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Tomassini L, Gambelunghe C, Fedeli P, Scendoni R, Caruso AC, Mezzetti E, Manta AM, Lancia M. Suicidal decapitation by hanging: A systematic review of the literature and comparison with case reports. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2024; 70:102464. [PMID: 38838410 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicidal hanging resulting in decapitation is rarely documented. This discussion involves a case of a 35-year-old man found decapitated in his residence's garden. A systematic literature review on hanging-induced decapitation was conducted to comprehensively investigate and compare the case to existing literature. The study aims to identify frequently described post-mortem findings in cases of suicidal hanging leading to decapitation. CASE REPORT A 35-year-old man was found decapitated in his garden, with a jute strap and chimney debris nearby. The cervical region was completely severed along the dorsoventral and craniocaudal plane, exposing internal structures. A ligature mark was present, along with Amussat's sign and Simon's bleeding. METHODS The systematic review of the literature followed PRISMA standards, analyzing 3622 publications from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases up to 2023. Inclusion criteria comprised cases of complete or incomplete decapitation resulting from hanging, available in full-text and written in English. RESULTS 16 articles on hanging-induced decapitation met the selection criteria; 22 cases were analyzed. Studies, mostly from Europe, showed a mean victim age of 44.3, all male. Fall height ranged from 1 m to 18 m, with various suspension media. Most cases displayed complete decapitation, primarily between cervical vertebrae C1 and C3. Some cases noted collateral findings. CONCLUSIONS Complete crime scene investigation and thorough post-mortem examination are crucial for reconstructing events, especially with confounding elements. Precise evidence collection and literature comparison are essential to understand the case and substantiate the forensic pathologist's hypothesis in court.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Tomassini
- International School of Advanced Studies, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Gambelunghe
- Forensic Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Piergiorgio Fedeli
- School of Law, Legal Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Roberto Scendoni
- Department of Law, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, 62100 Macerata, Italy.
| | - Anna Claudia Caruso
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Section of Legal Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Eleonora Mezzetti
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Manta
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Section of Legal Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Massimo Lancia
- Forensic Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
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Campobasso CP, De Simone M, Porzio A, Mazzini E, Carfora A, Feola A. Suicide by ligature strangulation and/or hanging inside a motor vehicle: a comprehensive review. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024:10.1007/s12024-024-00828-1. [PMID: 38760630 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-024-00828-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Suicide by ligature strangulation/hanging inside vehicles is uncommon, and only few cases have been reported in the literature. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive review of reported cases of suicide by ligature strangulation/hanging inside vehicles, analyzing the features of the death scene, of the ligature and furrow, autopsy findings, and causes of death. The comprehensive review was performed following the PRISMA guidelines by using the most common scientific databases. According to inclusion criteria, a total of 20 cases of vehicle-assisted strangulation/hanging were reviewed: 13 cases were assessed as ligature strangulation resulting in 7 complete decapitations and 7 other cases as hanging. All victims were young or adult males, except for one 48-year-old female. Death was assessed as suicide in all cases, except for a possible accidental autoerotic death. In 8 cases, a history of depression or other psychiatric disorders was reported. Toxicological analysis were positive in 7 cases. Hard ligature materials (nylon, steel, plastic, hemp ropes) were used in most cases, but only 13 cases had a well-demarcated furrow. In 2 cases, no internal findings of asphyxia were found. An additional case of ligature strangulation inside a motor vehicle off is also presented, where no autopsy findings of asphyxia were observed, except for a broad pale furrow and monolateral conjunctival petechiae. This study highlights the challenges in classifying suicidal hanging and ligature strangulation in motor vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Pietro Campobasso
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Luciano Armanni 5, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Mariavictoria De Simone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Luciano Armanni 5, Naples, 80138, Italy.
| | - Antonietta Porzio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Luciano Armanni 5, Naples, 80138, Italy
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Luciano Armanni 5, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mazzini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Luciano Armanni 5, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Anna Carfora
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Luciano Armanni 5, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Alessandro Feola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Luciano Armanni 5, Naples, 80138, Italy
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Lorenzoni M, Baldisser F, Del Balzo G, Raniero D, Ausania F. Incomplete decapitation in suicidal vehicle-assisted ligature strangulation: A case report and a review of the literature. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2024; 67:102378. [PMID: 38154313 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle-assisted ligature strangulation is an extremely rare suicide method. We report a case of a 43-year-old man who secured one end of a nylon rope to a tree and the other end around his neck, then got inside his vehicle and stepped on the gas, leading to an incomplete decapitation. A sharply demarcated encircling ligature mark was found upon external examination, along with a deep laceration in the anterior region of the neck. The severance plane passed between the third and fourth cervical vertebrae, with diffuse haemorrhagic infiltration of the cervical muscles, in accordance with autopsy findings reported in the literature. The lung histological examination described a large amount of red blood cells and pulmonary oedema. A review of the literature concerning suicidal vehicle-assisted ligature strangulation cases allowed us to investigate some common autopsy findings, as well as the rope features relevant to the beheading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lorenzoni
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Francesco Baldisser
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Del Balzo
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Dario Raniero
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Ausania
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
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O'Donovan S, van den Heuvel C, Baldock M, Byard RW. An overview of suicides related to motor vehicles. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2023; 63:151-158. [PMID: 36000305 DOI: 10.1177/00258024221122187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although vehicles may be used in a wide variety of suicides, this has not been a focus in the forensic literature. Thus, an analysis of coronial autopsy reports at Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, South Australia over a 16-year period from January 2005 to December 2020 was undertaken to provide an overview of cases in which it was considered that a vehicle had been integral to the successful completion of a suicide. De-identified details were collected from all cases in which a vehicle had facilitated or been used as a method of suicide. A number of different types of vehicle-related suicide methods were identified, including cases where vehicles had been used as secure places for suicide or where the vehicle had been used to cause significant blunt force trauma or to enter a lethal environment such as water. Specific examples were taken from the following categories: (1) inhalation of gas, (2) drug toxicity, (3) hanging or ligature strangulation, (4) self-immolation, (5) drowning, (6) vehicle collision, (7) driving off a cliff, (8) jumping or lying in front of a vehicle and (9) the use of more than one method (i.e. complex). This report is not intended to provide an epidemiological analysis of car-related suicides. Instead, the details of selected cases have been used to illustrate the spectrum of methods that may be used in vehicle-assisted suicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan O'Donovan
- The School of Biomedicine, 1066The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Matthew Baldock
- Centre for Automotive Safety Research, 1066The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Roger W Byard
- The School of Biomedicine, 1066The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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O'Donovan S, van den Heuvel C, Baldock M, Byard RW. Causes of fatalities in motor vehicle occupants: an overview. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2022; 18:511-515. [PMID: 35881221 PMCID: PMC9636288 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-022-00503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Injuries from motor vehicle collisions are frequently encountered in routine forensic practice. While the most common lethal events involve blunt force trauma with injuries to the head and neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis and limbs, review of the literature and case files shows that a wide variety of other fatal situations can occur that may involve sharp force and penetrating trauma, incineration, drowning, asphyxia, organic diseases and combinations of these. The following overview details potential factors that may contribute to death following vehicle crashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan O'Donovan
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 2 Helen Mayo North Building, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Corinna van den Heuvel
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 2 Helen Mayo North Building, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Roger W Byard
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 2 Helen Mayo North Building, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
- Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, Australia.
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Cordner S, Clay FJ, Bassed R, Thomsen AH. Suicidal ligature strangulation: a systematic review of the published literature. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2019; 16:123-133. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-019-00187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Marchand E, Mesli V, Le Garff E, Pollard J, Bécart A, Hédouin V, Gosset D. Vehicle-assisted ligature decapitation: A case report and a review of the literature. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 65:119-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Patterns in Forensic Decapitations: A Review of the Literature and Case Report. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2019; 40:246-250. [PMID: 31205058 DOI: 10.1097/paf.0000000000000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Separation of the head from the body can occur for a variety of reasons and in various locations across the neck. This study presents a review of the literature to identify the patterns of decapitations in forensic cases in relation to manner of death, age, and anatomical location (n = 88). The most common manner of death was suicide, followed by homicide and then accident. Ages ranged from 32 weeks prenatal to 85 years. Decapitation is reported at higher rates for individuals between 19 and 65. The majority of decapitations occurred at the midneck (second to fifth cervical vertebrae), followed by the upper neck and then the lower neck. This pattern holds true for all manners of death; however, in homicides, the percentage occurring at the midneck decreases. The findings of this study indicate some patterns in terms of manner of death, age, and location of decapitation, which could aid the medicolegal community in interpreting neck trauma. A case study is also briefly presented to illustrate findings.
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Abstract
Suicide by hanging inside a motor vehicle is a rare occurrence. A 48-year-old woman suffering from major depression was found having agonal breathing inside her automobile. A 20-mm diameter blue nylon rope was wrapped tightly around her neck, with its other end tied to a nearby wooden fence post. Despite resuscitation attempts, she was declared deceased after several minutes. The vehicle was located in an area with a slight downward slope. The motor was off. It was in neutral gear, with the parking brake disengaged. Consequently, the gravitational forces, attributable to the mass of the vehicle and the declivity of the terrain, caused the rope to tighten.The dynamics fulfill the criteria for a partial hanging, given the difference in height between the point at which the rope was secured to the post and woman's neck, which in turn presented the typical oblique upward groove.This case, thus, represents a unique mode of partial hanging inside a passenger vehicle, rarely reported in the literature. The relative lack of internal injury is also noteworthy, along with the fact that the victim was discovered while still alive. The latter feature can be explained by the absence of the sudden or violent acceleration forces that can be generated with the engine on.
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Christin E, Hiquet J, Fougas J, Dubourg O, Gromb-Monnoyeur S. A planned complex suicide by self-stabbing and vehicular crash: An original case and review of the literature. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 285:e13-e16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Nikolić V, Savić S, Antunović V, Marinković S, Andrieux C, Tomić I. Decapitation in reality and fine art: A review. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 280:103-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Swain R, Bakshi MS, Dhaka S, Singh KK, Sikary AK. Self-Strangulation Turning into Partial Hanging for a Suicide Victim. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:1309-1311. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajanikanta Swain
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Andaman & Nicobar Island Institute of Medical Sciences; Port Blair Andaman & Nicobar Island 744101 India
| | | | - Shivani Dhaka
- Department of Forensic Medicine; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; Ansari Nagar New Delhi 110029 India
| | - Krishna Kumar Singh
- Department of Forensic Medicine; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; Ansari Nagar New Delhi 110029 India
| | - Asit Kumar Sikary
- Department of Forensic Medicine; ESIC Medical College and Hospital; NH3, NIT3 Faridabad Faridabad Haryana 121001 India
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13
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Leccia C, Alunni V, Quatrehomme G. Suicidal hanging resulting in decapitation: A case report and review of the literature. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 279:e10-e13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Akçan R, Eren A, Yıldırım MŞ, Çekin N. A complex suicide by vehicle assisted ligature strangulation and wrist-cutting. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathi Pramanik
- Ministry of National Security; Government of Jamaica; 21/2 Hope Boulevard Kingston 06 Jamaica
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Mercè Subirana-Domènech, Prunés-Galera E, Galdo-Ouro M. An uncommon suicide method: Self-strangulation by vehicle-assisted ligature. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Suicidal ligature strangulation using gymnastics bands. Int J Legal Med 2014; 128:313-6. [PMID: 24429766 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-013-0959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Suicidal ligature strangulation is a rare event. The most important issue to solve in the investigation is whether it is a case of homicide or suicide. The characteristics of suicidal ligature strangulation are summarized by Koops and Brinkmann with the emphasis on the nature of the ligature instrument(s). In this article, we present two cases of self-strangulation with an almost identical modus operandi using gymnastics bands. The autopsy findings and the nature of the ligature in these cases are depicted and in good accordance with the described typical observations in suicidal cases. The importance of a broad medico-legal investigation is demonstrated.
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Hejna P, Bohnert M. Decapitation in Suicidal Hanging - Vital Reaction Patterns. J Forensic Sci 2012; 58 Suppl 1:S270-7. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Hejna
- Institute of Legal Medicine; Medical Faculty of Charles University and University Hospital Hradec Králové; Šimkova 870; 500 38; Hradec Králové; Czech Republic
| | - Michael Bohnert
- Institute of Legal Medicine; University of Würzburg; Versbacher Str. 3; 97078; Würzburg; Germany
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Morild I, Lilleng PK. Different Mechanisms of Decapitation: Three Classic and One Unique Case History. J Forensic Sci 2012; 57:1659-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hejna P, Šafr M, Zátopková L. Suicidal Decapitation by Guillotine: Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Forensic Sci 2012; 57:1643-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gahr B, Matzenauer C, Gabriel P, Ritz-Timme S. Suizid mit selbst konstruierter Guillotine. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-012-0820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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An autopsy case of unexpected sudden death due to rupture of a thoracic aortic aneurysm into the left lung. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2011; 13:201-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schmidt U, Rost T, Jungmann L, Pollak S. Suicide of a cyclist. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 207:e12-5. [PMID: 21183300 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The rate of suicides in road traffic fatalities is estimated at 1-8% depending on the investigated study material. Especially single-car accidents, for which no technical reason or driving error is apparent, are considered suspicious. The elucidation of suicides in road traffic is difficult if there are no relevant clues such as the announcement of suicide plans shortly before the event or a suicide note. Individuals who intentionally kill themselves in road traffic often have a history of mental illness. The authors report on a suicide using a bicycle. A 71-year-old man intentionally drove into the wall of a house situated at the end of a hill road and suffered an open craniocerebral trauma and an aortic rupture. The pattern of findings and the circumstances of the case are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schmidt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albertstr. 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Ishikawa T, Pollak S, Perdekamp MG, Thierauf A, Maeda H. Hemorrhage from a cavernous hemangioma with fatal blood aspiration: A rare cause of sudden unexpected death. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2010; 12:308-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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