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Usui K, Kubota E, Kobayashi H, Fujita Y, Hatanaka K, Kamijo Y, Funayama M, Mimasaka S. Detection of major psychoactive compounds (safrole, myristicin, and elemicin) of nutmeg in human serum via GC-MS/MS using MonoSpin® extraction: Application in a nutmeg poisoning case. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115565. [PMID: 37453146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Nutmeg is an inexpensive, readily available spice used in a variety of recipes. However, the use of nutmeg powder as a recreational drug for its hallucinogenic effects is resulting in an increase in overdose rates. We encountered a male patient being hospitalized after ingesting 75 g of commercially available nutmeg powder with the intent of committing suicide. There are no available reports documenting the toxic or comatose-fatal blood concentrations or time-course of drug action in cases of nutmeg poisoning. Therefore, to improve patient management, we endeavored to determine the blood serum levels and time-course of the major psychoactive compounds (safrole, myristicin, and elemicin) present in nutmeg. We designed a simple and reliable method using the MonoSpin® extraction kit and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to detect the presence of these psychoactive compounds in human serum. The method had detection and quantitation limits of 0.14-0.16 and 0.5 ng/mL (lowest calibration points), respectively. The calibration curves displayed excellent linearity (0.996-0.997) for all three compounds at 0.5-300 ng/mL blood concentrations. The intra- and inter-day precision values for quality assurance were in the ranges of 2.4-11 % and 2.5-11 %, respectively; bias ranged from - 2.6 % to 2.1 %. Blood serum levels of safrole, myristicin, and elemicin were measured at admission (approximately 8 h post-ingestion) and approximately 94 h after a post-admission fluid therapy to evaluate their biological half-lives. We developed this method to obtain information on the psychoactive constituents of nutmeg and, thereby, determine the toxicokinetic parameters of nutmeg in a case of nutmeg poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Usui
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Emergency Medical Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Eito Kubota
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Haruka Kobayashi
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujita
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency, Disaster and General Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun Morioka, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Kengo Hatanaka
- Department of Traumatology and Critical Care Medicine Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kiyotakecho Kihara, Miyazaki-city, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kamijo
- Emergency Medical Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Masato Funayama
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Sohtaro Mimasaka
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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2
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Murakami T, Ishimaru R, Minami E, Iwamuro Y, Takamura N, Torai A, Watanabe T, Miki A, Katagi M, Kusano M, Tsuchihashi H, Zaitsu K, Chinaka S. Development of two fully automated quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe pretreatment methods for the extraction of psychotropic drugs from whole blood samples. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200681. [PMID: 36479834 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction strategies are becoming increasingly adopted in various analytical fields to determine drugs in biological specimens. In the present study, we developed two fully automated quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction methods based on acetonitrile salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (method 1) and acetonitrile salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction (method 2) using a commercially available automated liquid-liquid extraction system. We applied these methods to the extraction of 14 psychotropic drugs (11 benzodiazepines and carbamazepine, quetiapine, and zolpidem) from whole blood samples. Both methods prior to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis exhibited high linearity of calibration curves (correlation coefficients, > 0.9997), ppt level detection sensitivities, and satisfactory precisions (< 8.6% relative standard deviation), accuracies (within ± 16% relative error), and matrix effects (81-111%). Method 1 provided higher recovery rates (80-91%) than method 2 (72-86%), whereas method 2 provided higher detection sensitivities (limits of detection, 0.003-0.094 ng/mL) than method 1 (0.025-0.47 ng/mL) owing to the effectiveness of its dispersive solid-phase extraction cleanup step. These fully automated extraction methods realize reliable, labor-saving, user-friendly, and hygienic extraction of target analytes from whole blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Murakami
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Japan.,Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Reiko Ishimaru
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Eriko Minami
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Iwamuro
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Aya Torai
- Shimadzu Trustech Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Miki
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, Osaka, Japan
| | - Munehiro Katagi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maiko Kusano
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kei Zaitsu
- Multimodal Informatics and Wide-data Analytics Laboratory, Department of Computational Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Chinaka
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
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3
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de Paula Meirelles G, Fabris AL, Ferreira Dos Santos K, Costa JL, Yonamine M. Green Analytical Toxicology for the Determination of Cocaine Metabolites. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 46:965-978. [PMID: 35022727 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazil is the third largest contributor to Green Analytical Chemistry, and there is significant participation of toxicologists in the development and improvement of environmental techniques. Currently, toxicologists have their own strategies and guidelines to promote the reduction/replacement or elimination of solvents, reduce the impacts of derivatization and save time, among other objectives, due to the peculiarities of toxicological analysis. Thus, this review aims to propose the concept of Green Analytical Toxicology and conduct a discussion about its relevance and applications specifically in forensic toxicology, using the microextraction methods developed for the determination of cocaine and its metabolites as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela de Paula Meirelles
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - André Luis Fabris
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Karina Ferreira Dos Santos
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Costa
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Cândido Portinari, 200, Campinas, SP 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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4
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Zhang Y, Zhao J, Jin Z, Gao Y, Chen L. Quantitative determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in chicken based on QuEChERS extraction and GC-MS/MS detection. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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Ason B, Armah FA, Essumang DK. Characterization and quantification of endocrine disruptors in female menstrual blood samples. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1877-1882. [PMID: 36561951 PMCID: PMC9764248 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Selected endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) were measured in adult female menstrual blood for the first time in Ghana, Africa, taking into account the importance of non-invasive means of matrices sampling in vulnerable groups, such as pregnant women, the elderly or chronically ill people. The menstrual blood samples of twenty (20) female adults between the ages of 25-45 years were sampled. The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method was applied for the extraction and clean up, while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to measure the selected EDCs in adult female menstrual blood, taking into account the composition of menstrual discharge. Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were detected in all samples, whereas bisphenol A (BPA) was found in 13 participants. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) was detected in 7 participants, Di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) was detected in 3 participants, Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) and pyrimidine were detected in 2 participants, while benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) was detected in only 1 participant. The maximum concentration of DEP measured was 115.6 µg.L-1and the minimum was 439 µg.L-1. DEHP was the next most abundant phthalate with a maximum measured concentration of 982 µg.L-1 and minimum of 95 µg.L-1. The presence of parent phthalates (rather than metabolites) in menstrual blood of all participants studied suggests that bioaccumulation of selected phthalate compounds such as DEHP, DEP and DBP may be occurring with appreciable human toxicity though the carcinogenic exposure risks of DEHP via various routes were much lower than 1 × 10-6 considered to be very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ason
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Soil Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana
- Corresponding author at: Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | - Frederick Ato Armah
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - David Kofi Essumang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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6
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Nakayama R, Sato H, Yama N, Ogura K, Kyan R, Hanazawa T, Yoshizawa T, Miyamoto M, Kamijo Y, Mizuno H, Inamura H, Harada K, Uemura S, Narimatsu E. A suicide attempt by intramuscular injection of pentobarbital sodium into rectus abdominis suggested by computed tomography. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2022:10.1007/s12024-022-00508-y. [PMID: 35907161 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-022-00508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Suicide attempts in humans due to injections of the veterinary drug pentobarbital sodium have been rarely reported. Herein, we present a case of a suicide attempt by intramuscular injection of pentobarbital sodium into the rectus abdominis muscle, which was suggested by computed tomography (CT). A 73-year-old man was brought to the emergency department with GCS 3 (E1V1M1) and an incised wound on the right side of the neck. A bottle of Somnopentyl® (pentobarbital sodium, 64.8 mg/ml), a 20-ml empty syringe with an 18-mm needle, and no. 10 scalpel were present at the scene. At the emergency department, the patient was intubated and was admitted to the intensive care unit. A urine drug screen test by SIGNIFY® ER was positive for benzodiazepines and barbiturates, and continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CHF) was initiated. The route of drug administration was initially unknown; however, a CT scan revealed swelling of the left rectus abdominis muscle with a wound suggestive of a needle puncture, and the CT analysis suggested 38.16 ml as the maximum dose of pentobarbital sodium. On day 3, the patient's consciousness improved, and he was weaned off CHF and mechanical ventilation. There have been several reports of postmortem CT yielding information on the site of administration of intoxicants, but there have been none for surviving intoxicated patients. This is the first report of the usefulness of CT to identify the site of administration of the causative agent of intoxication while the patient is still alive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Nakayama
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1, West 16, 291, Minami 1-jo Nishi 16-chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1, West 16, 291, Minami 1-jo Nishi 16-chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Naoya Yama
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keishi Ogura
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryoko Kyan
- Clinical Toxicology Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoki Hanazawa
- Clinical Toxicology Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yoshizawa
- Clinical Toxicology Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masamune Miyamoto
- Clinical Toxicology Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kamijo
- Clinical Toxicology Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Mizuno
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1, West 16, 291, Minami 1-jo Nishi 16-chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Inamura
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keisuke Harada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1, West 16, 291, Minami 1-jo Nishi 16-chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Shuji Uemura
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1, West 16, 291, Minami 1-jo Nishi 16-chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Eichi Narimatsu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1, West 16, 291, Minami 1-jo Nishi 16-chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
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7
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Yoshioka N, Asano M, Kuse A, Kondo T, Takahashi M, Morichika M, Nakagawa K, Sakurada M, Ueno Y. Quantitative analysis of thiamylal and its metabolite secobarbital using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in adipose tissue, serum, and liver. J Forensic Sci 2021; 67:1241-1249. [PMID: 34970733 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thiamylal is an ultrashort-acting barbiturate used for intravenous administration or general anesthesia induction. However, some cases of poisoning and suicide with thiamylal administration have been reported. Additionally, there are few reports on its analysis in the organs and adipose tissue, which requires purification by column chromatography and evaporation. A rapid and sensitive method was developed for quantifying thiamylal and its metabolite, secobarbital, in the adipose tissue, serum, and liver using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Samples were prepared using modified QuEChERS extraction. For adipose tissue samples, an acetonitrile-hexane partitioning step was added to the extraction. This method was applied to investigate a suspected self-poisoning autopsy case. The quantitation accuracy for thiamylal added to porcine pericardial fat (0.18 µg/g), human serum (0.015 µg/mL), and porcine liver (0.18 µg/g) was 103%, 113%, and 95.3%, respectively. The quantitation limits calculated for porcine pericardial fat, human serum, and porcine liver at a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 were 0.06 µg/g, 0.005 µg/mL, and 0.06 µg/g, respectively. In addition, the thiamylal and secobarbital levels in the forensic autopsy case were 140 and 1.5 µg/g, respectively, in myocardial fat; 3.5-4.9 and 0.12-0.20 µg/mL, respectively, in serum; and 6.2-42 and 0.58-1.1 µg/g, respectively, in liver tissue. Thiamylal is especially distributed in the adipose tissue. The thiamylal-to-fat ratio may help estimate the time from administration to death. The developed modified QuEChERS extraction method with acetonitrile-hexane partitioning is suitable for analyzing hydrophobic compounds, such as thiamylal, in the adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yoshioka
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Public Health Science, Kakogawa, Japan.,Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Migiwa Asano
- Department of Legal Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Azumi Kuse
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Motonori Takahashi
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mai Morichika
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kanako Nakagawa
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Makoto Sakurada
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Forensic Science Laboratory, Hyogo Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ueno
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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8
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Novel extraction method using an ISOLUTE PLD+ protein and phospholipid removal column for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of 20 psychoactive drugs in postmortem whole blood samples. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 331:111130. [PMID: 34896665 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel sample extraction method using an ISOLUTE PLD+ protein and phospholipid removal column was developed for simultaneous quantification of 20 psychoactive drugs, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, sedative-hypnotics, and amphetamines, in postmortem whole blood samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method showed improvement in extract cleanliness compared with traditional protein precipitation and the QuEChERS extraction method. The method was validated for all analytes; the calibration curves showed good linearity, with r2 values exceeding 0.991. The intra- and interday accuracies and precisions were 87.6-117.5% and 1.0-18.6%, respectively. The recovery efficiencies were in the range of 64.6-96.8%. Matrix effects were observed in the range of 82.6-116.0%. All analytes were stable under different storage conditions. This method was successfully applied in postmortem forensic sample analysis to quantify psychoactive drugs. The method described in the current study will be useful for forensic toxicological investigations.
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9
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Nagasawa S, Yamaguchi R, Saka K, Torimitsu S, Chiba F, Yajima D, Inokuchi G, Motomura A, Kira K, Yamagishi Y, Ogra Y, Iwase H. Ropinirole involved in a fatal case: blood and urinary concentrations. Forensic Toxicol 2021; 40:173-179. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-021-00593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Effects of putrefaction on the quantitative analyses of diphenhydramine in blood and tissues: model experiments by the routine matrix-matched calibration method and standard addition method with different internal standards. Forensic Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-021-00580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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da Silva CP, Dal Piaz LPP, Gerbase FE, Müller VV, Lizot LDLF, Antunes MV, Linden R. Simple extraction of toxicologically relevant psychotropic compounds and metabolites from whole blood using mini-QuEChERS followed by UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5142. [PMID: 33864392 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The determination of psychotropic drugs and metabolites in blood is relevant in the context of both therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical and forensic toxicology. LC-MS/MS is the preferred method for these assays. However, LC-MS/MS is particularly susceptible to matrix ionization effects and appropriate sample preparation is required to minimize these effects. In this study, a simple, single-step, mini-QuEchERS extraction procedure, coupled to UPLC-MS/MS, was developed and validated for the determination of 15 toxicologically relevant compounds in whole blood, including psychoactive drugs and some metabolites. The assay was linear in the range of 25-1,000 ng ml-1 , fulfilling criteria for accuracy and precision. Extraction yields (71.9-87.7%) and matrix effects (-3.3 to +4.4%, with the exception of codeine, which had matrix effects of -35.36 to -28.14%) were acceptable for the majority of the evaluated compounds, using a single internal standard. The assay was applied to 238 clinical specimens from patients admitted to an emergency service, with 22 samples presenting quantifiable concentrations of 11 different compounds. The developed assay is a simple and efficient strategy for determination of target psychotropic drugs and metabolites in forensic and clinical toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Pires da Silva
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil.,National Institute of Forensic Science and Technology (INCT Forense), Brazil.,Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Engel Gerbase
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil.,National Institute of Forensic Science and Technology (INCT Forense), Brazil.,Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Victoria Vendramini Müller
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil.,National Institute of Forensic Science and Technology (INCT Forense), Brazil.,Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Lilian de Lima Feltraco Lizot
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil.,National Institute of Forensic Science and Technology (INCT Forense), Brazil.,Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Venzon Antunes
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil.,Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil.,National Institute of Forensic Science and Technology (INCT Forense), Brazil.,Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
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12
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Yoshizawa T, Kamijo Y, Hanazawa T, Usui K. Criterion for initiating hemodialysis based on serum caffeine concentration in treating severe caffeine poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 46:70-73. [PMID: 33735699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yoshizawa
- Emergency Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Yoshito Kamijo
- Emergency Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoki Hanazawa
- Emergency Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Usui
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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13
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Degreef M, Vits L, Berry EM, Maudens KEK, van Nuijs ALN. Quantification of 54 Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs, Including 20 Designer Ones, in Plasma. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:141-153. [PMID: 32507898 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are widely used in the treatment of sleep and anxiety disorders, as well as epileptic seizures and alcohol withdrawal because of their broad therapeutic index and low cost. Due to their central nervous system depressant effects they are also often implicated in traffic accidents and drug-related intoxications. With an increasing number of designer benzodiazepines used in a recreational setting, there is a need for analytical methods to be able to quantify both the prescribed and designer benzodiazepines. A liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantification of 34 prescribed and 20 designer benzodiazepines in plasma. Different sample preparation strategies, including protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and mini-QuEChERS, were tested. The best recoveries for all compounds of interest were obtained with a liquid-liquid extraction using methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether and 500 μL plasma. The method was fully validated according to the European Medicines Agency guidelines for all compounds, except pivoxazepam, which is included for qualitative purposes only. In-sample stability issues were observed for cloxazolam, both at ambient temperature and during long-term storage at -20°C. Due to the large number of compounds included, the simple and time-efficient sample preparation and the relatively inexpensive instrumentation used, the presented method can be readily implemented in both therapeutic drug monitoring and forensic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Degreef
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lore Vits
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eleanor M Berry
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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Orfanidis A, Gika HG, Theodoridis G, Mastrogianni O, Raikos N. A UHPLC-MS-MS Method for the Determination of 84 Drugs of Abuse and Pharmaceuticals in Blood. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:28-43. [PMID: 32369171 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of blood samples for forensic or clinical intoxication cases is a daily routine in an analytical laboratory. The list of 'suspect' drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals that should be ideally screened is large, so multi-targeted methods for comprehensive detection and quantification are a useful tool in the hands of a toxicologist. In this study, the development of an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) method is described for the detection and quantification of 84 drugs and pharmaceuticals in postmortem blood. The target compounds comprise pharmaceutical drugs (antipsychotics, antidepressants, etc.), some of the most important groups of drugs of abuse: opiates, cocaine, cannabinoids, amphetamines, benzodiazepines and new psychoactive substances. Sample pretreatment was studied applying a modified Mini-QuEChERS single step, and the best results were obtained after adding a mixture of 20 mg MgSO4, 5 mg K2CO3 and 5 mg NaCl together with 600 μL of cold acetonitrile in 200 μL of sample. After centrifugation, the supernatant was collected for direct injection. LC-MS analysis took place on a C18 column with a gradient elution over 17 min. The method was found to be selective and sensitive, offering limits of detection ranging from 0.01 to 9.07 ng/mL. Validation included evaluation of limit of quantification, recovery, carryover, matrix effect, accuracy and precision of the method. The method performed satisfactorily in relation to established bioanalytical criteria and was therefore applied to the analysis of blood obtained postmortem from chronic drug abusers, offering unambiguous identification and quantitative determination of drugs in postmortem blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amvrosios Orfanidis
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.,Bioanalysis and Omics Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, CIRI-AUTH B1.4, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki-Thermi road, Greece
| | - Helen G Gika
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.,Bioanalysis and Omics Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, CIRI-AUTH B1.4, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki-Thermi road, Greece
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Bioanalysis and Omics Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, CIRI-AUTH B1.4, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki-Thermi road, Greece.,Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece, and
| | - Orthodoxia Mastrogianni
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Forensic Service of Thessaloniki, Palaia Symmahiki Odos, Thessaloniki 56334, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Raikos
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.,Bioanalysis and Omics Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, CIRI-AUTH B1.4, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki-Thermi road, Greece
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15
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Overview of the major classes of new psychoactive substances, psychoactive effects, analytical determination and conformational analysis of selected illegal drugs. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The misuse of psychoactive substances is attracting a great deal of attention from the general public. An increase use of psychoactive substances is observed among young people who do not have enough awareness of the harmful effects of these substances. Easy access to illicit drugs at low cost and lack of effective means of routine screening for new psychoactive substances (NPS) have contributed to the rapid increase in their use. New research and evidence suggest that drug use can cause a variety of adverse psychological and physiological effects on human health (anxiety, panic, paranoia, psychosis, and seizures). We describe different classes of these NPS drugs with emphasis on the methods used to identify them and the identification of their metabolites in biological specimens. This is the first review that thoroughly gives the literature on both natural and synthetic illegal drugs with old known data and very hot new topics and investigations, which enables the researcher to use it as a starting point in the literature exploration and planning of the own research. For the first time, the conformational analysis was done for selected illegal drugs, giving rise to the search of the biologically active conformations both theoretically and using lab experiments.
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16
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Sasao A, Yonemitsu K, Ohtsu Y, Tsutsumi H, Furukawa S, Kimura-Mishima S, Nishitani Y. High blood mirtazapine concentration in a newborn - A case of suspected postpartum infanticide. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2021; 48:101830. [PMID: 33422759 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a sudden death of an infant due to mirtazapine poisoning. A 15-day-old newborn boy was found dead when he was sleeping beside his mother who had suffered from panic disorder for approximately 1 year. After giving birth, she complained of palpitations and shaky hands, and was prescribed mirtazapine. The deceased newborn weighed 3,282 g and his height was 55 cm. There were no autopsy findings related to the death. The mirtazapine concentration as quantitated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis was 620 ng/mL in right heart blood, and was approximately 10 times higher than the therapeutic level in adults. Because transfer of mirtazapine into breast milk is low, mirtazapine was likely administered intentionally to the newborn. Based on the newborn's immature renal, liver, and blood-brain barrier function, the cause of death was attributed to mirtazapine poisoning. Poison-related homicide in the infant is rare. We report the first case of intentional mirtazapine poisoning case in a newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ako Sasao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan.
| | - Kosei Yonemitsu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohtsu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsutsumi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Shota Furukawa
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | | | - Yoko Nishitani
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
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17
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Kong Q, Li Y, Yue J, Wu X, Xu M. Reducing alcohol and/or cocaine-induced reward and toxicity via an epidermal stem cell-based gene delivery platform. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5266-5276. [PMID: 33619338 PMCID: PMC8380265 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the foremost public health problems. Alcohol is also frequently co-abused with cocaine. There is a huge unmet need for the treatment of AUD and/or cocaine co-abuse. We recently demonstrated that skin grafts generated from mouse epidermal stem cells that had been engineered by CRISPR-mediated genome editing could be transplanted onto mice as a gene delivery platform. Here, we show that expression of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) gene delivered by epidermal stem cells attenuated development and reinstatement of alcohol-induced drug-taking and seeking as well as voluntary oral alcohol consumption. GLP1 derived from the skin grafts decreased alcohol-induced increase in dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. In exploring the potential of this platform in reducing concurrent use of drugs, we developed a novel co-grafting procedure for both modified human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE)- and GLP1-expressing cells. Epidermal stem cell-derived hBChE and GLP1 reduced acquisition of drug-taking and toxicity induced by alcohol and cocaine co-administration. These results imply that cutaneous gene delivery through skin transplants may add a new option to treat drug abuse and co-abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyao Kong
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Jiping Yue
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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18
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Campêlo JDM, Rodrigues TB, Costa JL, Santos JM. Optimization of QuEChERS extraction for detection and quantification of 20 antidepressants in postmortem blood samples by LC-MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 319:110660. [PMID: 33385954 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a comprehensively optimization of QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method using design of experiments (DOE) was conducted to evaluate the best conditions to obtain the most effective extraction. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was performed to identify and quantify the antidepressants, with electrospray ionization acquired in positive mode. The method was validated for all analytes; the calibration curves were linear from 10-1000ng/mL, with R2>0.98, and with LOD and LOQ defined as 10ng/mL. Method imprecision and bias were less than 14.3% and 18.9%, respectively. Neither carryover nor interferences were observed. Overall, the optimized method was applied in postmortem real sample analysis to quantify the antidepressants. This study showed a viable method that can be applied for routine forensic analysis, with a quick and easy sample preparation and a rapid total run time of 8min for each analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline de M Campêlo
- Chemistry Department, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Taís B Rodrigues
- Campinas Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose L Costa
- Campinas Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jandyson M Santos
- Chemistry Department, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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19
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Nagasawa S, Saka K, Yamagishi Y, Yajima D, Chiba F, Yamaguchi R, Torimitsu S, Iwase H. Association between sexual activity-related death and non-prescription use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2020; 48:101815. [PMID: 33264696 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) that are purchased from abroad without a doctor's diagnosis via the Internet or other means. We report six cases in which nonprescription use of PDE5i may have led to death. Among the four deceased individuals who were believed to have experienced sudden cardiac death, three (cases 1-3) had a history of cardiovascular disease, which is a contraindication, and the remaining case (case 4) involved combined use of multiple PDE5i. Sildenafil (0.063 µg/mL, 0.087 µg/mL) was detected in two of the four cases of sudden cardiac death. Tadalafil (0.096 µg/mL) was detected in one of the remaining two cases, and tadalafil (0.197 µg/mL) and vardenafil (0.011 µg/mL) were detected in the other case. Sildenafil (0.032 µg/mL), tadalafil (0.062 µg/mL), and ethanol were detected in a traffic accident case with a history of contraindications. In a case of asphyxiation by vomit aspiration, autopsy showed 90% stenosis in the anterior descending branch of the coronary artery, and sildenafil (0.063 µg/mL) was detected. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of postmortem blood levels of tadalafil and vardenafil likely contributing to the cause of death. Despite all the warnings about the dangers of using PDE5 inhibitors, cases of PDE5i contributing to death are still identified during autopsies. Therefore, raising public awareness of the risks of the risks associated with the imported drug use by individuals is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nagasawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kanju Saka
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokoyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Yamagishi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yajima
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Werfare, Kozunomori 4-3, Narita City, Chiba 286-8686, Japan
| | - Fumiko Chiba
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokoyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Rutsuko Yamaguchi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokoyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Suguru Torimitsu
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokoyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokoyo 113-0033, Japan
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20
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Usui K, Fujita Y, Kamijo Y, Igari Y, Funayama M. LC-MS/MS method for rapid and accurate detection of caffeine in a suspected overdose case. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2020; 107:106946. [PMID: 33276087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2020.106946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Excessive intake of caffeine, otherwise known to be a safe and mild central nervous system stimulant, causes nausea, vomiting, convulsions, tachycardia, and eventually fatal arrhythmias and death. Caffeine intoxication, a global problem, has been increasing in Japan since 2013. Thus, there is a need for rapid and accurate diagnosis of caffeine poisoning in forensic and clinical toxicology investigations. Herein, we demonstrate rapid and accurate caffeine quantitation by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using the standard addition method in a fatal case. Biological samples were diluted 500-100,000-fold and subjected to a simple pretreatment (adding caffeine standard and internal standard and passing through a lipid removal cartridge). The multiple reaction monitoring transitions were 195 → 138 for quantitation, 195 → 110 for the qualifier ion, and 204 → 144 for the internal standard (caffeine-d9). The standard plots were linear over 0-900 ng/mL (r2 = 0.9994-0.9999) for biological samples, and the reproducibility (%RSD) of the method was 1.53-6.97% (intraday) and 1.59-10.4% (interday). Fatal levels of caffeine (332 μg/mL) and toxic to fatal levels of olanzapine (625 ng/mL), along with other pharmaceuticals were detected in the external iliac venous blood. The cause of death was determined to be multi-drug poisoning, predominantly caused by caffeine. Our method is useful for not only forensic cases but also the rapid diagnosis of caffeine overdose in emergency clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Usui
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Emergency Medical Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Yuji Fujita
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency, Disaster and General Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun Morioka, Iwate 028-3694, Japan.
| | - Yoshito Kamijo
- Emergency Medical Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Yui Igari
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Masato Funayama
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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21
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Řezanka P, Macková D, Jurok R, Himl M, Kuchař M. Enantioseparation and Determination of Mephedrone and Its Metabolites by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Cyclodextrins as Chiral Selectors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122879. [PMID: 32585814 PMCID: PMC7355680 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mephedrone, a psychoactive compound derived from cathinone, is widely used as a designer drug. The determination of mephedrone and its metabolites is important for understanding its possible use in medicine. In this work, a method of capillary electrophoresis for the chiral separation of mephedrone and its metabolites was developed. Carboxymethylated β-cyclodextrin was selected as the most effective chiral selector from seven tested cyclodextrin derivates. Based on the simplex method, the optimal composition of the background electrolyte was determined: at pH 2.75 and 7.5 mmol·L-1 carboxymethylated β-cyclodextrin the highest total resolution of a mixture of analytes was achieved. For mephedrone and its metabolites, calibration curves were constructed in a calibration range from 0.2 to 5 mmol·L-1; limits of detection, limits of quantification, precision, and repeatability were calculated, and according to Mandel's fitting test, the linear calibration ranges were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Řezanka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
| | - Denisa Macková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Radek Jurok
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (R.J.); (M.K.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Michal Himl
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (R.J.); (M.K.)
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22
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Simultaneous determination of synthetic cannabinoids in illegal herbal products and blood by LC/TOF-MS, and linear regression analysis of retention time using log Pow. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2019.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Manousi N, Samanidou VF. Recent Advances in the HPLC Analysis of Tricyclic Antidepressants in Bio-Samples. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:24-38. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190617150518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
:
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) are a group of the main category of antidepressant drugs,
which are commonly prescribed to treat major depressive disorder. Determination of TCA drugs is
very important for clinical and forensic toxicology, especially for therapeutic drug monitoring in various
biofluids. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a well-established technique for
this purpose. A lot of progress has been made in this field since the past 10 years. Novel extraction
techniques, and novel materials for sample preparation, novel columns and novel applications of analysis
of various biofluids for the determination of TCAs in combination with other drugs are some typical
examples. Moreover, advances have been performed in terms of Green Analytical Chemistry principles.
Herein, we aim to discuss the developed HPLC methods that were reported in the literature for
the time span of 2008-2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Manousi
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Victoria F. Samanidou
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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24
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Furanylfentanyl in whole blood measured by GC–MS/MS after QuEChERS extraction in a fatal case. Forensic Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Swiner DJ, Jackson S, Burris BJ, Badu-Tawiah AK. Applications of Mass Spectrometry for Clinical Diagnostics: The Influence of Turnaround Time. Anal Chem 2020; 92:183-202. [PMID: 31671262 PMCID: PMC7896279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This critical review discusses how the need for reduced clinical turnaround times has influenced chemical instrumentation. We focus on the development of modern mass spectrometry (MS) and its application in clinical diagnosis. With increased functionality that takes advantage of novel front-end modifications and computational capabilities, MS can now be used for non-traditional clinical analyses, including applications in clinical microbiology for bacteria differentiation and in surgical operation rooms. We summarize here recent developments in the field that have enabled such capabilities, which include miniaturization for point-of-care testing, direct complex mixture analysis via ambient ionization, chemical imaging and profiling, and systems integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin J. Swiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Sierra Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Benjamin J. Burris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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26
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Asano M, Yoshioka N, Kuse A, Kuwahara N, Nakabayashi Y, Takahashi M, Kondo T, Morichika M, Nakagawa K, Sakurada M, Ueno Y. Stability of ten psychotropic drugs in formalin-fixed porcine liver homogenates. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 307:110136. [PMID: 31896021 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In forensic toxicology studies, drug concentrations must be estimated by the analytical data of formalin-fixed tissues if fresh or frozen tissue specimens are not available. We wished to investigate the stability and time-course of metabolism/degradation of drugs in formalin-fixed tissues using porcine liver homogenates (PLHs) instead of human tissue. Ten psychotropic drugs (amitriptyline, brotizolam, diazepam, diphenhydramine, estazolam, etizolam, levomepromazine, paroxetine, quetiapine and triazolam) were added to PLHs. After the PLHs had been fixed with neutral buffered formalin at room temperature, the concentrations of the drugs in the PLHs were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 2 months, 4 months and 6 months. After 6 months, the residual ratio of amitriptyline, diphenhydramine and quetiapine was 80 %-95 %; that of diazepam, paroxetine and triazolam was 10 %-45 %; and that of brotizolam, etizolam and levomepromazine was 1 %-5 %. Estazolam was not detected from the first day of formalin fixation. These data suggest that the concentrations of drugs in PLHs measured after formalin fixation decreased to varying degrees compared with their initial concentrations. These time-dependent changes in drug concentration were due to degradation during preservation in formalin solution and metabolism by hepatic microsomal enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migiwa Asano
- Department of Legal Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Naoki Yoshioka
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Public Health Science, 1819-14 Kanno, Kanno-cho, Kakogawa, Hyogo, 675-0003, Japan.
| | - Azumi Kuse
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Natsumi Kuwahara
- Department of Legal Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Yuki Nakabayashi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Motonori Takahashi
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Mai Morichika
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Kanako Nakagawa
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Makoto Sakurada
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Hyogo Prefectural Police Headquarters, 5-4-1 Shimoyamate-dori, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8510, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Ueno
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
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Lehmann S, Sczyslo A, Froch-Cortis J, Rothschild MA, Thevis M, Andresen-Streichert H, Mercer-Chalmers-Bender K. Organ distribution of diclazepam, pyrazolam and 3-fluorophenmetrazine. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 303:109959. [PMID: 31546164 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The organ distribution of 3-fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM), pyrazolam, diclazepam as well as its main metabolites delorazepam, lormetazepam and lorazepam, was investigated. A solid phase extraction (SPE) and a QuEChERS (acronym for quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) - approach were used for the extraction of the analytes from human tissues, body fluids and stomach contents. The detection was performed on a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system (LCMS/MS). The analytes of interest were detected in all body fluids and tissues. Results showed femoral blood concentrations of 10 μg/L for 3-FPM, 28 μg/L for pyrazolam, 1 μg/L for diclazepam, 100 μg/L for delorazepam, 6 μg/L for lormetazepam, and 22 μg/L for lorazepam. Tissues (muscle, kidney and liver) and bile exhibited higher concentrations of the mentioned analytes than in blood. Additional positive findings in femoral blood were for 2-fluoroamphetamine (2-FA, approx. 89 μg/L), 2-flourometamphetamine (2-FMA, hint), methiopropamine (approx. 2.2 μg/L), amphetamine (approx. 21 μg/L) and caffeine (positive). Delorazepam showed the highest ratio of heart (C) and femoral blood (P) concentration (C/P ratio = 2.5), supported by the concentrations detected in psoas muscle (430 μg/kg) and stomach content (approx. 210 μg/L, absolute 84 μg). The C/P ratio indicates that delorazepam displays susceptibility for post-mortem redistribution (PMR), supported by the findings in muscle tissue. 3-FPM, pyrazolam, diclazepam, lorazepam and lormetazepam did apparently not exhibit any PMR. The cause of death, in conjunction with autopsy findings was concluded as a positional asphyxia promoted by poly-drug intoxication by arising from designer benzodiazepines and the presence of synthetic stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Lehmann
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alissa Sczyslo
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Judith Froch-Cortis
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Katja Mercer-Chalmers-Bender
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Basel - Health Department Basel, Switzerland.
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28
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Nara A, Yamada C, Saka K, Kodama T, Yoshida M, Iwahara K, Takagi T. A Fatal Case of Poisoning with Fentanyl Transdermal Patches in Japan. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1936-1942. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akina Nara
- Division of Legal Medicine Faculty of Medicine Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University 1‐15‐1 Fukumuro, Miyagino‐ku Sendai‐shi Miyagi983‐8536 Japan
| | - Chiho Yamada
- Division of Legal Medicine Faculty of Medicine Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University 1‐15‐1 Fukumuro, Miyagino‐ku Sendai‐shi Miyagi983‐8536 Japan
| | - Kanju Saka
- Department of Forensic Medicine Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo 7‐3‐1 Hongo Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo113‐0033 Japan
| | - Takanori Kodama
- Division of Legal Medicine Faculty of Medicine Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University 1‐15‐1 Fukumuro, Miyagino‐ku Sendai‐shi Miyagi983‐8536 Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Division of Legal Medicine Faculty of Medicine Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University 1‐15‐1 Fukumuro, Miyagino‐ku Sendai‐shi Miyagi983‐8536 Japan
- Department of Legal Medicine Kyorin University 6‐20‐2 Shinkawa Mitaka‐shi Tokyo181‐8611 Japan
| | - Kaori Iwahara
- Division of Legal Medicine Faculty of Medicine Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University 1‐15‐1 Fukumuro, Miyagino‐ku Sendai‐shi Miyagi983‐8536 Japan
- Center of Legal Medicine of Dentistry The Nippon Dental University School of Dentistry at Tokyo 1‐9‐20 Fujimi Chiyoda‐ku Tokyo102‐8159 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takagi
- Division of Legal Medicine Faculty of Medicine Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University 1‐15‐1 Fukumuro, Miyagino‐ku Sendai‐shi Miyagi983‐8536 Japan
- Center of Legal Medicine of Dentistry The Nippon Dental University School of Dentistry at Tokyo 1‐9‐20 Fujimi Chiyoda‐ku Tokyo102‐8159 Japan
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Development of “Quick-DB forensic”: A total workflow from QuEChERS-dSPE method to GC–MS/MS quantification of forensically relevant drugs and pesticides in whole blood. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 300:125-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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30
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Fedotov PS, Malofeeva GI, Savonina EY, Spivakov BY. Solid-Phase Extraction of Organic Substances: Unconventional Methods and Approaches. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Ali I, Suhail M, Alharbi OML, Hussain I. Advances in sample preparation in chromatography for organic environmental pollutants analyses. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1579739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Medina Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd. Suhail
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Omar M. L. Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Medina Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of General Studies, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia
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Fujita Y, Mita T, Usui K, Kamijo Y, Kikuchi S, Onodera M, Fujino Y, Inoue Y. Toxicokinetics of the Synthetic Cathinone α-Pyrrolidinohexanophenone. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:e1-e5. [PMID: 29036640 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones inhibit monoamine transporters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine transporters, and act on the central nervous system via increasing synaptic concentrations of monoamines. These compounds, which are highly addictive and potentially poisonous, are new psychoactive substances. In this study, we investigated the toxicokinetics of the synthetic cathinone, α-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (α-PHP), and assessed the relationship between the toxicokinetics and the long-term clinical symptoms induced by α-PHP in a male patient. The patient (39 years old) suddenly started uttering inarticulate words and demonstrating incomprehensible behavior in his house, and was brought to the emergency department of Iwate Medical University hospital. He presented with psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusion; however, his vital signs were normal. The hallucinations and delusion improved by the third day of hospitalization. Toxicological analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with QuEChERS extraction. α-PHP was detected in his serum at a concentration of 175 ng/mL on his arrival at the hospital. His serum concentrations of α-PHP were serially determined and their natural logarithms were plotted against time after arrival. Although serum concentrations at early time points were lacking, the obtained curve was consistent with a two-compartment model and indicated a serum elimination half-life of 37 h. The long-lasting psychotic symptoms induced by synthetic cathinones appear to be correlated with their toxicokinetic characteristics, such as their long half-lives. Finally, interpreting the toxicokinetics of synthetic cathinones may provide useful information for the toxicological assessment of new psychoactive substances for forensic and clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Fujita
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency, Disaster and General Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate, Japan.,Poisoning and Drug Laboratory Division, Critical Care and Emergency Center, Iwate Medical University Hospital, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Toshinori Mita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Usui
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Department of Public Health and Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kamijo
- Emergency Medical Center and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kikuchi
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency, Disaster and General Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Makoto Onodera
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency, Disaster and General Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Fujino
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency, Disaster and General Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Inoue
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency, Disaster and General Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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33
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Simultaneous determination of drugs and pesticides in postmortem blood using dispersive solid-phase extraction and large volume injection-programmed temperature vaporization-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 290:318-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Lehmann S, Schulze B, Thomas A, Kamphausen T, Thevis M, Rothschild MA, Mercer-Chalmers-Bender K. Organ distribution of 4-MEC, MDPV, methoxetamine and α-PVP: comparison of QuEChERS and SPE. Forensic Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Mizuno S, Lee XP, Fujishiro M, Matsuyama T, Yamada M, Sakamoto Y, Kusano M, Zaitsu K, Hasegawa C, Hasegawa I, Kumazawa T, Ishii A, Sato K. High-throughput determination of valproate in human samples by modified QuEChERS extraction and GC-MS/MS. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2018; 31:66-73. [PMID: 29413992 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new high-throughput method was developed for analysis of valproate in human plasma samples by QuEChERS extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Plasma samples (0.2 ml) spiked with valproate and secobarbital-d5 (internal standard) were diluted with 1.3 ml of distilled water. Acetonitrile (1 ml) was added followed by 0.4 g MgSO4 and 0.1 g NaOAC. After a centrifugation step (2000 g for 10 min), 1 ml of the supernatant was transferred to a dispersive-solid phase extraction (dSPE) tube containing 150 mg MgSO4 and 50 mg C18. This mixture was vortexed and centrifuged at 3000 g for 5 min, and then the upper layer was evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen. The residue was dissolved in 40 μl ethyl acetate, and a 1-μl aliquot was injected into the GC-MS/MS. The GC separation of the compounds was achieved on a fused-silica capillary column Rxi-5Sil MS (30 m × 0.25 mm i.d.; 0.25-µm film thickness) and detected by MS/MS operating in electron ionization ion source mode. The regression equations showed excellent linearity (r > 0.9997) from 50 to 5000 ng/ml for plasma, with limit of detection of 10 ng/ml. The extraction efficiency of valproate for plasma ranged between 71.2%-103.5%. The coefficient of variation was <18.5%. The method was successfully applied to actual analyses of an autopsy case. This method can be useful for simple and reliable measurements of valproate in clinical and toxicological analyses; it can be integrated in screening and simultaneous determination methods for multiple drugs and poisons in the further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Mizuno
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Xiao-Pen Lee
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Masaya Fujishiro
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsuyama
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Miho Yamada
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | | | - Maiko Kusano
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kei Zaitsu
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Chika Hasegawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan; Department of Legal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Iwao Hasegawa
- University Center of Legal Medicine, Kanagawa Dental University, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kumazawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan; Seirei Christopher University School of Nursing, Shizuoka 433-8558, Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Keizo Sato
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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36
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Pouliopoulos A, Tsakelidou E, Krokos A, Gika HG, Theodoridis G, Raikos N. Quantification of 15 Psychotropic Drugs in Serum and Postmortem Blood Samples after a Modified Mini-QuEChERS by UHPLC–MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:337-345. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Pouliopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Tsakelidou
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Krokos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - H G Gika
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G Theodoridis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Raikos
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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37
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Comparison of efficiencies of selected sample extraction techniques for the analysis of selected antiretroviral drugs in human plasma using LC-MS. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 89:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abafe OA, Gatyeni PM, Chokwe T. Development and validation of a confirmatory method for the determination of stilbene estrogens in ostrich serum. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:458-466. [PMID: 29210606 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1411617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A simple and accurate ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the first time as a confirmatory method for the simultaneous determination of stilbenes - hexestrol and diethylstibestrol in serum. Extraction was based on a simple acid denaturation of protein followed by liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tert butyl ether. Extracts were directly injected into the UHPLC-MS/MS without further purification. Excellent recoveries in the range 82-99% and 91-128% were obtained for hexestrol and diethylstibestrol, respectively. Both within-day repeatability and between-day reproducibility were generally satisfactory with RSD <20%. The linearity of the internal standard based matrix-matched calibration curve measured as the coefficient of regression (r2) was generally >0.99 for both hexestrol and diethylstibestrol. Both matrix effect and uncertainties associated with sample preparation and instrumental analysis were significantly reduced with the use of a deuterated compound (hexestrol-d4) as internal standard. The LOD and LOQ were 0.09 and 0.08 ng/ml, and 0.28 and 0.25 ng/ml, respectively, for hexestrol and diethylstibestrol. The method was found to be suitable for the simultaneous determination of hexestrol and diethylstibestrol in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pumza M Gatyeni
- a Department of Residue Analysis , Agricultural Research Council-OVR , Pretoria , South Africa
| | - Tlou Chokwe
- b Department of Analytical Services , Rand Water Scientific Services , Vereeniging , South Africa
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39
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Usui K, Fujita Y, Kamijo Y, Kokaji T, Funayama M. Identification of 5-Fluoro ADB in Human Whole Blood in Four Death Cases. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 42:e21-e25. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Usui
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujita
- Department of Emergency, Disaster and General Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kamijo
- Emergency Medical Canter and Poison Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kokaji
- ABSCIEX, 4-7-35 Kitashinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0001, Japan
| | - Masato Funayama
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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40
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Majchrzak M, Celiński R, Kuś P, Kowalska T, Sajewicz M. The newest cathinone derivatives as designer drugs: an analytical and toxicological review. Forensic Toxicol 2017; 36:33-50. [PMID: 29367861 PMCID: PMC5754390 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, among new psychoactive substances, cathinone derivatives constitute the biggest group, which are mainly classified into N-alkylated, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-alkylated, N-pyrrolidinyl, and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-pyrrolidinyl derivatives. These derivatives are actively being subjected to minor modifications at the alkyl chains or the aromatic ring to create new synthetic cathinones with the goal of circumventing laws. In this review, the new synthetic cathinones that have appeared on the illegal drug market during the period 2014-2017 are highlighted, and their characterization by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is presented. METHODS Various key words were used to conduct an extensive literature search across a number of databases, specifically for synthetic cathinones that emerged between 2014 and 2017. RESULTS More than 30 new cathinone derivatives were discovered. The preexisting parental compounds for the new derivatives are also referenced, and their mass spectral data are compiled in a table to facilitate their identification by forensic toxicologists. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the most current review presenting new synthetic cathinones. Political authorities should take measures to implement and enforce generic scheduling (comprehensive system) laws to control the diversely modified synthetic cathinones. Supplementing the existing databases with new findings can greatly facilitate the efforts of forensic toxicologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Majchrzak
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
- Toxicology Laboratory ToxLab, 6 Kossutha Street, 40-844 Katowice, Poland
| | - Rafał Celiński
- Toxicology Laboratory ToxLab, 6 Kossutha Street, 40-844 Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Kuś
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Teresa Kowalska
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Sajewicz
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
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41
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Manchester KR, Lomas EC, Waters L, Dempsey FC, Maskell PD. The emergence of new psychoactive substance (NPS) benzodiazepines: A review. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:37-53. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kieran R. Manchester
- School of Applied Sciences, Queensgate Campus; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield UK
| | - Emma C. Lomas
- School of Applied Sciences, Queensgate Campus; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield UK
| | - Laura Waters
- School of Applied Sciences, Queensgate Campus; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield UK
| | - Fiona C. Dempsey
- MedAnnex Ltd, 1 Summerhall Place; Techcube 3.5; Edinburgh EH9 1PL UK
| | - Peter D. Maskell
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology; Abertay University; Dundee UK
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42
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Kori S, Parmar A, Sharma S. Colloidal assemblies: effective extraction media for diazepam from impaled blood, urine and milk samples. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2017.1334825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivpoojan Kori
- Institute of forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankush Parmar
- Institute of forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Institute of forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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43
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A fatal poisoning case by intravenous injection of “bath salts” containing acetyl fentanyl and 4-methoxy PV8. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 267:e6-e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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44
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Alves V, Conceição C, Gonçalves J, Teixeira HM, Câmara JS. Improved Analytical Approach Based on QuECHERS/UHPLC-PDA for Quantification of Fluoxetine, Clomipramine and their Active Metabolites in Human Urine Samples. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 41:45-53. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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45
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Poncelet L, El Bakhi S, Dulaurent S, Saint-Marcoux F. Les sels QuEChERS pour l’identification et la quantification de benzodiazépines et métabolites dans les prélèvements biologiques par LC–MS/MS. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2016.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Zhang X, Lin Z, Li J, Huang Z, Rao Y, Liang H, Yan J, Zheng F. Rapid determination of nine barbiturates in human whole blood by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:588-595. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing Jiangsu PR China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai PR China
| | - Zebin Lin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai PR China
| | - Jiaolun Li
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; Shanghai PR China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai PR China
| | - Yulan Rao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai PR China
| | - Hao Liang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai PR China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Central South University; Changsha Hunan PR China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing Jiangsu PR China
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47
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Licata M, Rustichelli C, Palazzoli F, Ferrari A, Baraldi C, Vandelli D, Verri P, Marchesi F, Silingardi E. Hair testing in clinical setting: Simultaneous determination of 50 psychoactive drugs and metabolites in headache patients by LC tandem MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 126:14-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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48
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Yuan JP, Sun YM, Liu JH, Yao YX, Chen Y. Determination of hexabromocyclododecane enantiomers in chicken whole blood by a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2846-52. [PMID: 27235093 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple analytical method has been developed for the determination of hexabromocyclododecane enantiomers in chicken whole blood, based on a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe approach before liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The factors influencing performance of method were investigated by single factor experiment, and further optimized by the response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design. The matrix effects were also evaluated by the isotopic dilution method. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method showed good linearity within the range of 1-500 μg/L and good repeatability with relative standard deviation less than 9.5% (n = 5). The limits of detection (S/N = 3) were 0.03-0.19 μg/L. The developed method was successfully applied for the analysis of hexabromocyclododecane enantiomers in real chicken blood samples. The satisfactory recoveries ranging of 83.6-115.0% were obtained (at spiked levels of 5, 20, and 100 μg/L). The results demonstrated that the proposed method would be a practical value method for the determination of hexabromocyclododecane enantiomers in animal blood. It would be further developed with confidence to analyze other lipophilic organic pollutants in blood sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Peng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - You-Min Sun
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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49
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Kikuchi S, Fujita Y, Onodera M, Fujino Y, Inoue Y. Prolonged hypotension induced by ingesting a topical minoxidil solution: analysis of minoxidil and its metabolites. Acute Med Surg 2016; 3:384-387. [PMID: 29123818 DOI: 10.1002/ams2.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Case A 47-year-old man ingested 60 mL of a topical solution (3,000 mg minoxidil) and presented with prolonged hypotension. Treatment with dopamine hydrochloride and noradrenaline provided blood pressure control. Serum unchanged minoxidil concentrations at 4 and 16 h after ingestion were 4,994 and 33.9 ng/mL, respectively. Urine concentrations of unchanged minoxidil, minoxidil-O-glucuronide, and minoxidil-N-O-sulfate at 16 h after ingestion were 360.4, 1,953, and 104.5 ng/mL, respectively. Outcome The serum unchanged minoxidil concentration rapidly decreased over a short interval. However, the patient needed to receive vasopressor support for the first 4 days after being admitted to the hospital. The urine minoxidil-O-glucuronide concentration was higher than the concentrations of unchanged minoxidil and minoxidil-N-O-sulfate. Conclusion Although the serum concentration of unchanged minoxidil rapidly decreased, ingesting large amounts of a topical minoxidil solution can have serious and prolonged cardiovascular effects. Analyzing the minoxidil-O-glucuronide concentration in urine is useful for diagnosing minoxidil poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Emergency Medicine Iwate Medical University School of Medicine Morioka Iwate Japan
| | - Yuji Fujita
- Department of Emergency Medicine Iwate Medical University School of Medicine Morioka Iwate Japan.,Poisoning and Drug Laboratory Division, Critical Care and Emergency Center Iwate Medical University Hospital Morioka Iwate Japan
| | - Makoto Onodera
- Department of Emergency Medicine Iwate Medical University School of Medicine Morioka Iwate Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Fujino
- Department of Emergency Medicine Iwate Medical University School of Medicine Morioka Iwate Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Inoue
- Department of Emergency Medicine Iwate Medical University School of Medicine Morioka Iwate Japan
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50
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Dulaurent S, El Balkhi S, Poncelet L, Gaulier JM, Marquet P, Saint-Marcoux F. QuEChERS sample preparation prior to LC-MS/MS determination of opiates, amphetamines, and cocaine metabolites in whole blood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:1467-74. [PMID: 26753977 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Modern LC-MS/MS instruments have sensitivity and scanning velocity high enough to analyze many different compounds in single runs. Consequently, the sample preparation procedure has become the bottleneck for developing efficient, rapid, and cheap multi-compound methods. Here, we examined one-step sample preparation based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) salts to set up and validate a LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 35 drugs of abuse and their metabolites in whole blood. Despite large differences in physicochemical properties, this simplified QuEChERS extraction method yielded satisfactory recoveries (until 96%) for the 35 molecules. The amounts of QuEChERS salts had no influence on extraction yield. Chromatographic separation was obtained in less than 6 min. LLOD and LLOQ were 3 and 5 ng/mL, respectively. The procedure was successfully validated and then applied to 253 cases of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID), collected over a 6-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Dulaurent
- Service de pharmacologie, toxicologie et pharmacovigilance, CHU Limoges, 2 Ave Martin Luther King, 87042, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Souleiman El Balkhi
- Service de pharmacologie, toxicologie et pharmacovigilance, CHU Limoges, 2 Ave Martin Luther King, 87042, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Lauranne Poncelet
- Service de pharmacologie, toxicologie et pharmacovigilance, CHU Limoges, 2 Ave Martin Luther King, 87042, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- Service de pharmacologie, toxicologie et pharmacovigilance, CHU Limoges, 2 Ave Martin Luther King, 87042, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Marquet
- Service de pharmacologie, toxicologie et pharmacovigilance, CHU Limoges, 2 Ave Martin Luther King, 87042, Limoges Cedex, France.,Université Limoges, UMR_S 850, 87000, Limoges, France.,INSERM, U850, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - Franck Saint-Marcoux
- Service de pharmacologie, toxicologie et pharmacovigilance, CHU Limoges, 2 Ave Martin Luther King, 87042, Limoges Cedex, France. .,Université Limoges, UMR_S 850, 87000, Limoges, France. .,INSERM, U850, 87000, Limoges, France.
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