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Sokolov S, Zyrina A, Akimov S, Knorre D, Severin F. Toxic Effects of Penetrating Cations. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:841. [PMID: 37888013 PMCID: PMC10608470 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13100841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
As mitochondria are negatively charged organelles, penetrating cations are used as parts of chimeric molecules to deliver specific compounds into mitochondria. In other words, they are used as electrophilic carriers for such chemical moieties as antioxidants, dyes, etc., to transfer them inside mitochondria. However, unmodified penetrating cations affect different aspects of cellular physiology as well. In this review, we have attempted to summarise the data about the side effects of commonly used natural (e.g., berberine) and artificial (e.g., tetraphenylphosphonium, rhodamine, methylene blue) penetrating cations on cellular physiology. For instance, it was shown that such types of molecules can (1) facilitate proton transport across membranes; (2) react with redox groups of the respiratory chain; (3) induce DNA damage; (4) interfere with pleiotropic drug resistance; (5) disturb membrane integrity; and (6) inhibit enzymes. Also, the products of the biodegradation of penetrating cations can be toxic. As penetrating cations accumulate in mitochondria, their toxicity is mostly due to mitochondrial damage. Mitochondria from certain types of cancer cells appear to be especially sensitive to penetrating cations. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of the toxic effects and the anti-cancer activity of penetrating cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svyatoslav Sokolov
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Anna Zyrina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Premises 8, Bldg. 1, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement “Moskovskiy”, 108819 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Sergey Akimov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 LeninskiyProspekt, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitry Knorre
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Fedor Severin
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.S.); (D.K.)
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Bailly C. Medicinal applications and molecular targets of dequalinium chloride. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114467. [PMID: 33577890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For more than 60 years dequalinium chloride (DQ) has been used as anti-infective drug, mainly to treat local infections. It is a standard drug to treat bacterial vaginosis and an active ingredient of sore-throat lozenges. As a lipophilic bis-quaternary ammonium molecule, the drug displays membrane effects and selectively targets mitochondria to deplete DNA and to block energy production in cells. But beyond its mitochondriotropic property, DQ can interfere with the correct functioning of diverse proteins. A dozen of DQ protein targets have been identified and their implication in the antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic and anticancer properties of the drug is discussed here. The anticancer effects of DQ combine a mitochondrial action, a selective inhibition of kinases (PKC-α/β, Cdc7/Dbf4), and a modulation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels. At the bacterial level, DQ interacts with different multidrug transporters (QacR, AcrB, EmrE) and with the transcriptional regulator RamR. Other proteins implicated in the antiviral (MPER domain of gp41 HIV-1) and antiparasitic (chitinase A from Vibrio harveyi) activities have been identified. DQ also targets α -synuclein oligomers to restrict protofibrils formation implicated in some neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, DQ is a typical bolaamphiphile molecule, well suited to form liposomes and nanoparticules useful for drug entrapment and delivery (DQAsomes and others). Altogether, the review highlights the many pharmacological properties and therapeutic benefits of this old 'multi-talented' drug, which may be exploited further. Its multiple sites of actions in cells should be kept in mind when using DQ in experimental research.
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Pan Y, Zhao S, Chen F. The potential value of dequalinium chloride in the treatment of cancer: Focus on malignant glioma. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:445-454. [PMID: 33496065 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dequalinium chloride has been known as one kind of antibiotic that displays a broad antimicrobial spectrum and has been clinically proven to be very safe. In recent years, studies have shown that dequalinium chloride can inhibit the growth of malignant tumours, and reports were mainly used for solid tumours. Glioblastoma is the most common malignant neuroepithelial tumour of the central nervous system in adults, and the prognosis of glioblastoma is poor as it has a high resistance to apoptosis. This review summarizes the current understanding of dequalinium chloride-induced cancer cell apoptosis and its potential role in glioblastoma resistance and progression. Particularly, we focus on dequalinium chloride as it exerts a wide range of anti-cancer activity through its ability to target and accumulate in the mitochondria, and it effectively inhibits the growth of glioblastoma cells in vitro and vivo. Dequalinium chloride is an inhibitor of XIAP and can also act as a mitochondrial targeting agent, which gives it an interesting perspective regarding recent advances in the treatment of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehai Pan
- Department of Hand and foot surgery, The affiliated hospital of QingDao university, ShangDong, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The affiliated hospital of QingDao university, ShangDong, China
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Liu X, Gao L, Zhao Q, Wang X, Yang C, Bi J, Yang R, Jin X, Lan R, Cui R, Wang X, Li W, Wang X, Yang Y, Yu X, Lin Y, Liu J, Yin G. Inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by PKC inhibitor dequalinium chloride in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2020; 251:108913. [PMID: 33166843 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a severe disease characterized by reproductive failure and respiratory distress, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most leading threats to the swine industry worldwide. Highly evolving porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains with distinct genetic diversity make the current vaccination strategy much less cost-effective and thus urge alternative protective host directed therapeutic approaches. RACK1-PKC-NF-κB signalling axis was suggested as a potential therapeutic target for PRRS control, therefore we tested the inhibitory effect of PKC inhibitor dequalinium chloride (DECA) on the PRRSV infection in vitro. RT-qPCR, western blot, Co-IP and cytopathic effect (CPE) observations revealed that DECA suppressed PRRSV infection and protected Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) from severe cytopathic effects, by repressing the PKCα expression, the interaction between RACK1 and PKCα, and subsequently the NF-κB activation. In conclusion, the data presented in this study shed more light on deeper understanding of the molecular pathogenesis upon PRRSV infection and more importantly suggested DECA as a potential promising drug candidate for PRRS control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Libo Gao
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Chuxiong 675000, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiangmin Wang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Junlong Bi
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Chuxiong 675000, Yunnan, China
| | - Runhuan Yang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiuli Jin
- First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Rui Lan
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Rongjun Cui
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenying Li
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali 671003, Yunnan, China
| | - Yingbo Lin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jianping Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali 671003, Yunnan, China.
| | - Gefen Yin
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
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Zhang J, Yang C, Pan S, Shi M, Li J, Hu H, Qiao M, Chen D, Zhao X. Eph A10-modified pH-sensitive liposomes loaded with novel triphenylphosphine-docetaxel conjugate possess hierarchical targetability and sufficient antitumor effect both in vitro and in vivo. Drug Deliv 2018. [PMID: 29513049 PMCID: PMC6058733 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1446475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial-targeting therapy was considered to be a promising approach for the efficient treatment of cancer while positive charge induced nonspecific cytotoxicity severely limits its application. To overcome this drawback, a novel mitochondria targeted conjugate triphenylphosphine-docetaxel (TD) has been synthesized successfully and incorporated it into liposomes (EPSLP/TD), which possessed excellent pH-sensitive characteristic, EphA 10 mediated active targetability as well as mitochondria-targeting capability. EPSLP/TD was characterized to have a small particle size, high-encapsulation efficiency and excellent pH-sensitive characteristic. Compared with DTX-loaded liposomes (EPSLP/DTX), EPSLP/TD possessed higher cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cell line. Mitochondrial-targeting assay demonstrated mitochondria-targeting moiety triphenylphosphine (TPP) could efficiently deliver DTX to mitochondria. Western immunoblotting assay indicated that EPSLP/TD could efficiently deliver antitumor drug to mitochondria and induce cell apoptosis via mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. In vivo antitumor study demonstrated EPSLP/TD owed excellent in vivo antitumor activity. Histological assay demonstrated EPSLP/TD showed strongly apoptosis inducing effect, anti-proliferation effect and anti-angiogenesis effect. This work investigated the potential of hierarchical targeting pH-sensitive liposomes is a suitable carrier to activate mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiulong Zhang
- a School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
| | - Chunrong Yang
- b College Pharmacy , Jiamusi University , Jiamusi , Heilongjiang , PR China
| | - Shuang Pan
- a School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
| | - Menghao Shi
- a School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
| | - Jie Li
- c Mudanjiang Medical University , Mudanjiang , Heilongjiang , PR China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- a School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
| | - Mingxi Qiao
- a School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
| | - Dawei Chen
- a School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- a School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
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Tseligka ED, Rova A, Amanatiadou EP, Calabrese G, Tsibouklis J, Fatouros DG, Vizirianakis IS. Pharmacological Development of Target-Specific Delocalized Lipophilic Cation-Functionalized Carboranes for Cancer Therapy. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1945-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Xiong M, Liu L, Liu Z, Gao H. Inhibitory effect of zinc on the advanced glycation end product-induced apoptosis of mouse osteoblastic cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5286-92. [PMID: 26239716 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and diabetes have become serious health problems worldwide. Previous studies have suggested that diabetes is associated with osteoporosis and increased fracture risk. However, the mechanism underlying diabetes‑induced osteoporosis remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the mechanism underlying diabetes‑induced osteoporosis, and determine the protective effects of zinc, which is known to be closely associated with osteoporosis and diabetes. The results of the present study demonstrated that zinc inhibited advanced glycation end product (AGE)‑induced MC3T3‑E1 cell apoptosis by attenuating the production of reactive oxygen species, inhibiting caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 activation, and inhibiting the release of cytochrome c from between the mitochondria and the cytosol. Furthermore, zinc was found to protect cells against AGE‑induced apoptosis via the mitogen‑activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‑regulated kinase and phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/AKT signaling pathways. In conclusion, these findings enable a better understanding of the mechanism underlying diabetes‑induced osteoporosis, and may indicate a novel target for its prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Xiong
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Xinqu Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P.R. China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Xinqu Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhui Liu
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Xinqu Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P.R. China
| | - Hangfei Gao
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Xinqu Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P.R. China
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