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Shapourian H, Ghanadian M, Eskandari N, Shokouhi A, Demirel GY, Bazhin AV, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M. TIM-3/Galectin-9 interaction and glutamine metabolism in AML cell lines, HL-60 and THP-1. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:125. [PMID: 38267906 PMCID: PMC10809689 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-11898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) is a cell surface molecule that was first discovered on T cells. However, recent studies revealed that it is also highly expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and it is related to AML progression. As, Glutamine appears to play a prominent role in malignant tumor progression, especially in their myeloid group, therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate the relation between TIM-3/Galectin-9 axis and glutamine metabolism in two types of AML cell lines, HL-60 and THP-1. METHODS Cell lines were cultured in RPMI 1640 which supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% antibiotics. 24, 48, and 72 h after addition of recombinant Galectin-9 (Gal-9), RT-qPCR analysis, RP-HPLC and gas chromatography techniques were performed to evaluate the expression of glutaminase (GLS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) enzymes, concentration of metabolites; Glutamate (Glu) and alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) in glutaminolysis pathway, respectively. Western blotting and MTT assay were used to detect expression of mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) as signaling factor, GLS protein and cell proliferation rate, respectively. RESULTS The most mRNA expression of GLS and GDH in HL-60 cells was seen at 72 h after Gal-9 treatment (p = 0.001, p = 0.0001) and in THP-1 cell line was observed at 24 h after Gal-9 addition (p = 0.001, p = 0.0001). The most mTORC and GLS protein expression in HL-60 and THP-1 cells was observed at 72 and 24 h after Gal-9 treatment (p = 0.0001), respectively. MTT assay revealed that Gal-9 could promote cell proliferation rate in both cell lines (p = 0.001). Glu concentration in HL-60 and α-KG concentration in both HL-60 (p = 0.03) and THP-1 (p = 0.0001) cell lines had a decreasing trend. But, Glu concentration had an increasing trend in THP-1 cell line (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION Taken together, this study suggests TIM-3/Gal-9 interaction could promote glutamine metabolism in HL-60 and THP-1 cells and resulting in AML development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooriyeh Shapourian
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mustafa Ghanadian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nahid Eskandari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Shokouhi
- Department of Endocrine and metabolism research center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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High-fat diet intensifies MLL-AF9-induced acute myeloid leukemia through activation of the FLT3 signaling in mouse primitive hematopoietic cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16187. [PMID: 32999332 PMCID: PMC7528010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a MLL-AF9 knock-in mouse model, we discovered that consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) accelerates the risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This regimen increases the clusterization of FLT3 within lipid rafts on the cell surface of primitive hematopoietic cells, which overactivates this receptor as well as the downstream JAK/STAT signaling known to enhance the transformation of MLL-AF9 knock-in cells. Treatment of mice on a HFD with Quizartinib, a potent inhibitor of FLT3 phosphorylation, inhibits the JAK3/STAT3, signaling and finally antagonizes the accelerated development of AML that occurred following the HFD regimen. We can therefore conclude that, on a mouse model of AML, a HFD enforces the FLT3 signaling pathway on primitive hematopoietic cells and, in turn, improves the oncogenic transformation of MLL-AF9 knock-in cells and the leukemia initiation.
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Takahashi S. Mutations of FLT3 receptor affect its surface glycosylation, intracellular localization, and downstream signaling. Leuk Res Rep 2019; 13:100187. [PMID: 31853441 PMCID: PMC6911968 DOI: 10.1016/j.lrr.2019.100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the effects of FLT3 mutations that alter its intracellular localization and modify its glycosylation, leading to differences in downstream signaling pathways. The most common type of FLT3 mutation, internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD), leads to localization in the endoplasmic reticulum and constitutive strong activation of STAT5. In contrast, the ligand-activated FLT3-wild type is mainly expressed on the cell surface and activates MAP kinases. Based on these backgrounds, several reports have demonstrated that glycosylation inhibitors are effective for inhibition of FLT3-ITD expression and intracellular localization. The general subcellular localization regulatory mechanisms for receptor tyrosine kinases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Takahashi
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8536, Japan
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Silva-Martínez GA, Rodríguez-Ríos D, Alvarado-Caudillo Y, Vaquero A, Esteller M, Carmona FJ, Moran S, Nielsen FC, Wickström-Lindholm M, Wrobel K, Wrobel K, Barbosa-Sabanero G, Zaina S, Lund G. Arachidonic and oleic acid exert distinct effects on the DNA methylome. Epigenetics 2016; 11:321-34. [PMID: 27088456 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1161873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal fatty acid metabolism and availability are landmarks of metabolic diseases, which in turn are associated with aberrant DNA methylation profiles. To understand the role of fatty acids in disease epigenetics, we sought DNA methylation profiles specifically induced by arachidonic (AA) or oleic acid (OA) in cultured cells and compared those with published profiles of normal and diseased tissues. THP-1 monocytes were stimulated with AA or OA and analyzed using Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (Illumina) and Human Exon 1.0 ST array (Affymetrix). Data were corroborated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Comparisons with publicly available data were conducted by standard bioinformatics. AA and OA elicited a complex response marked by a general DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation in the 1-200 μM range, respectively, with a maximal differential response at the 100 μM dose. The divergent response to AA and OA was prominent within the gene body of target genes, where it correlated positively with transcription. AA-induced DNA methylation profiles were similar to the corresponding profiles described for palmitic acid, atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, and autism, but relatively dissimilar from OA-induced profiles. Furthermore, human atherosclerosis grade-associated DNA methylation profiles were significantly enriched in AA-induced profiles. Biochemical evidence pointed to β-oxidation, PPAR-α, and sirtuin 1 as important mediators of AA-induced DNA methylation changes. In conclusion, AA and OA exert distinct effects on the DNA methylome. The observation that AA may contribute to shape the epigenome of important metabolic diseases, supports and expands current diet-based therapeutic and preventive efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalia Rodríguez-Ríos
- a Department of Genetic Engineering , CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit , Irapuato , Mexico
| | - Yolanda Alvarado-Caudillo
- b Department of Medical Sciences , Division of Health Sciences, León Campus, University of Guanajuato , Mexico
| | - Alejandro Vaquero
- c Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC) , IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- d Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC) , IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - F Javier Carmona
- d Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC) , IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Sebastian Moran
- d Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC) , IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Finn C Nielsen
- e Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Marie Wickström-Lindholm
- f Experimental Cardiovascular Research , Malmö University Hospital, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Wrobel
- g Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Guanajuato Campus , University of Guanajuato , Mexico
| | - Kazimierz Wrobel
- g Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Guanajuato Campus , University of Guanajuato , Mexico
| | - Gloria Barbosa-Sabanero
- b Department of Medical Sciences , Division of Health Sciences, León Campus, University of Guanajuato , Mexico
| | - Silvio Zaina
- b Department of Medical Sciences , Division of Health Sciences, León Campus, University of Guanajuato , Mexico
| | - Gertrud Lund
- a Department of Genetic Engineering , CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit , Irapuato , Mexico
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Overexpression of salivary-type amylase reduces the sensitivity to bortezomib in multiple myeloma cells. Int J Hematol 2015; 102:569-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Larrue C, Saland E, Vergez F, Serhan N, Delabesse E, Mansat-De Mas V, Hospital MA, Tamburini J, Manenti S, Sarry JE, Récher C. Antileukemic Activity of 2-Deoxy-d-Glucose through Inhibition of N-Linked Glycosylation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia with FLT3-ITD or c-KIT Mutations. Mol Cancer Ther 2015. [PMID: 26206337 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the antileukemic activity of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) through the modulation of expression of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) commonly mutated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We used human leukemic cell lines cells, both in vitro and in vivo, as well as leukemic samples from AML patients to demonstrate the role of 2-DG in tumor cell growth inhibition. 2-DG, through N-linked glycosylation inhibition, affected the cell-surface expression and cellular signaling of both FTL3-ITD and mutated c-KIT and induced apoptotic cell death. Leukemic cells harboring these mutated RTKs (MV4-11, MOLM-14, Kasumi-1, and TF-1 c-KIT D816V) were the most sensitive to 2-DG treatment in vitro as compared with nonmutated cells. 2-DG activity was also demonstrated in leukemic cells harboring FLT3-TKD mutations resistant to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) quizartinib. Moreover, the antileukemic activity of 2-DG was particularly marked in c-KIT-mutated cell lines and cell samples from core binding factor-AML patients. In these cells, 2-DG inhibited the cell-surface expression of c-KIT, abrogated STAT3 and MAPK-ERK pathways, and strongly downregulated the expression of the receptor resulting in a strong in vivo effect in NOD/SCID mice xenografted with Kasumi-1 cells. Finally, we showed that 2-DG decreases Mcl-1 protein expression in AML cells and induces sensitization to both the BH3 mimetic inhibitor of Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w, ABT-737, and cytarabine. In conclusion, 2-DG displays a significant antileukemic activity in AML with FLT3-ITD or KIT mutations, opening a new therapeutic window in a subset of AML with mutated RTKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Larrue
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Estelle Saland
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - François Vergez
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Nizar Serhan
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Delabesse
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Véronique Mansat-De Mas
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Anne Hospital
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Tamburini
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement, Reproduction, Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Manenti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Emmanuel Sarry
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Récher
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. Service d'Hématologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France.
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Apoptotic efficacy of etomoxir in human acute myeloid leukemia cells. Cooperation with arsenic trioxide and glycolytic inhibitors, and regulation by oxidative stress and protein kinase activities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115250. [PMID: 25506699 PMCID: PMC4266683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid synthesis and oxidation are frequently exacerbated in leukemia cells, and may therefore represent a target for therapeutic intervention. In this work we analyzed the apoptotic and chemo-sensitizing action of the fatty acid oxidation inhibitor etomoxir in human acute myeloid leukemia cells. Etomoxir caused negligible lethality at concentrations up to 100 µM, but efficaciously cooperated to cause apoptosis with the anti-leukemic agent arsenic trioxide (ATO, Trisenox), and with lower efficacy with other anti-tumour drugs (etoposide, cisplatin), in HL60 cells. Etomoxir-ATO cooperation was also observed in NB4 human acute promyelocytic cells, but not in normal (non-tumour) mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Biochemical determinations in HL60 cells indicated that etomoxir (25–200 µM) dose-dependently inhibited mitochondrial respiration while slightly stimulating glycolysis, and only caused marginal alterations in total ATP content and adenine nucleotide pool distribution. In addition, etomoxir caused oxidative stress (increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation, decrease in reduced glutathione content), as well as pro-apoptotic LKB-1/AMPK pathway activation, all of which may in part explain the chemo-sensitizing capacity of the drug. Etomoxir also cooperated with glycolytic inhibitors (2-deoxy-D-glucose, lonidamine) to induce apoptosis in HL60 cells, but not in NB4 cells. The combined etomoxir plus 2-deoxy-D-glucose treatment did not increase oxidative stress, caused moderate decrease in net ATP content, increased the AMP/ATP ratio with concomitant drop in energy charge, and caused defensive Akt and ERK kinase activation. Apoptosis generation by etomoxir plus 2-deoxy-D-glucose was further increased by co-incubation with ATO, which is apparently explained by the capacity of ATO to attenuate Akt and ERK activation. In summary, co-treatment with etomoxir may represent an interesting strategy to increase the apoptotic efficacy of ATO and (with some limitations) 2-deoxy-D-glucose which, although clinically important anti-tumour agents, exhibit low efficacy in monotherapy.
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Schlaepfer IR, Rider L, Rodrigues LU, Gijón MA, Pac CT, Romero L, Cimic A, Sirintrapun SJ, Glodé LM, Eckel RH, Cramer SD. Lipid catabolism via CPT1 as a therapeutic target for prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2361-71. [PMID: 25122071 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among Western men and accounts for the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Prostate cancer tends to grow slowly and recent studies suggest that it relies on lipid fuel more than on aerobic glycolysis. However, the biochemical mechanisms governing the relationships between lipid synthesis, lipid utilization, and cancer growth remain unknown. To address the role of lipid metabolism in prostate cancer, we have used etomoxir and orlistat, clinically safe drugs that block lipid oxidation and lipid synthesis/lipolysis, respectively. Etomoxir is an irreversible inhibitor of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1) enzyme that decreases β oxidation in the mitochondria. Combinatorial treatments using etomoxir and orlistat resulted in synergistic decreased viability in LNCaP, VCaP, and patient-derived benign and prostate cancer cells. These effects were associated with decreased androgen receptor expression, decreased mTOR signaling, and increased caspase-3 activation. Knockdown of CPT1A enzyme in LNCaP cells resulted in decreased palmitate oxidation but increased sensitivity to etomoxir, with inactivation of AKT kinase and activation of caspase-3. Systemic treatment with etomoxir in nude mice resulted in decreased xenograft growth over 21 days, underscoring the therapeutic potential of blocking lipid catabolism to decrease prostate cancer tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Schlaepfer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Leah Rider
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Miguel A Gijón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Colton T Pac
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lina Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Adela Cimic
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - S Joseph Sirintrapun
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - L Michael Glodé
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robert H Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Scott D Cramer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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Goto M, Miwa H, Shikami M, Tsunekawa-Imai N, Suganuma K, Mizuno S, Takahashi M, Mizutani M, Hanamura I, Nitta M. Importance of glutamine metabolism in leukemia cells by energy production through TCA cycle and by redox homeostasis. Cancer Invest 2014; 32:241-7. [PMID: 24762082 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2014.907419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Some cancer cells depend on glutamine despite of pronounced glycolysis. We examined the glutamine metabolism in leukemia cells, and found that HL-60 cells most depended on glutamine in the 4 acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cell lines examined: growth of HL-60 cells was most suppressed by glutamine deprivation and by inhibition of glutaminolysis, which was rescued by tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediate, oxaloacetic acid. Glutamine is also involved in antioxidant defense function by increasing glutathione. Glutamine deprivation suppressed the glutathione content and elevated reactive oxygen species most evidently in HL-60 cells. Glutamine metabolism might be a therapeutic target in some leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineaki Goto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine , Nagakute, Aichi , Japan
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Goto M, Miwa H, Suganuma K, Tsunekawa-Imai N, Shikami M, Mizutani M, Mizuno S, Hanamura I, Nitta M. Adaptation of leukemia cells to hypoxic condition through switching the energy metabolism or avoiding the oxidative stress. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:76. [PMID: 24506813 PMCID: PMC3922169 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Like normal hematopoietic stem cells, leukemia cells proliferate in bone marrow, where oxygen supply is limited. However, the growth and energy metabolism of leukemia cells under hypoxia have not been well understood. Although it has been known that reactive oxygen species (ROS) is generated under hypoxic conditions, normal and leukemia stem cells were characterized by relatively low levels of ROS. Roles of ROS on leukemia cells under hypoxia also have not been well understood. METHODS Four Leukemia cell lines were cultured under normoxia (21% O2) or hypoxia (1% O2), where NB4 and THP-1 were most extensively studied. To evaluate energy metabolism, we estimated whole cell number or apoptotic cells with or without a glycolysis inhibitor or an oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor. Glucose consumption and lactate production were also measured. To evaluate oxidative stress in hypoxic condition, the ROS level and GSH (reduced glutathione) / GSSG (oxidized glutathione) ratio was measured. In addition, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 (COX4) were examined by western blotting or RT-PCR. RESULTS NB4, which grows well under normoxia depending on glycolysis, demonstrated prominent apoptosis and growth suppression after 48 hours culture under hypoxia. NB4 cells cultured under hypoxia showed significantly increased ROS. Culture with a ROS scavenger resulted in decrease of apoptotic cell death of NB4 under hypoxia. NB4 cells cultured for longer period (7 days) under hypoxia did not come to extinction, but grew slowly by upregulating GSH synthesis to protect from ROS generated in hypoxic condition. By contrast, THP-1, which largely depends on OXPHOS in mitochondria under normoxia, demonstrated more growth under hypoxia by changing metabolism from OXPHOS to glycolysis through upregulating PDK1. Moreover, THP-1 avoided ROS generation by substituting COX 4 subunit (from COX 4-1 to COX 4-2) through upregulation of LON, a mitochondrial protease under hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS We showed that leukemia cells survive and adapt to the hypoxic condition through various pathways. Our results will help understanding energy metabolism of leukemia cells and creating novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Miwa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
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Metformin: a metabolic disruptor and anti-diabetic drug to target human leukemia. Cancer Lett 2014; 346:188-96. [PMID: 24462823 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a global and urgent need for expanding our current therapeutical arsenal against leukemia in order to improve their actual cure rates and fight relapse. Targeting the reprogrammed, altered cancer metabolism is an emerging strategy which should profoundly affect cancer cells in their intimate and irrepressible needs and addictions for nutrients uptake and incorporation into the biomass during malignant proliferation. We present here how metformin, an anti-diabetic drug that has attracted a strong interest for its recently discovered anti-cancer properties, can be envisioned as a new adjuvant approach to treat leukemia. Metformin may have a double-edged sword effect (i) by acting on the organism to decrease hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia in diabetic patients and (ii) at the cellular level, by inhibiting the mTORC1-cancer supporting pathway through AMPK-dependent and independent mechanisms.
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