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Vamberszky L, Uhl M. Forensic age estimation of adolescents using computed tomography of the clavicles. Int J Legal Med 2024:10.1007/s00414-024-03272-6. [PMID: 38960911 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
In forensic age estimation, CT imaging of the clavicles is used to determine an age over completed 21 years. If ossification of the medial clavicular epiphysis is complete, young men are assumed to be over 21 years of age. The aim of this study is to check the statistical parameters (specificity, predictive probability) for the characteristic "completed ossification of the medial clavicles". 285 male patients who, for various reasons, received a chest CT at the Medical Center of the University of Freiburg between 1st December 2019 and 6th December 2022 were screened for the study, of whom 203 patients were included in the study. The stage of clavicular ossification was classified as stage 1 - 5 according to Schmeling. While 70 out of 71 patients under 21 years of age were correctly estimated to be under 21 years of age, there was one patient whose ossification on one side was classified as stage 4 and who would therefore have been estimated to be over 21 years of age. If only subjects whose ossification stage was the same on both sides are included, the specificity of the test method is 100% and the positive predictive probability is 100%. If patients for whom only one side is stage 4 are also included, the specificity is 98.6%. Thus, only the complete and symmetrical ossification of both clavicles (stage 4 according to the Schmeling classification) in a standardised thin-layer CT can be classified as a reliable indicator of an age over 21 years in young men. In the case of asymmetric ossification of the medial clavicles (stage 4 is not reached on one side), false positive evaluations and the incorrect assumption of an age over 21 years can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Vamberszky
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Uhl
- Department of Radiology, Department of Paediatric Radiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Kawashita I, Fukumoto W, Mitani H, Narita K, Chosa K, Nakamura Y, Nagao M, Awai K. Development of a deep-learning algorithm for age estimation on CT images of the vertebral column. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2024; 69:102444. [PMID: 38604090 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The accurate age estimation of cadavers is essential for their identification. However, conventional methods fail to yield adequate age estimation especially in elderly cadavers. We developed a deep learning algorithm for age estimation on CT images of the vertebral column and checked its accuracy. METHOD For the development of our deep learning algorithm, we included 1,120 CT data of the vertebral column of 140 patients for each of 8 age decades. The deep learning model of regression analysis based on Visual Geometry Group-16 (VGG16) was improved in its estimation accuracy by bagging. To verify its accuracy, we applied our deep learning algorithm to estimate the age of 219 cadavers who had undergone postmortem CT (PMCT). The mean difference and the mean absolute error (MAE), the standard error of the estimate (SEE) between the known- and the estimated age, were calculated. Correlation analysis using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis were performed to assess differences between the known- and the estimated age. RESULTS For the 219 cadavers, the mean difference between the known- and the estimated age was 0.30 years; it was 4.36 years for the MAE, and 5.48 years for the SEE. The ICC (2,1) was 0.96 (95 % confidence interval: 0.95-0.97, p < 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis showed that there were no proportional or fixed errors (p = 0.08 and 0.41). CONCLUSIONS Our deep learning algorithm for estimating the age of 219 cadavers on CT images of the vertebral column was more accurate than conventional methods and highly useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Kawashita
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Wataru Fukumoto
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; Center for Cause of Death Investigation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Mitani
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Keigo Narita
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Keigo Chosa
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakamura
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masataka Nagao
- Center for Cause of Death Investigation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuo Awai
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; Center for Cause of Death Investigation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Qiu L, Liu A, Dai X, Liu G, Peng Z, Zhan M, Liu J, Gui Y, Zhu H, Chen H, Deng Z, Fan F. Machine learning and deep learning enabled age estimation on medial clavicle CT images. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:487-498. [PMID: 37940721 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The medial clavicle epiphysis is a crucial indicator for bone age estimation (BAE) after hand maturation. This study aimed to develop machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models for BAE based on medial clavicle CT images and evaluate the performance on normal and variant clavicles. This study retrospectively collected 1049 patients (mean± SD: 22.50±4.34 years) and split them into normal training and test sets, and variant training and test sets. An additional 53 variant clavicles were incorporated into the variant test set. The development stages of normal MCE were used to build a linear model and support vector machine (SVM) for BAE. The CT slices of MCE were automatically segmented and used to train DL models for automated BAE. Comparisons were performed by linear versus ML versus DL, and normal versus variant clavicles. Mean absolute error (MAE) and classification accuracy was the primary parameter of comparison. For BAE, the SVM had the best MAE of 1.73 years, followed by the commonly-used CNNs (1.77-1.93 years), the linear model (1.94 years), and the hybrid neural network CoAt Net (2.01 years). In DL models, SE Net 18 was the best-performing DL model with similar results to SVM in the normal test set and achieved an MAE of 2.08 years in the external variant test. For age classification, all the models exhibit superior performance in the classification of 18-, 20-, 21-, and 22-year thresholds with limited value in the 16-year threshold. Both ML and DL models produce desirable performance in BAE based on medial clavicle CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Qiu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Anjie Liu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangfeng Liu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Peng
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjun Zhan
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Liu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufan Gui
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Haozhe Zhu
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Chen
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Deng
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fei Fan
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Lopatin O, Barszcz M, Bolechała F, Woźniak K. Analysis of various radiological age-assessment methods in children, adolescents and young adults regarding the differences between the sexes and sides of the body - A comparative review. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2023; 65:102329. [PMID: 37832470 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
A total of 76 articles published within the last twenty years, indexed in the PubMed and ResearchGate databases, were reviewed in order to compare medical imaging-based methods of age estimation of children, adolescents and young adults. The evaluated studies were analyzed for any statistically significant differences between the sexes and sides of the body, sample sizes, and population age. Irrespective of the evaluation method, there were some studies that showed a statistically significant differences in ossification stages between the male and female groups. Most of the studies whose authors conducted a statistical analysis demonstrated no significant differences between the left and right side of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksiy Lopatin
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Barszcz
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Filip Bolechała
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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Ruder TD, Kuhnen SC, Zech WD, Klaus JB, Lombardo P, Ith M. Standards of practice in forensic age estimation with CT of the medial clavicular epiphysis-a systematic review. Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:1757-1766. [PMID: 37691040 PMCID: PMC10567934 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The AGFAD (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forensische Alterdiagnostik, Study Group on Forensic Age Diagnostics) has published several recommendations regarding both technical aspects of computed tomography (CT) of the medial clavicular epiphysis (MCE) and the process of reading and interpreting the CT images for forensic age estimations (FAE). There are, however, no published recommendations regarding CT scan protocols and no dose reference values for CT of the MCE. The objective of this analysis was to assess adherence to AGFAD recommendations among practitioners of FAE and analyse reported dose-relevant CT scan parameters with the objective of helping to establish evidence-based dose reference values for FAE. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and in Google Scholar with specific MeSH terms to identify original research articles on FAE with CT of the MCE from 1997 to 2022. A total of 48 studies were included. Adherence to AGFAD recommendations among practitioners of FAE is high regarding the use of Schmeling main stages (93%), bone window (79%), ≤ 1 mm CT slices (67%), axial/coronal CT images (65%), and Kellinghaus sub-stages (59%). The reporting of CT technique and CT dose-relevant scan parameters is heterogeneous and often incomplete in the current literature. Considering the success achieved by the AGFAD in creating standards of practice of FAE in living subjects, there is potential for the AGFAD to establish standards for radiation protection in FAE as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Ruder
- Institute of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, InselspitaI, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Saskia C Kuhnen
- Institute of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, InselspitaI, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Dieter Zech
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jeremias B Klaus
- Institute of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, InselspitaI, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Roentgen Institute Thun, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Lombardo
- Institute of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, InselspitaI, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Ith
- Institute of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, InselspitaI, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Radiation Protection, Image Processing Systems & Radiological Processes, Hirslanden Private Hospital Group, Zurich, Switzerland
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Lopatin O, Barszcz M, Jurczak A, Woźniak KJ. Postmortem computed tomography assessment of skeletal and dental age in Polish children, adolescents, and young adults. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2023:10.1007/s12024-023-00662-x. [PMID: 37428292 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a retrospective analysis of postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) scans of secondary ossification centers in the medial clavicular epiphysis, iliac crest apophysis, proximal humeral epiphysis, distal femoral epiphysis, proximal tibial epiphysis, and distal tibial epiphysis. At the same time, we analyzed PMCT scans of the maxillary and mandibular incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. We assessed 203 corpses, whose age ranged from 2 to 30 years, including 156 males and 47 females. The purpose of our study was to compare the processes of secondary ossification center fusion and permanent tooth maturation. Our research hypothesis was that certain stages of skeletal and dental maturation occur along consistent timelines that can be related to the chronological age. Secondary ossification center fusion was evaluated based on Kreitner and also McKern and Steward's classifications. The process of permanent tooth maturation was evaluated with Demirjian's method. Spearman's correlation coefficients (Rho) were positive in all analyses, which indicates that epiphyseal fusion progresses with age. The strongest relationship between the age and the stages of ossification was observed in the proximal tibial epiphysis (p < 0.001; Rho = 0.93) in females and in the medial clavicular epiphysis (p < 0.001; Rho = 0.77) in males. Studies show the importance of concomitant analysis of skeletal and dental maturation with a subsequent comparison of the results to achieve a greater precision in age estimation. A comparison of the results obtained in the study population of Polish children, adolescents, and young adults with the results of other studies in populations of similar ages showed a number of similarities in the time windows of dental and skeletal maturation. These similarities may help in age estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksiy Lopatin
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Barszcz
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Jurczak
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jerzy Woźniak
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531, Krakow, Poland.
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Bjelopavlovic M, Reder SR, Fritzen I, Brockmann MA, Hardt J, Petrowski K. Forensic Age Estimation: A Multifactorial Approach in a Retrospective Population Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2029. [PMID: 37370924 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13122029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of forensic age estimation in a German population by combining clavicle and wisdom teeth assessments based on cone beam computed tomography (CT) data. The study aimed to determine the reliability of this approach in predicting biological age. Material and Methods: A total of 161 CT data sets from 120 males and 41 females with known exact ages were evaluated by three raters. The clavicle was assessed according to stages 1-5 (including substages 2a-c and 3a-c), and the Demirjian stage's classification method was used for the wisdom teeth. Inter-class correlation (ICC) was calculated to assess the agreement among the three raters. Additionally, ordinary least square regressions were performed to predict chronological age using the clavicle or one of the four teeth. Finally, age prediction models using multiple indicators were developed. Results: The ICCs ranged from 0.82 for the clavicle to 0.86 and 0.88 for the wisdom teeth. Linear estimation tended to overestimate chronological age, especially in subjects over 18 years old. The clavicle showed the strongest overestimation. Combining age estimation from the clavicle with the upper and lower wisdom teeth improved the predictive power, resulting in a 14% and 15% increase in R² for the upper and lower wisdom teeth, respectively. Adding more than one tooth to the prediction did not improve the predictive power (all ΔR² < 1%). Conclusions: Age estimation using CT can be significantly improved by combining information from the analysis of wisdom teeth with age estimation based on the clavicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bjelopavlovic
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian R Reder
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Isabel Fritzen
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marc A Brockmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochen Hardt
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Petrowski
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Kobayashi S, Makino Y, Torimitsu S, Yamaguchi R, Chiba F, Tsuneya S, Iwase H. Age estimation by evaluating median palatine suture closure using postmortem CT. Int J Legal Med 2023:10.1007/s00414-023-02994-3. [PMID: 37074412 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-02994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to develop an age-estimation formula to evaluate the extent of median palatine suture (MP) closure using postmortem computed tomographic (PMCT) images. The PMCT images of 634 Japanese subjects (mean age, 54.5 years; standard deviation [SD], 23.2 years) with known age and sex were examined. The degree of suture closure of the MP, anterior median palatine suture (AMP), and posterior median palatine suture (PMP) was measured and scored (suture closure score, SCS), and a single linear regression analysis was conducted with age at death. On the analysis, SCS of MP, AMP, and PMP showed a significant correlation with age (p < 0.001). The correlation coefficient of MP was higher (0.760, male; 0.803, female; and 0.779, total) than that of AMP (0.726, male; 0.745, female; and 0.735, total) or PMP (0.457, male; 0.630, female; and 0.549, total). The regression formula and standard error of estimation (SEE) of MP were calculated as Age = 100.95 × SCS + 20.51 (SEE 14.87 years) for male subjects, Age = 91.93 × SCS + 26.65 (SEE 14.12 years) for female subjects, and Age = 95.17 × SCS + 24.09 (SEE 14.59 years) for the total, respectively. In addition, another 50 Japanese subjects were randomly selected to validate the age-estimation formula. In this validation, the actual age of 36 subjects (72%) was within the estimated age ± SEE. This study showed that the age estimation formula using PMCT images of MPs was potentially useful for estimating the age of unidentified corpses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kobayashi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yohsuke Makino
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Suguru Torimitsu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Rutsuko Yamaguchi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Fumiko Chiba
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shigeki Tsuneya
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, 260-8670, Japan
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Age estimation in the living: A scoping review of population data for skeletal and dental methods. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 320:110689. [PMID: 33561788 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Age estimation of living individuals has become a crucial part of the forensic practice, especially due to the global increase in cross-border migration. The low rate of birth registration in many countries, hence of identification documents of migrants, especially in Africa and Asia, highlights the importance of reliable methods for age estimation of living individuals. Despite the fact that a number of skeletal and dental methods for age estimation have been developed, their main limitation is that they are based on specific reference samples and there is still no consensus among researchers on whether these methods can be applied to all populations. Though this issue remains still unsolved, population information at a glance could be useful for forensic practitioners dealing with such issues. This study aims at presenting a scoping review and mapping of the current situation concerning population data for skeletal (hand-wrist and clavicle) and dental methods (teeth eruption and third molar formation) for age estimation in the living. Two hundred studies on the rate of skeletal maturation and four hundred thirty-nine on the rate of dental maturation were found, covering the period from 1952 and 2020 for a total of ninety-eight countries. For most of the western and central African countries there are currently no data on the rate of skeletal and dental maturation. The same applies to the countries of the Middle East, as well as the eastern European countries, especially as regard the skeletal development.
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Shedge R, Kanchan T, Garg PK, Dixit SG, Warrier V, Khera P, Krishan K. Computed tomographic analysis of medial clavicular epiphyseal fusion for age estimation in Indian population. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2020; 46:101735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bozdag M, Er A, Kranioti E, Basa CD, Oztop B, Kacmaz E, Moghaddam N, Ekizoglu O, Grabherr S. Sex estimation in a modern Turkish population using the clavicle: a computed tomography study. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2020.1781255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Bozdag
- Department of Radiology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ali Er
- Department of Radiology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - E. Kranioti
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Can Doruk Basa
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burak Oztop
- Ministry of Health, Izmir Provincial Health Directorate
| | - Eralp Kacmaz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Negahnaz Moghaddam
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Human Institute of Forensic Taphonomy, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oguzhan Ekizoglu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
- University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne-Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silke Grabherr
- University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne-Geneva, Switzerland
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Guo YC, Wang YH, Olze A, Schmidt S, Schulz R, Pfeiffer H, Chen T, Schmeling A. Dental age estimation based on the radiographic visibility of the periodontal ligament in the lower third molars: application of a new stage classification. Int J Legal Med 2019; 134:369-374. [PMID: 31664523 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to test whether a new stage classification based on radiographic visibility of the periodontal ligament in lower third molars in a Chinese population can be used for the 18- and 21-year thresholds. A total of 1300 orthopantomograms, including equal numbers of northern Chinese males and females evenly distributed between the ages of 15 and 40 years, were analyzed. The stages were defined according to the visibility of periodontal ligament for the outer parts of lower third molar roots because the visibility status of the periodontal ligament between the roots of lower third molars is none valuable in many Chinese individuals. Stage 0 was first achieved at the age of 17.05 years in males and 17.46 years in females. The earliest appearance of stage 1 was 17.47 years in males and 17.86 years in females. Stage 2 was first observed in males at the age of 21.43 years and in females at the age of 21.96 years. The onset of stage 3 was first observed at the age of 25.83 years in males and 23.14 years in females. Compared with the stage classification of Olze et al., which also considers the mesial parts of the roots, the number of assessable cases could be significantly increased. Therefore, our novel approach is effective for age estimation in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, 200063, People's Republic of China
| | - Andreas Olze
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Turmstraße 21, 10559, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Schmidt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ronald Schulz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Heidi Pfeiffer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Teng Chen
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Andreas Schmeling
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany
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