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Machado CR, Curi JP, da Costa Moraes CA, Santos LV, Melani RFH, Chilvarquer I, Beaini TL. Exploratory analysis of new craniometric measures for the investigation of biological sex using open-access statistical and machine-learning tools on a cone-beam computed tomography sample. Int J Legal Med 2024:10.1007/s00414-024-03259-3. [PMID: 38856752 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Investigation of the biological sex of human remains is a crucial aspect of physical anthropology. However, due to varying states of skeletal preservation, multiple approaches and structures of interest need to be explored. This research aims to investigate the potential use of distances between bifrontal breadth (FMB), infraorbital foramina distance (IOD), nasal breadth (NLB), inter-canine width (ICD), and distance between mental foramina (MFD) for combined sex prediction through traditional statistical methods and through open-access machine-learning tools. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee, and out of 100 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, 54 individuals were selected with all the points visible. Ten extra exams were chosen to test the predictors developed from the learning sample. Descriptive analysis of measurements, standard deviation, and standard error were obtained. T-student and Mann-Whitney tests were utilized to assess the sex differences within the variables. A logistic regression equation was developed and tested for the investigation of the biological sex as well as decision trees, random forest, and artificial neural networks machine-learning models. The results indicate a strong correlation between the measurements and the sex of individuals. When combined, the measurements were able to predict sex using a regression formula or machine learning based models which can be exported and added to software or webpages. Considering the methods, the estimations showed an accuracy rate superior to 80% for males and 82% for females. All skulls in the test sample were accurately predicted by both statistical and machine-learning models. This exploratory study successfully established a correlation between facial measurements and the sex of individuals, validating the prediction potential of machine learning, augmenting the investigative tools available to experts with a high differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janaina Paiva Curi
- Social and Preventive Dentistry Department , Centro Universitário Do Triângulo, Minas Gerais, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Thiago Leite Beaini
- Social and Preventive Dentistry Department , Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Cen Y, Huang X, Liu J, Qin Y, Wu X, Ye S, Du S, Liao W. Application of three-dimensional reconstruction technology in dentistry: a narrative review. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:630. [PMID: 37667286 PMCID: PMC10476426 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional(3D) reconstruction technology is a method of transforming real goals into mathematical models consistent with computer logic expressions and has been widely used in dentistry, but the lack of review and summary leads to confusion and misinterpretation of information. The purpose of this review is to provide the first comprehensive link and scientific analysis of 3D reconstruction technology and dentistry to bridge the information bias between these two disciplines. METHODS The IEEE Xplore and PubMed databases were used for rigorous searches based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, supplemented by Google Academic as a complementary tool to retrieve all literature up to February 2023. We conducted a narrative review focusing on the empirical findings of the application of 3D reconstruction technology to dentistry. RESULTS We classify the technologies applied to dentistry according to their principles and summarize the different characteristics of each category, as well as the different application scenarios determined by these characteristics of each technique. In addition, we indicate their development prospects and worthy research directions in the field of dentistry, from individual techniques to the overall discipline of 3D reconstruction technology, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Researchers and clinicians should make different decisions on the choice of 3D reconstruction technology based on different objectives. The main trend in the future development of 3D reconstruction technology is the joint application of technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyan Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xinyue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jialing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yichun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xinrui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Shiyang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Shufang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Wen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Jacometti V, Guimarães MA, de Moraes LOC, Marques SR, Cunha E, da Silva RHA. Ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology: accuracy of the AncesTrees software in a Brazilian sample. Forensic Sci Res 2023; 8:202-210. [PMID: 38221968 PMCID: PMC10785597 DOI: 10.1093/fsr/owad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to analyze the accuracy and applicability of the AncesTrees software with respect to a set of cranial measurements of a Brazilian sample consisting of 114 identified skulls from two osteological collections, predominantly composed of European (n = 59), African (n = 35), and admixed individuals (n = 20). Twenty-four different craniometric measurements are performed and input to AncesTrees via two algorithms, one of which is used in three configurations, with different ancestral groups integrated in the model. The software exhibits superior performance in the estimation of European individuals, reaching 73% accuracy, compared with 66% in the African individuals. Those individuals classified as admixed produce a variety of ancestral classifications, mainly European. Overall, the most accurate combination of AncesTrees is obtained using ancestralForest with only the European and African groups integrated into the algorithm, where the accuracy reaches 70%. The applicability of this software to a specific population is fragile because of the high admixing load, making it necessary to create a more representative anthropometric database of the Brazilian people. Key points Ancestry estimation methods are seldom validated in Brazil.AncesTrees performed poorly on our sample, with a maximum accuracy of 70%.Brazil's highly mixed population hinders ancestry estimation.Mixed individuals (pardos) are predominantly classified as Europeans.The insertion of Brazilian metric data into the AncesTrees database would produce better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Jacometti
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14048-900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio Guimarães
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14048-900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luis Otávio Carvalho de Moraes
- Discipline of Descriptive and Topografic Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, 04024-002 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Ricardo Marques
- Discipline of Descriptive and Topografic Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, 04024-002 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eugénia Cunha
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade de Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Henrique Alves da Silva
- Department of Stomatology, Public Health and Forensic Odontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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da Silva JC, Strazzi-Sahyon HB, Andreo JC, Spin MD, Nunes GP, Shinohara AL. A systematic review of photogrammetry as a reliable methodology in gender identification of human skull. J Forensic Leg Med 2023; 97:102546. [PMID: 37307776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important parameters in the identification process in forensic Medicine and Dentistry is the determination of sex through the skull, based on morphological and metric dimorphism. Photogrammetry is an affordable option that allows the reconstruction of position, orientation, shape, and size, allowing the performance of quantitative and qualitative analyzes to identify the sex of the individual. However, there are few systematic reviews in the literature validating whether photogrammetry is a reliable methodology for sexual identification using human skulls. Therefore, the objective of the current systematic review was to validate whether photogrammetry of dry skulls is reliable as a method for calculating sex in human identification. This revision follows the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and was recorded in the Prospective International Systematic Reviews Registry (PROSPERO) (CRD420223 Systematic Registry) (CRD420223). The inclusion criteria for selecting the studies were based on the PICO question: "Is test photogrammetry reliable as a method for estimating sex in human identification?". A literature search for studies was performed in the databases MEDLINE Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, and the Cochrane Library. The Kappa agreement presented an approval level of (k = 0.93). This systematic review analyzed 11 ex-vivo studies published between 2001 and 2021. The risk of bias was considered low in 8 of the studies, and high in 3 studies. Based on this systematic review, it can be concluded that the photogrammetry method is viable and reliable in identifying sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Calistro da Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo - USP, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Henrico Badaoui Strazzi-Sahyon
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo - USP, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jesus Carlos Andreo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo - USP, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maurício Donalonso Spin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo - USP, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Pereira Nunes
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
| | - André Luís Shinohara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo - USP, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
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Radiomorphometric indices for sex estimation in edentulous individuals: a receiver operating characteristic curve and discriminant function analysis-based study. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 341:111513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Moritsugui DS, Fugiwara FVG, Vassallo FNS, Mazzilli LEN, Beaini TL, Melani RFH. Facial soft tissue thickness in forensic facial reconstruction: Impact of regional differences in Brazil. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270980. [PMID: 35839226 PMCID: PMC9286276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Forensic facial reconstruction aims to assemble and provide the appearance of a face over a skull, in order to lead to recognition of that individual, making possible the application of primary identification methods. The scientific literature presents facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) tables for reference from a range of different geographic regions. However, the consensus on its importance or on how to use specific population data related to FSTT is not unanimous. Brazil is formed by geographic regions with diverse populations, which are reflected in facial features. This paper aimed to measure and compare FSTT of distinct Brazilian samples to ascertain the need for specific data sets for different regions. A specific protocol for cone beam computed tomography was used to standardize measurement, and it was applied in a sample of 101 subjects. The FSTT measurements of a Brazilian population from the Midwest Region was compared to a previous sample from Southeast, which was collected using the same protocol. High compatibility was observed when comparing the averages of FSTT among samples of these two different geographic regions. Regarding age groups, notable differences on the medium and inferior face were observed in females. Minor variances found are unlikely to affect the practice of forensic facial reconstruction. Facial features, such as eyes, lips, nose, and skin may also be relevant in the differentiation of people from these two areas in Brazil. Therefore, concerning the Southeast and Midwest Brazilian regions, the need to apply different data sets is unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deisy Satie Moritsugui
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology (OFLAB), Department of Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Flavia Vanessa Greb Fugiwara
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology (OFLAB), Department of Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Nicolle Stefani Vassallo
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology (OFLAB), Department of Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eugênio Nigro Mazzilli
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology (OFLAB), Department of Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Leite Beaini
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Francisco Haltenhoff Melani
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology (OFLAB), Department of Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pengyue L, Siyuan X, Yi J, Wen Y, Xiaoning L, Guohua G, Shixiong W. ANINet: a deep neural network for skull ancestry estimation. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:550. [PMID: 34763653 PMCID: PMC8588617 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ancestry estimation of skulls is under a wide range of applications in forensic science, anthropology, and facial reconstruction. This study aims to avoid defects in traditional skull ancestry estimation methods, such as time-consuming and labor-intensive manual calibration of feature points, and subjective results. RESULTS This paper uses the skull depth image as input, based on AlexNet, introduces the Wide module and SE-block to improve the network, designs and proposes ANINet, and realizes the ancestry classification. Such a unified model architecture of ANINet overcomes the subjectivity of manually calibrating feature points, of which the accuracy and efficiency are improved. We use depth projection to obtain the local depth image and the global depth image of the skull, take the skull depth image as the object, use global, local, and local + global methods respectively to experiment on the 95 cases of Han skull and 110 cases of Uyghur skull data sets, and perform cross-validation. The experimental results show that the accuracies of the three methods for skull ancestry estimation reached 98.21%, 98.04% and 99.03%, respectively. Compared with the classic networks AlexNet, Vgg-16, GoogLenet, ResNet-50, DenseNet-121, and SqueezeNet, the network proposed in this paper has the advantages of high accuracy and small parameters; compared with state-of-the-art methods, the method in this paper has a higher learning rate and better ability to estimate. CONCLUSIONS In summary, skull depth images have an excellent performance in estimation, and ANINet is an effective approach for skull ancestry estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Pengyue
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia Siyuan
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiang Yi
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Wen
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liu Xiaoning
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Geng Guohua
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wang Shixiong
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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Del Bove A, Profico A, Riga A, Bucchi A, Lorenzo C. A geometric morphometric approach to the study of sexual dimorphism in the modern human frontal bone. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:643-654. [PMID: 33025582 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We analyzed the main anatomical traits found in the human frontal bone by using a geometric morphometric approach. The objectives of this study are to explore how the frontal bone morphology varies between the sexes and to detect which part of the frontal bone are sexually dimorphic. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample is composed of 161 skulls of European and North American individuals of known sex. For each cranium, we collected 3D landmarks and semilandmarks on the frontal bone, to examine the entire morphology and separate modules (frontal squama, supraorbital ridges, glabellar region, temporal lines, and mid-sagittal profile). We used Procrustes ANOVAs and LDAs (linear discriminant analyses) to evaluate the relation between frontal bone morphology and sexual dimorphism and to calculate precision and accuracy in the classification of sex. RESULTS All the frontal bone traits are influenced by sexual dimorphism, though each in a different manner. Variation in shape and size differs between the sexes, and this study confirmed that the supraorbital ridges and glabella are the most important regions for sex determination, although there is no covariation between them. The variable size does not contribute significantly to the discrimination between sexes. Thanks to a geometric morphometric analysis, it was found that the size variable is not an important element for the determination of sex in the frontal bone. CONCLUSION The usage of geometric morphometrics in analyzing the frontal bone has led to new knowledge on the morphological variations due to sexual dimorphism. The proposed protocol permits to quantify morphological covariation between modules, to calculate the shape variations related to sexual dimorphism including or omitting the variable size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Del Bove
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution IPHES, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio Profico
- PalaeoHub-Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Alessandro Riga
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Laboratory of Archaeoanthropology, SABAP-FI, Scandicci, Italy
| | - Ana Bucchi
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution IPHES, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carlos Lorenzo
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution IPHES, Tarragona, Spain
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Lussu P, Marini E. Ultra close-range digital photogrammetry in skeletal anthropology: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230948. [PMID: 32240219 PMCID: PMC7117717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ultra close-range digital photogrammetry (UCR-DP) is emerging as a robust technique for 3D model generation and represents a convenient and low-cost solution for rapid data acquisition in virtual anthropology. Objectives This systematic review aims to analyse applications, technical implementation, and performance of UCR-DP in skeletal anthropology. Methods The PRISMA guidelines were applied to the study. The bibliographic search was performed on March 1st, 2019 using Scopus and MEDLINE databases to retrieve peer-reviewed studies accessible in English full-text. The authors worked independently to select the articles meeting inclusion criteria, upon discussion. Studies underwent to quantitative and qualitative syntheses. Results Twenty-six studies were selected. The majority appeared in 2016 or after and were focused on methodological aspects; the applications mainly dealt with the documentation of skeletal findings and the identification or comparison of anatomical features and trauma. Most authors used commercial software packages, and an offline approach. Research is still quite heterogeneous concerning methods, terminology and quality of results, and proper validation is still lacking. Conclusions UCR-DP has great potential in skeletal anthropology, with many significant advantages: versatility in terms of application range and technical implementation, scalability, and photorealistic restitution. Validation of the technique, and the application of the cloud-based approach, with its reduced requirements relating to hardware, labour, time, and cost, could further facilitate the sharing of large collections for research and communication purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Lussu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail: (EM); (PL)
| | - Elisabetta Marini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail: (EM); (PL)
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Jurda M, Urbanová P, Chmelík J. Digital restoration of fragmentary human skeletal remains: Testing the feasibility of virtual reality. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 66:50-57. [PMID: 31220789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Experts in forensic anthropology and medicine have become gradually accustomed to examining components of the human body in the virtual workspace. While the computer-assisted approach offers numerous benefits, the interactions with digital three-dimensional biological objects are often problematic, particularly if conducted with mouse, keyboard and flat-panel screen. The study focusses on feasibility of a virtual reality (VR) system for virtual restoration of fragmentary skeletal remains. The VR system was confronted with three cases of fragmentary remains. The cases were reassembled manually by twenty participants using a HTC Vive headset combined with an in-house application A.R.T. The same task was performed using a CloudCompare software in conjunction with a desktop peripheral. The two systems were compared in terms of time efficiency, the geometric properties of the resulting restorations, and convenience of use. Restoration using the VR system took approximately half the time the desktop set-up did. The VR system also yielded a lower error rate when a severely fragmented skull was reassembled. Ultimately, although the efficiency of the reassembling was shown to be strongly dependent on the operator's experience, the use of the VR system balanced out the uneven levels of proficiency in computer graphics. The current generation of virtual reality headsets has a strong potential to facilitate and improve tasks relating to the virtual restoration of fragmented skeletal remains. A VR system offers an intuitive digital working environment which is less affected by an operator's computer skills and practical understanding of the technology than the desktop systems are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikoláš Jurda
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Urbanová
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Chmelík
- Department of Visual Computing, Faculty of Informatics, Botanická 554/68a, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Sex and ancestry related differences between two Central European populations determined using exocranial meshes. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 297:364-369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Jandová M, Urbanová P. Sexual dimorphism in human facial expressions by 3D surface processing. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2018; 69:98-109. [PMID: 30029775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Human face is a dynamic system where facial expressions can rapidly modify geometry of facial features. Facial expressions are believed to be universal across world populations, but only a few studies have explored whether grimacing is sexually dimorphic and if so to what extent. The present paper explores inter- and intra-individual variation of human facial expressions with respect to individual's sex based on a set of neutral and expression-varying 3D facial scans. The study sample composed of 20 individuals (10 males and 10 females) for whom 120 scans featuring grimaces associated with disgust, surprise, "u" sound, smile and wide smile were collected by an optical scanner Vectra XT. In order to quantify the dissimilarity among 3D images, surface comparison approach based on aligned 3D meshes and closest point-to-point distances was carried out in Fidentis Analyst application. The study revealed that sexual dimorphism was indeed one of the factors which determined the extent and characteristics of facial deformations recorded for the studied expressions. In order to produce a grimace, males showed a tendency towards extending their facial movements while females were generally more restrained. Furthermore, the facial movements linked to the wide smile and "u" sound were revealed as the most extensive relative to the other expressions, while the smile and surprise were shown indistinguishable from the neutral face.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jandová
- Laboratory of Morphology and Forensic Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - P Urbanová
- Laboratory of Morphology and Forensic Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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