The anti-leukemic efficacy of the third generation bisphosphonate ONO5920/YM529

Long circulating PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles of cytarabine for targeting leukemia

The present investigation was aimed at developing PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles of cytarabine. PLGA Nanoparticles were prepared by modified nanoprecipitation method, optimized for mean particle size (152 ± 6 nm) and entrapment efficiency (41.1 ± 0.8%) by a 3² factorial design. The PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles of cytarabine had a zeta potential of -7.5 ± 1.3 mV and sustained the release of cytarabine for 48 h by Fickian diffusion. The IC₅₀ values for L1210 cells were 6.5, 5.3, and 2.2 µM for cytarabine, cytarabine loaded PLGA nanoparticles and cytarabine loaded PLGA-mPEG nanoparticles respectively. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry showed that the nanoparticles were internalized by the L1210 cells and not simply bound to their surface. Biodistribution studies showed that the PEGylated nanoparticles of cytarabine were present in significantly higher concentrations in blood circulation as well as in brain and bones and avoided RES uptake as compared to the free drug.

Selective fluorescence sensing of deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate (dCMP) employing a bis(diphenylphosphate)diimine ligand

A new bis(diphenylphosphate)diimine ligand (BP1) was prepared and evaluated for its ability for selective detection of deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate (dCMP). BP1 exhibited off-type fluorescence in the presence of dCMP. The fluorescence of BP1 was significantly quenched upon the addition of 2.5 × 10(-4) M dCMP and the detection limit was 1.25 × 10(-5) M in MeCN-H(2)O (1:1, v/v). The binding ratio between BP1 and dCMP was determined to be 1:1 with the binding constant of 3.98 ± 0.60 × 10(-3) M(-1).

A novel third generation bisphosphonate, minodronate (YM529), prevented proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through inhibition of mevalonate pathway

AIM

Skeletal metastases and bone metasitasis are a common occurrence in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Bisphosphonates (BPs), which are used for the treatment of osteoporosis and tumor-associated hypercalcemia, have recently been reported to decrease skeletal morbidity in patients with metastatic bone disease. Several studies revealed that nitrogen-containing BPs (N-BPs) could inhibit tumor growth and migration, indicating the possibility that N-BPs have direct inhibitory effects. We aimed to determine the effects of novel a N-BP (YM529) on human HCC cells in vitro.

METHODS

HCC cells were treated with various concentrations of YM529 and the growth inhibition rate was determined. Apoptosis was evaluated by caspase-3/7 assay and caspase-9 cleavage detection. The effects of YM529 on the migration of HCC cells induced by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were determined by cell migration assay. To evaluate the involvement of the mevalonate pathway, farnesol (FOH) and geranylgeraniol (GGOH) were added.

RESULTS

YM529 inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells in a dose-dependent manner. The activation of caspase-3/7 and cleavage of caspase-9 demonstrated the involvement of apoptosis in cytotoxicity. GGOH reduced the growth inhibitory effect of YM529 and suppressed the induction of caspase-3/7 activities by YM529 on HCC cells. YM529 inhibited tumor cell migration induced by HGF and this effect was reduced by co-treatment with GGOH.

CONCLUSION

YM529 inhibited the cell proliferation and migration of HCC cells, implicating the involvement of the mevalonate pathway. These results suggest that N-BPs are potential agents for the treatment of HCC skeletal metastases.

Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, YM529/ONO-5920, inhibits macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha expression and secretion in mouse myeloma cells

Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha) is detected at high concentrations in patients with multiple myeloma, and it is thought to play an important role in the etiology of multiple myeloma and osteolysis. Thus, we investigated whether or not YM529/ONO-5920, a new bisphosphonate, inhibited MIP-1 alpha mRNA expression in, and MIP-1 alpha secretion from, mouse myeloma cells. When the cells were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide, increased MIP-1 alpha mRNA expression and MIP-1 alpha secretion were observed. YM529/ONO-5920 inhibited MIP-1 alpha mRNA expression and MIP-1 alpha secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. A transient increase in the phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Akt was observed after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. After YM529/ONO-5920 was given, there was no transient increase in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 or Akt. These results indicated that YM529/ONO-5920 inhibited the expression and secretion of MIP-1 alpha through blocking the signaling pathway of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/ERK and Ras/phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt. Accordingly, YM529/ONO-5920 appears to have promise for use in effective future therapy for osteolysis and myeloma cell growth that depends on MIP-1 alpha.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of alpha-halogenated bisphosphonate and phosphonocarboxylate analogues of risedronate

Alpha-halogenated analogues of the anti-resorptive bisphosphonate risedronate (5, Ris) and its phosphonocarboxylate cognate (7, 3-PEHPC) were synthesized and compared with 5, 7, and the corresponding desoxy analogues in bone mineral affinity and mevalonate pathway inhibition assays. The Ris (5e-h) and 3-PEHPC (7e-h) analogues had decreased bone mineral affinity, confirming that the alpha-OH group in 5 and 7 enhances bone affinity. The 5 alpha-halo-analogues potently inhibited farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) with IC50 values from 16 (alpha-F) to 340 (alpha-Br) nM (5, 6 nM). In contrast, 7 alpha-halo-analogues were ineffective versus FPPS (IC50 > 600 microM), but inhibited Rab geranylgeranyl transferase (RGGT) (IC50 = 16-35 microM) similarly to 7 itself (IC50 = 24 microM). The alpha-F analogue 7e was 1-2 times as active as 7 in J774 cell viability and Rab11 prenylation inhibition assays.

Combined effects of a third-generation bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid with other anticancer agents against murine osteosarcoma

Bisphosphonates (BPs) are widely used to treat bone diseases and also appear to possess direct antitumour activity. We have previously reported that third-generation BPs such as zoledronic acid (ZOL) and minodronic acid (YM529) synergistically augment the effects of anticancer agents in various cancer cells. Recently, we have also reported the antitumour effects of YM529 on murine osteosarcoma cells. As YM529 has not been clinically available, we herein focused on the anti-osteosarcoma effects of ZOL which is clinically available. In addition to ZOL alone, we evaluated the concurrent or sequential combined effects of ZOL with other anticancer agents against murine osteosarcoma cell lines. ZOL showed almost same anti-osteosarcoma activity compared with YM529 and more sensitive growth inhibitory effects against osteosarcoma cells than normal cells. Moreover, ZOL acted synergistically in vitro when administered concurrently with paclitaxel (PAC) or gemcitabine (GEM), not only in wild-type osteosarcoma cells but also in P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-overexpressing osteosarcoma cells, which were much less sensitive against each anticancer agent. Furthermore, 24 h of ZOL pretreatment significantly augmented the sensitivity of doxorubicin (DOX), PAC or GEM against osteosarcoma cells. These findings suggest that combined administration of ZOL with other anticancer agents may improve the osteosarcoma treatment.

Induction of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis through the inhibition of mevalonate pathway in human breast cancer cells by YM529, a new third generation bisphosphonate

YM529, a new third generation bisphosphonate, induced apoptosis of a human breast cancer cell line, MX-1. Cytotoxic activity of YM529 was more potent than that of incadronate. YM529 activated caspase-9, but not caspase-8, and induced the release of cytochrome c into cytosol. YM529 increased Bax expression and decreased Bcl-2 expression, while it did not induce caspase-8-dependent Bid truncation. Farnesyl pyrophosphate prevented YM529-mediated cytotoxicity. These results suggest that YM529 is a potent therapeutic agent for human breast cancers, activating the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway through the inhibition of protein farnesylation.

Anti-tumor effect of bisphosphonate (YM529) on non-small cell lung cancer cell lines

Background

YM529 is a newly developed nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (BP) classified as a third-generation BP that shows a 100-fold greater potency against bone resorption than pamidronate, a second-generation BP. This agent is, therefore expected to be extremely useful clinically for the treatment of osteoporosis and hypercalcemia. Recently, YM529 as well as other third-generation BPs have also been shown to exert anti-tumor effects against various types of cancer cells both in vitro or/and in vivo. In this study, we investigate the anti-tumor effect of YM529 on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

Direct anti-tumor effect of YM529 against 8 NSCLC cell lines (adenocarcinoma: H23, H1299, NCI-H1819, NCI-H2009, H44, A549, adenosquamous cell carcinoma: NCI-H125, squamous cell carcinoma: NCI-H157) were measured by MTS assay and calculated inhibition concentration 50 % (IC₅₀) values. YM529 induced apoptosis of NCI-H1819 was examined by DNA fragmentation of 2 % agarose gel electrophoresis and flowcytometric analysis (sub-G₁ method). We examined where YM529 given effect to apoptosis of NSCLC cells in signaling pathway of the mevalonate pathway by western blotting analysis.

Results

We found that there was direct anti-tumor effect of YM529 on 8 NSCLC cell lines in a dose-dependent manner and their IC₅₀ values were 2.1 to 7.9 μM and YM529 induced apoptosis and G₁ arrest cell cycle with dose-dependent manner and YM529 caused down regulation of phospholyration of ERK1/2 in signaling pathways of NSCLC cell line (NCI-H1819).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrate that YM529 showed direct anti-tumor effect on NSCLC cell lines in vitro, which supports the possibility that third-generation BPs including YM529 can be one of therapeutic options for NSCLC.

A third-generation bisphosphonate, minodronic acid (YM529), successfully prevented the growth of bladder cancer in vitro and in vivo

Minodronic acid (YM529) is a third-generation bisphosphonate (BP) that has been shown to directly and indirectly prevent proliferation, induce apoptosis, and inhibit metastasis of various types of cancer cells. In this study, we have investigated the therapeutic efficacy of YM529 against bladder cancer, both in vitro and in vivo. YM529 inhibited geranylgeranylation as well as farnesylation and reduced the growth of all seven bladder cancer cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner in vitro. YM529 demonstrated a good synergistic or additive antiproliferative effect when administered in combination with cisplatin or paclitaxel. Immunohistochemical study revealed YM529 inhibited the prenylation of Rap1A in vivo. YM529 administered systemically did not markedly inhibit the growth of visceral metastases but it showed a significant anticancer effect on bone metastases monitored by an in vivo imaging system. Moreover, intravesical YM529 demonstrated significant growth inhibition in a bladder cancer orthotopic model. No adverse effects were associated with the systemic as well as the intravesical treatment regimens. In conclusion, our study suggests that YM529 may be a potent anticancer agent for bladder cancer. The efficacy and safety of this BP as an agent for combination chemotherapies against bladder cancer should be verified by early-phase clinical trials.

Inhibitory effects of a new bisphosphonate, minodronate, on proliferation and invasion of a variety of malignant bone tumor cells

Little is known about the biological effects of bisphosphonates on primary malignant bone tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antitumor effects of newly developed minodronate (MIN) on a variety of human malignant bone tumors. We examined the effects of MIN and clinically relevant incadronate (INC) on the proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle of two osteosarcoma (Saos-2, MG-63), two chondrosarcoma (SW1353, OUMS27), and two Ewing's sarcoma (RD-ES, SK-ES-1) cell lines. Furthermore, we investigated the anti-invasion effects of MIN on sarcoma cells and the effects of MIN on tumor growth in nude mice. MIN inhibited the viability of all six cell lines in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 2.7 to 5.0 microM, which were significantly lower than those of INC. Importantly, both bisphosphonates affected the viability of normal bone marrow stromal cells much less than sarcoma cells. Both bisphosphonates induced cell cycle perturbation in all sarcoma cells tested and apoptosis in Saos-2 and SW1353 cells, although they failed to induce apoptosis in RD-ES and SK-ES-1 cells. MIN significantly suppressed invasion, even at a low concentration of 1 microM (p < 0.01). Daily injection of 5 microg of MIN inhibited the growth of SK-ES-1 xenograft sarcoma in nude mice without loss of body weight. These findings suggest that MIN may have a beneficial adjuvant role in the treatment of patients with malignant bone tumors.

Bisphosphonates Inhibit the Growth of Mesothelioma Cells In vitro and In vivo

PURPOSE

Bisphosphonates (such as risedronate and zoledronate) are widely used inhibitors of bone resorption. Despite their in vitro antiproliferative effects in various cancer cells, bisphosphonates have not exhibited significant antitumor efficacy in animal models of visceral cancer, which may be due to their poor bioavailability. The diagnostic use of radioactive bisphosphonates has revealed the accumulation of bisphosphonates in mesothelioma, which prompted us to test the antitumor efficacy of bisphosphonates in this disease.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS

Treatment with either risedronate or zoledronate (2 x 10(-4) to 2 x 10(-6) mol/L) inhibited the growth of AB12 and AC29 mouse mesothelioma cells and induced the accumulation of unprenylated Rap1A in these cells. Both these in vitro effects were reversed by geranygeraniol, an end product of the mevalonate pathway that these bisphosphonates inhibit. Both bisphosphonates also induced the phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in AB12 and AC29 cells. The inhibition of p38 augmented bisphosphonate-induced growth inhibition in these cells. Bisphosphonate-induced p38 phosphorylation was not reversible by geranylgeraniol. Risedronate (15 mg/kg) and zoledronate (0.5 mg/kg) inhibited the growth of s.c. tumors and increased the median survival of mice with i.p. mesothelioma tumors in vivo.

DISCUSSION

In conclusion, risedronate and zoledronate inhibit the mevalonate pathway and induce p38 activation in mesothelioma cells in vitro. The effects on the mevalonate pathway dominate because the net result is growth inhibition. Both bisphosphonates also inhibit mesothelioma tumor growth in vivo and prolong the survival of mesothelioma-bearing mice. These results support further study of bisphosphonates in the management of mesothelioma.