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Effects of lentivirus-mediated ornithine decarboxylase gene on the proliferation and apoptosis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rats with arthritis. Life Sci 2018; 194:224-230. [PMID: 28986097 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the effects of lentivirus-mediated ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene on the proliferation and apoptosis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) in rats with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Twenty Lewis rats were randomized into control group (ten rats without processing) and RA group (ten rats of adjuvant-induced arthritis). The third-generation FLSs were randomized into test, control and blank groups. MTT assay and flow cytometry were employed to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and interleukin-2 (IL-2). RESULTS Lewis rats in the RA group became ill from 11days on and got seriously ill 18days after modeling. However, rats in the control group had no obvious change. MTT assay showed that the test group had higher cell proliferation than the blank and control groups (P1<0.001; P2<0.001). Flow cytometry revealed that the apoptosis of FLSs in the test group was significantly lower than that in the blank and control groups (P1<0.001; P2<0.001). ELISA showed that the test group had higher TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-2 level than the control and blank groups (all P<0.001), but no significant difference was found between the control and blank groups (all P>0.05). CONCLUSION The results indicated that overexpression of ODC gene promotes the proliferation while suppressing apoptosis of FLSs in rats with RA.
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Wills QF, Mellado-Gomez E, Nolan R, Warner D, Sharma E, Broxholme J, Wright B, Lockstone H, James W, Lynch M, Gonzales M, West J, Leyrat A, Padilla-Parra S, Filippi S, Holmes C, Moore MD, Bowden R. The nature and nurture of cell heterogeneity: accounting for macrophage gene-environment interactions with single-cell RNA-Seq. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:53. [PMID: 28061811 PMCID: PMC5219790 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-cell RNA-Seq can be a valuable and unbiased tool to dissect cellular heterogeneity, despite the transcriptome's limitations in describing higher functional phenotypes and protein events. Perhaps the most important shortfall with transcriptomic 'snapshots' of cell populations is that they risk being descriptive, only cataloging heterogeneity at one point in time, and without microenvironmental context. Studying the genetic ('nature') and environmental ('nurture') modifiers of heterogeneity, and how cell population dynamics unfold over time in response to these modifiers is key when studying highly plastic cells such as macrophages. RESULTS We introduce the programmable Polaris™ microfluidic lab-on-chip for single-cell sequencing, which performs live-cell imaging while controlling for the culture microenvironment of each cell. Using gene-edited macrophages we demonstrate how previously unappreciated knockout effects of SAMHD1, such as an altered oxidative stress response, have a large paracrine signaling component. Furthermore, we demonstrate single-cell pathway enrichments for cell cycle arrest and APOBEC3G degradation, both associated with the oxidative stress response and altered proteostasis. Interestingly, SAMHD1 and APOBEC3G are both HIV-1 inhibitors ('restriction factors'), with no known co-regulation. CONCLUSION As single-cell methods continue to mature, so will the ability to move beyond simple 'snapshots' of cell populations towards studying the determinants of population dynamics. By combining single-cell culture, live-cell imaging, and single-cell sequencing, we have demonstrated the ability to study cell phenotypes and microenvironmental influences. It's these microenvironmental components - ignored by standard single-cell workflows - that likely determine how macrophages, for example, react to inflammation and form treatment resistant HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quin F Wills
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Esther Mellado-Gomez
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Rory Nolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Damien Warner
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Eshita Sharma
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - John Broxholme
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Benjamin Wright
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Helen Lockstone
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Mark Lynch
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Ct Ste 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080-7603, USA
| | - Michael Gonzales
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Ct Ste 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080-7603, USA
| | - Jay West
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Ct Ste 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080-7603, USA
| | - Anne Leyrat
- Fluidigm Corporation, 7000 Shoreline Ct Ste 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080-7603, USA
| | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarah Filippi
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 3LB, UK
| | - Chris Holmes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 3LB, UK
| | - Michael D Moore
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Rory Bowden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
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Tabolacci C, Oliverio S, Lentini A, Rossi S, Galbiati A, Montesano C, Mattioli P, Provenzano B, Facchiano F, Beninati S. Aloe-emodin as antiproliferative and differentiating agent on human U937 monoblastic leukemia cells. Life Sci 2011; 89:812-20. [PMID: 21978786 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Aloe-emodin (AE), a plant derived anthraquinone, has been shown to have anticancer activity in various human cancer cell lines. We have recently reported that AE possesses a differentiative potential on melanoma cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible modulation of defined markers of monocytic differentiation of AE on human U937 cell line. MAIN METHODS U937 cells differentiation has been confirmed unequivocally by Griess and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assays, protoporphyrin IX accumulation, expression of CD14 and CD11b surface antigens, phagocytic activity, migration and attachment ability. The effect on polyamine metabolism, apoptosis and cytokine production was also investigated. KEY FINDINGS We showed that AE-treated U937 cells exhibit a noticeably rise in transglutaminase activity. This enhanced enzyme activity correlates with AE-induced growth arrest and differentiation to functionally mature monocytes. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, the results reported here show that AE can promote the macrophage differentiation of U937 cells, suggesting that this anthraquinone could be a potential candidate as a differentiation-inducing selective agent for therapeutic treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Tabolacci
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Phagocytotic competence of differentiated U937 cells for colloidal drug delivery systems in immune cells. Inflammation 2011; 34:99-110. [PMID: 20419390 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-010-9213-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery into immune cells has high potential for the treatment of all kinds of inflammation, allowing a target-oriented transport of active agents. The advantage of this local drug release is the prevention of negative effects of systemic applications and low-dose application. Thereby, the phagocytotic capability of mature phagocytes is essential. Microparticles can be loaded with immune regulatory substances to control and terminate inflammatory processes. In this study, silica microparticles were co-incubated with monocyte/macrophage-like cells in order to determine phagocytotic particle uptake. The phorbol ester-triggered differentiation was proven by the increased expression of surface markers as phosphatidylserine and CD14 and enhanced lysosomal activity. Particle/cell co-incubation results in cell surface attachment followed by phagocytosis. Phagolysosomal ingestion could be determined by co-localization using fluorescence staining techniques. In contrast, no particle interaction with undifferentiated cells could be found. Under phagolysosomal conditions, multilayer degradation within 22 h could be shown, indicating a valuable carrier basis design for the time-controlled delivery of active agents. Subsequently, it can be assumed that a higher differentiation degree allows phagocytosis of microparticles, providing drug delivery into immuno-active cells.
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Lin HY, Tang CH, Chen JH, Chuang JY, Huang SM, Tan TW, Lai CH, Lu DY. Peptidoglycan induces interleukin-6 expression through the TLR2 receptor, JNK, c-Jun, and AP-1 pathways in microglia. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1573-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lessig J, Neu B, Reibetanz U. Influence of layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled CaCO(3)-carriers on macrophage signaling cascades. Biomacromolecules 2010; 12:105-15. [PMID: 21142145 DOI: 10.1021/bm101069s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Numerous drawbacks in the current medical treatment of chronic inflammations still require the design of sensitive and gentle methods without side effects. Layer-by-layer (LbL) coated microcarriers loaded with a cocktail of anti-inflammatory substances are supposed to be a new challenge for the medical treatment of immunoreactive cells such as macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Nevertheless, microcarrier application requires biocompatibility of the system itself. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate microcarrier CaCO(3) systems LbL coated with biopolymers and a lipid bilayer, respectively, regarding the maintenance of the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines as TNFα and IL1β at normal levels. Only marginal increases after microcarrier interaction were allowed. The required microcarrier optimization results in the maximum use of a carrier/cell ratio of 1:1 for biopolymer-coated carriers and a carrier/cell ratio up to 5:1 for lipid-bilayer-coated carriers during the coincubation with macrophage-like cells. Low formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) could not be maintained by either reduced carrier/cell ratios or by a surface lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Lessig
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), Universität Leipzig, Germany.
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