotation of the femoral component in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can result in various postoperative complications, underscoring the critical importance of preoperative planning. PURPOSE To improve the accuracy of femoral component positioning during TKA, this study compared the accuracy and repeatability of different two-dimensional (2D) computed tomography (CT) measurement methods for measuring the posterior condylar angle (PCA) in preoperative TKA planning. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on 75 patients (150 knees) who underwent bilateral lower extremity computed tomography angiography (CTA) at Fuyang People's Hospital from January 2021 to July 2021. Three different methods were used to measure the PCA based on 2D CT images (axial CT slices) and three-dimensional(3D) models (femoral models reconstructed from CT data) in this study. Method 1: Single-plane 2D CT measurement, measuring PCA in the most obvious single-plane CT slice of the surgical transepicondylar axis (sTEA); Method 2: multi-plane 2D CT measurement, identifying and locating anatomical landmarks in multiple 2D CT slices and measuring PCA; Method 3: 3D model measurement, measuring PCA in the reconstructed femur 3D model. Compare the differences in PCA measurements between the three measurement methods. A positive PCA measurement was recorded when the sTEA was externally rotated relative to the posterior condylar line (PCL). Any difference exceeding 3° between the PCA measurement in the 2D CT and the PCA reference value in the 3D model was classified as an outlier. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman method were utilized to assess the intra- and inter-observer reproducibility of the three measurement methods. RESULTS The PCA measurement in the single-plane 2D CT was 1.91 ± 1.94°, with a measurement error of - 1.22 ± 1.32° and 12.7% of outlier values. In the multi-plane 2D CT, the PCA measurement was 2.96 ± 1.68°, with a measurement error of -0.15 ± 0.91° and 6.0% of outlier values. The PCA measurement in the 3D model was 3.12 ± 1.69°. The PCA measurement in single-plane 2D CT was notably smaller than that in multi-plane 2D CT and 3D models, with no significant difference between the latter two. The multi-plane 2D CT showed significantly lower measurement error and outlier values than the single-plane 2D CT. All three PCA measurement methods exhibited high reproducibility (ICC: 0.93 ~ 0.97). CONCLUSIONS Using of multi-plane 2D CT for measuring PCA in preoperative planning of TKA has high reproducibility and accuracy, with fewer outlier values. We recommend preoperative measurement of PCA using muti-plane 2D CT to improve the accuracy of positioning the femoral component rotational alignment during surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Fuyang People's Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuandong Liu
- Fuyang People's Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zongqing Fan
- Fuyang People's Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Donglin Fu
- Fuyang People's Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, Anhui Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|