Tourist group itinerary design: When the firefly algorithm meets the n-person Battle of Sexes

QL-ADIFA: Hybrid optimization using Q-learning and an adaptive logarithmic spiral-levy firefly algorithm

Optimization problems are ubiquitous in engineering and scientific research, with a large number of such problems requiring resolution. Meta-heuristics offer a promising approach to solving optimization problems. The firefly algorithm (FA) is a swarm intelligence meta-heuristic that emulates the flickering patterns and behaviour of fireflies. Although FA has been significantly enhanced to improve its performance, it still exhibits certain deficiencies. To overcome these limitations, this study presents the Q-learning based on the adaptive logarithmic spiral-Levy flight firefly algorithm (QL-ADIFA). The Q-learning technique empowers the improved firefly algorithm to leverage the firefly's environmental awareness and memory while in flight, allowing further refinement of the enhanced firefly. Numerical experiments demonstrate that QL-ADIFA outperforms existing methods on 15 benchmark optimization functions and twelve engineering problems: cantilever arm design, pressure vessel design, three-bar truss design problem, and 9 constrained optimization problems in CEC2020.