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Pang L, Cui M, Wu S, Kong J. Cav-1 regulates the bile salt export pump on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes by PKCα-associated signalling under cholesterol stimulation. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18110. [PMID: 38164042 PMCID: PMC10844719 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The secretion of bile salts transported by the bile salt export pump (BSEP) is the primary driving force for the generation of bile flow; thus, it is closely related to the formation of cholesterol stones. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), an essential player in cell signalling and endocytosis, is known to co-localize with cholesterol-rich membrane domains. This study illustrates the role of Cav-1 and BSEP in cholesterol stone formation. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6 mice were used as an animal model. HepG2 cells were cultured under different cholesterol concentrations and BSEP, Cav-1, p-PKCα and Hax-1 expression levels were determined via Western blotting. Expression levels of BSEP and Cav-1 mRNA were detected using real-time PCR. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation assays were performed to study BSEP and Hax-1 distribution. Finally, an ATPase activity assay was performed to detect BSEP transport activity under different cholesterol concentrations in cells. RESULTS Under low-concentration stimulation with cholesterol, Cav-1 and BSEP protein and mRNA expression levels significantly increased, PKCα phosphorylation significantly decreased, BSEP binding capacity to Hax-1 weakened, and BSEP function increased. Under high-concentration stimulation with cholesterol, Cav-1 and BSEP protein and mRNA expression levels decreased, PKCα phosphorylation increased, BSEP binding capacity to Hax-1 rose, and BSEP function decreased. CONCLUSION Cav-1 regulates the bile salt export pump on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes via PKCα-associated signalling under cholesterol stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Pang
- Department of General SurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Meiying Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing HospitalChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Shuodong Wu
- Department of General SurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of General SurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
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Zhu L, Su W, Xu X, Shao S, Qin C, Gao R, Wang X, Ma M, Gao J, Zhang Z. Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction Induces Gallstone by Inhibiting the Expression of ABCB11 via PKC-α. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04818-x. [PMID: 38158489 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The abnormal increase of Oddi sphincter pressure and total bile duct pressure may play an important role in the formation of cholesterol stones, but the specific molecular mechanism is still unclear. This study aims to investigate it through in vitro and in vivo experiments. A mouse model of Oddi sphincter dysfunction was constructed by stone-inducing diet. We compared the two groups with PKC-α inhibitor GÖ6976 and PKC-α agonist thymeleatoxin. Oddi sphincter pressure and total bile duct pressure were measured. Biochemical analysis of total cholesterol, bile acid and bilirubin was then conducted. The histopathologic changes of bile duct were observed by HE staining and the ultrastructure of liver cells and surrounding tissues was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Through the above experiments, we found that the change of PKC-α expression may affect the formation process of gallstones. The relationship between PKC-α and ABCB11 was further verified by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Our results suggest that ABCB11 and PKC-α are co-expressed in the tubule membrane of hepatocytes and interact with each other in hepatocytes. The high cholesterol diet further enhances the activation of PKC-α and thus reduces the expression of ABCB11. The formation of cholesterol stones is associated with the down-regulation of ABCB11 expression in the tubule membrane of hepatocytes due to kinase signaling. This is the first study to demonstrate that sphincter of Oddi dysfunction induces gallstones through PKC-α inhibition of ABCB11 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Wei Su
- Liver Gall Bladder and Pancreatic Surgery Ward, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Xianwen Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 250021, Jinan, China
| | - Ruxin Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Xinxing Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Mingze Ma
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Junlin Gao
- Liver Gall Bladder and Pancreatic Surgery Ward, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, 810001, China.
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 250021, Jinan, China.
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Chen Y, Wu S, Qi L, Dai W, Tian Y, Kong J. Altered absorptive function in the gall bladder during cholesterol gallstone formation is associated with abnormal NHE3 complex formation. J Physiol Biochem 2020; 76:427-435. [PMID: 32557227 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) contributes to the formation of cholesterol gallstones. We aimed to investigate whether NHE3 dysfunction is associated with abnormalities in NHE3 complex formation. We fed C57BL/6 mice with control or lithogenic diet and study the expression of NHE3, ezrin, and Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1) in the gallbladder (GB) using RT-PCR and western blot. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation were performed to investigate the interactions of NHE3 with ezrin or NHERF1. To explore the initiating factor that leads to NHE3 dysfunction, we stimulated cholangiocarcinoma cells with taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDC) and/or forskolin. The effects of TCDC on the expression of NHE3 regulatory proteins, as well as their bindings to NHE3, were detected by western blot and immunoprecipitation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to study the regulation of cAMP production by TCDC. The expression of NHERF1 and ezrin phosphorylation level were increased in the gallbladder epithelial cells (GBECs) of C57BL/6 mice with cholesterol gallstones. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that the subcellular localization of ezrin and NHERF1 were similar to that of NHE3 in GBECs. Immunoprecipitation revealed that ezrin formed macrocomplex with NHE3, which were enhanced after gallstone formation. TCDC increased forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation, and NHERF1 and PKCα expression in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Under the synergistic effect of forskolin, TCDC stimulated ezrin phosphorylation, with enhanced interaction between ezrin and NHE3. The formation of cholesterol gallstones is associated with abnormal formation of NHE3 complexes. Decreased biliary TCDC may be an initiating factor that leads to abnormal GB absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuodong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Li Qi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39, Hua xiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wanlin Dai
- China Medical University, No. 77, Pu He Road, Shenbeixin District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
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4
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Chen Y, Kong J, Wu S. Cholesterol gallstone disease: focusing on the role of gallbladder. J Transl Med 2015; 95:124-31. [PMID: 25502177 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallstone disease (GSD) is one of the most common biliary tract diseases worldwide in which both genetic and environmental factors have roles in its pathogenesis. Biliary cholesterol supersaturation from metabolic defects in the liver is traditionally seen as the main pathogenic factor. Recently, there have been renewed investigative interests in the downstream events that occur in gallbladder lithogenesis. This article focuses on the role of the gallbladder in the pathogenesis of cholesterol GSD (CGD). Various conditions affecting the crystallization process are discussed, such as gallbladder motility, concentrating function, lipid transport, and an imbalance between pro-nucleating and nucleation inhibiting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuodong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Uray KS, Shah SK, Radhakrishnan RS, Jimenez F, Walker PA, Stewart RH, Laine GA, Cox CS. Sodium hydrogen exchanger as a mediator of hydrostatic edema-induced intestinal contractile dysfunction. Surgery 2011; 149:114-25. [PMID: 20553904 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resuscitation-induced intestinal edema is associated with early and profound mechanical changes in intestinal tissue. We hypothesize that the sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE), a mechanoresponsive ion channel, is a mediator of edema-induced intestinal contractile dysfunction. METHODS An animal model of hydrostatic intestinal edema was used for all experiments. NHE isoforms 1-3 mRNA and protein were evaluated. Subsequently, the effects of NHE inhibition (with 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride [EIPA]) on wet-to-dry ratios, signal transduction and activator of transcription (STAT)-3, intestinal smooth muscle myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, intestinal contractile activity, and intestinal transit were measured. RESULTS NHE1-3 mRNA and protein levels were increased significantly in the small intestinal mucosa with the induction of intestinal edema. The administration of EIPA, an NHE inhibitor, attenuated validated markers of intestinal contractile dysfunction induced by edema as measured by decreased STAT-3 activation, increased MLC phosphorylation, improved intestinal contractile activity, and enhanced intestinal transit. CONCLUSION The mechanoresponsive ion channel NHE may mediate edema-induced intestinal contractile dysfunction, possibly via a STAT-3 related mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Uray
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Swartz-Basile DA, Lu D, Basile DP, Graewin SJ, Al-Azzawi H, Kiely JM, Mathur A, Yancey K, Pitt HA. Leptin regulates gallbladder genes related to absorption and secretion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 293:G84-90. [PMID: 17463181 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00389.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of gallbladder ion and water absorption and/or secretion has been linked to cholesterol crystal and gallstone formation. We have recently demonstrated that obese, leptin-deficient (Lep(ob)) mice have enlarged gallbladder volumes and decreased gallbladder contractility and that leptin administration to these mice normalizes gallbladder function. However, the effect of leptin on gallbladder absorption/secretion is not known. Therefore, we sought to determine whether leptin would alter the expression of genes involved in water and ion transport across the gallbladder epithelium. Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays representing 39,000 transcripts were used to compare gallbladder gene-expression profiles from 12-wk-old control saline-treated Lep(ob) and from leptin-treated Lep(ob) female mice. Leptin administration to Lep(ob) mice decreased gallbladder volume, bile sodium concentration, and pH. Leptin repletion upregulated the expression of aquaporin 1 water channel by 1.3-fold and downregulated aquaporin 4 by 2.3-fold. A number of genes involved in sodium transport were also influenced by leptin replacement. Epithelial sodium channel-alpha and sodium hydrogen exchangers 1 and 3 were moderately downregulated by 2.0-, 1.6-, and 1.3-fold, respectively. Carbonic anhydrase-IV, which plays a role in the acidification of bile, was upregulated 3.7-fold. In addition, a number of inflammatory cytokines that are known to influence gallbladder epithelial cell absorption and secretion were upregulated. Thus leptin, an adipocyte-derived cytokine involved with satiety and energy balance, influences gallbladder bile volume, sodium, and pH as well as multiple inflammatory cytokine genes and genes related to water, sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Swartz-Basile
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 535 Barnhill Drive, RT 130D, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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van Erpecum KJ, Wang DQH. The gallbladder: innocent bystander or major factor in cholesterol-gallstone formation? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 146:202-4. [PMID: 16194680 DOI: 10.1016/j.lab.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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van Erpecum KJ, Wang DQH, Moschetta A, Ferri D, Svelto M, Portincasa P, Hendrickx JJ, Schipper M, Calamita G. Gallbladder histopathology during murine gallstone formation: relation to motility and concentrating function. J Lipid Res 2005; 47:32-41. [PMID: 16224116 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500180-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
C57L mice are susceptible and AKR mice are resistant to gallstone formation. We studied in male mice of both strains gallbladder histopathology, cholecystokinin-induced emptying, and concentrating function at 0, 14, 28, and 56 days on a lithogenic diet. Gallbladder wall thickness increased on the diet, with stromal granulocyte infiltration, progressive fibrosis, edema, and epithelial cell indentation, particularly in C57L. Strong basal cholecystokinin octapeptide-induced gallbladder emptying (70% of fasting volumes) occurred in both strains, but fasting gallbladder volumes were significantly larger in C57L (14.8 +/- 2.2 microl vs. 8.8 +/- 1.0 microl). On the diet, fasting volumes increased exclusively in C57L (28.6 +/- 2.9 microl on day 56), with progressively decreased emptying (27% of fasting volumes on day 56). Gallbladder emptying remained normal in AKR. Gallbladder concentrating function decreased on the lithogenic diet (especially in C57L), coinciding with decreased aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and AQP8 expression at the mRNA and protein levels. In additional experiments, similar downregulation of AQP1 and AQP8 mRNA expression occurred in farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-deficient mice after 1 week on the lithogenic diet, without any difference from corresponding wild-type mice. In conclusion, during murine lithogenesis, altered gallbladder histology is associated with impaired motility, reduced concentrating function, and decreased AQP1 and AQP8 expression, the latter without the involvement of the FXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel J van Erpecum
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Fox JG, Yan LL, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ, Shames B, Murphy JC, Hayward A, Belcher JC, Mendes EN. Helicobacter bilis sp. nov., a novel Helicobacter species isolated from bile, livers, and intestines of aged, inbred mice. J Med Microbiol 1995; 60:1366-1374. [PMID: 7536217 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.032144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A fusiform bacterium with 3 to 14 multiple bipolar sheathed flagella and periplasmic fibers wrapped around the cell was isolated from the liver, bile, and lower intestine of aged, inbred mice. The bacteria grew at 37 and 42 degrees C under microaerophilic conditions, rapidly hydrolyzed urea, were catalase and oxidase positive, reduced nitrate to nitrite, did not hydrolyze indoxyl acetate or hippurate, and were resistant to both cephalothin and nalidixic acid but sensitive to metronidazole. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the organism was classified as a novel helicobacter, Helicobacter bilis. This new helicobacter, like Helicobacter hepaticus, colonizes the bile, liver, and intestine of mice. Although the organism is associated with multifocal chronic hepatitis, further studies are required to ascertain whether H. bilis is responsible for causing chronic hepatitis and/or hepatocellular tumors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge 02139
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