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Reuvekamp T, Bachas C, Cloos J. Immunophenotypic features of early haematopoietic and leukaemia stem cells. Int J Lab Hematol 2024. [PMID: 39045906 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Many tumours are organised in a hierarchical structure with at its apex a cell that can maintain, establish, and repopulate the tumour-the cancer stem cell. The haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is the founder cell for all functional blood cells. Like HSCs, the leukaemia stem cells (LSC) are hypothesised to be the leukaemia-initiating cells, which have features of stemness such as self-renewal, quiescence, and resistance to cytotoxic drugs. Immunophenotypically, CD34+CD38- defines HSCs by adding lineage negativity and CD90+CD45RA-. At which stage of maturation the further differentiation is blocked, determines the type of leukaemia, and determines the immunophenotype of the LSC specific to the leukaemia type. No apparent LSC phenotype has been described in lymphoid leukaemia, and it is debated if a specific acute lymphocytic leukaemia-initiating cell is present, as all cells are capable of engraftment in a secondary mouse model. In chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, a B-cell clone is responsible for uncontrolled proliferation, not a specific LSC. In chronic and acute myeloid leukaemia, LSC is described as CD34+CD38- with the expression of a marker that is aberrantly expressed (LSC marker), such as CD45RA, CD123 or in the case of chronic myeloid leukaemia CD26. In acute myeloid leukaemia, the LSC load had prognostic relevance and might be a biomarker that can be used for monitoring and as an addition to measurable residual disease. However, challenges such as the CD34-negative immunophenotype need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Reuvekamp
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC Location Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Costa Bachas
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Cloos
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Immunophenotypic aberrant hematopoietic stem cells in myelodysplastic syndromes: a biomarker for leukemic progression. Leukemia 2023; 37:680-690. [PMID: 36792658 PMCID: PMC9991914 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-01811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise hematological disorders that originate from the neoplastic transformation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, discrimination between HSCs and their neoplastic counterparts in MDS-derived bone marrows (MDS-BMs) remains challenging. We hypothesized that in MDS patients immature CD34+CD38- cells with aberrant expression of immunophenotypic markers reflect neoplastic stem cells and that their frequency predicts leukemic progression. We analyzed samples from 68 MDS patients and 53 controls and discriminated HSCs from immunophenotypic aberrant HSCs (IA-HSCs) expressing membrane aberrancies (CD7, CD11b, CD22, CD33, CD44, CD45RA, CD56, CD123, CD366 or CD371). One-third of the MDS-BMs (23/68) contained IA-HSCs. The presence of IA-HSCs correlated with perturbed hematopoiesis (disproportionally expanded CD34+ subsets beside cytopenias) and an increased hazard of leukemic progression (HR = 25, 95% CI: 2.9-218) that was independent of conventional risk factors. At 2 years follow-up, the sensitivity and specificity of presence of IA-HSCs for predicting leukemic progression was 83% (95% CI: 36-99%) and 71% (95% CI: 58-81%), respectively. In a selected cohort (n = 10), most MDS-BMs with IA-HSCs showed genomic complexity and high human blast counts following xenotransplantation into immunodeficient mice, contrasting MDS-BMs without IA-HSCs. This study demonstrates that the presence of IA-HSCs within MDS-BMs predicts leukemic progression, indicating the clinical potential of IA-HSCs as a prognostic biomarker.
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Saultz JN, Tyner JW. Chasing leukemia differentiation through induction therapy, relapse and transplantation. Blood Rev 2023; 57:101000. [PMID: 36041918 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2022.101000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite rapid advances in our understanding of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the disease remains challenging to treat with 5-year survival for adult patients 20 years or older estimated to be 26% (Cancer 2021). The use of new targeted therapies including BCL2, IDH1/IDH2, and FLT3 inhibitors has revolutionized treatment approaches but also changed the disease trajectory with unique modes of resistance. Recent studies have shown that stem cell maturation state drives expression level and/or dependence on various pathways, critical to determining drug response. Instead of anticipating these changes, we remain behind the curve chasing the next expanded clone. This review will focus on current approaches to treatment in AML, including defining the significance of blast differentiation state on chemotherapeutic response, signaling pathway dependence, metabolism, immune response, and phenotypic changes. We conclude that multimodal treatment approaches are necessary to target both the immature and mature clones, thereby, sustaining drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Saultz
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America.
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America; Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
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Li L, Yu S, Hu X, Liu Z, Tian X, Ren X, Guo X, Fu R. Immunophenotypic changes of monocytes in myelodysplastic syndrome and clinical significance. Clin Exp Med 2022:10.1007/s10238-022-00856-7. [PMID: 35916958 PMCID: PMC9344451 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a type of heterogeneous myeloid clonal disorder usually diagnosed based on a combination of multiple laboratory examinations, including analysis of peripheral blood cells, bone marrow cell morphology and cytogenetics. However, there is a certain difficulty in cases with no distinct changes in hematology and marrow cell morphology. Methods We adopt flow cytometry to quantitatively analyze the immunophenotypic changes of marrow monocytes according to the surface antigens and their combinations at different differentiation stages, so as to study the changes of monocytes during differentiation in patients with bone marrow failure. In the meantime, the relationship between the immunophenotypic changes of marrow monocytes and IPSS-R score and prognosis of MDS patients was analyzed. Results Our results demonstrated disorders of maturation and differentiation of monocytes in patients with MDS and clonal cytopenias of undetermined significance as compared to those with aplastic anemia and healthy individuals. In addition, the differentiation abnormality gradually increased with the disease progression. Furthermore, CD300e expression was found to show significant associations with the clinical stage and disease progression of MDS, and the progression-free survival and AML-free survival were much longer in MDS patients highly expressing CD300e on monocytes. Conclusions CCUS and MDS patients have disorders of differentiation and maturation of monocytes, which tends to be more critical with MDS progression or transforms to AML. Moreover, high CD300e expression has the potential to be a favorable prognostic marker for MDS. This study provides important insights to the role of monocyte immunotyping in the diagnosis, differentiation and prognosis of MDS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10238-022-00856-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Shunjie Yu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xian Hu
- Department of Hematology, Anqing Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anqing, China
| | - Zhaoyun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xiaoying Tian
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xiaotong Ren
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Leukemia Stem Cells as a Potential Target to Achieve Therapy-Free Remission in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225822. [PMID: 34830976 PMCID: PMC8616035 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs, also known as leukemia-initiating cells) not only drive leukemia initiation and progression, but also contribute to drug resistance and/or disease relapse. Therefore, eradication of every last LSC is critical for a patient's long-term cure. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder that arises from multipotent hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have dramatically improved long-term outcomes and quality of life for patients with CML in the chronic phase. Point mutations of the kinase domain of BCR-ABL1 lead to TKI resistance through a reduction in drug binding, and as a result, several new generations of TKIs have been introduced to the clinic. Some patients develop TKI resistance without known mutations, however, and the presence of LSCs is believed to be at least partially associated with resistance development and CML relapse. We previously proposed targeting quiescent LSCs as a therapeutic approach to CML, and a number of potential strategies for targeting insensitive LSCs have been presented over the last decade. The identification of specific markers distinguishing CML-LSCs from healthy HSCs, and the potential contributions of the bone marrow microenvironment to CML pathogenesis, have also been explored. Nonetheless, 25% of CML patients are still expected to switch TKIs at least once, and various TKI discontinuation studies have shown a wide range in the incidence of molecular relapse (from 30% to 60%). In this review, we revisit the current knowledge regarding the role(s) of LSCs in CML leukemogenesis and response to pharmacological treatment and explore how durable treatment-free remission may be achieved and maintained after discontinuing TKI treatment.
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Dong X, Han Y, Liu Y, Yang L, Niu H, Yan L, Liu C, Shao Z, Xing L, Wang H. Phagocytosis checkpoints on hematopoietic stem cells in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2021; 18:e119-e128. [PMID: 34152084 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a high-risk hemocytopenia easily converted to acute myeloid leukemia. CD47 plays an important role in regulating phagocytosis, and its role in the pathogenesis of MDS is unclear. METHODS CD47 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR on CD34+ CD38- cells were detected by flow cytometry. NF-κB, PI3K, AKT, PTEN, and mTOR mRNA overexpressed in CD34+ CD38- CD47+ cells were performed by real-time quantitative transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Phagocytic capacity of macrophages was measured with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester and fluorescent microspheres. Sorted CD34+ CD38- CD47+ cells were injected into NOD-Prkdcscid Il2rgnull mice. RESULTS The expression of CD47 on CD34+ CD38- cells of the patients in high-risk MDS based on IPSS-R/WPSS score was higher than that in low-risk MDS and controls. The signaling pathway of PI3K/AKT/mTOR is active in CD34+ CD38- CD47+ cells of MDS patients. CD47 overexpressing CD34+ CD38- cells has antiphagocytosis. CD47 overexpressing leukemia stem cell (LSC) -transplanted mice has a short survival time. The macrophages originated from MDS might elicit a pro-tumor response in MDS by inhibiting phagocytosis. CONCLUSIONS Phagocytosis checkpoints are impaired in MDS. High expression of CD47 on CD34+CD38- cells indicates poor clinical prognosis in MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Dong
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Hematology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liyan Yang
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyue Niu
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zonghong Shao
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Limin Xing
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaquan Wang
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Delineation of target expression profiles in CD34+/CD38- and CD34+/CD38+ stem and progenitor cells in AML and CML. Blood Adv 2021; 4:5118-5132. [PMID: 33085758 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to identify novel markers and immunological targets in leukemic stem cells (LSCs) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), we screened bone marrow (BM) samples from patients with AML (n = 274) or CML (n = 97) and controls (n = 288) for expression of cell membrane antigens on CD34+/CD38- and CD34+/CD38+ cells by multicolor flow cytometry. In addition, we established messenger RNA expression profiles in purified sorted CD34+/CD38- and CD34+/CD38+ cells using gene array and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Aberrantly expressed markers were identified in all cohorts. In CML, CD34+/CD38- LSCs exhibited an almost invariable aberration profile, defined as CD25+/CD26+/CD56+/CD93+/IL-1RAP+. By contrast, in patients with AML, CD34+/CD38- cells variably expressed "aberrant" membrane antigens, including CD25 (48%), CD96 (40%), CD371 (CLL-1; 68%), and IL-1RAP (65%). With the exception of a subgroup of FLT3 internal tandem duplication-mutated patients, AML LSCs did not exhibit CD26. All other surface markers and target antigens detected on AML and/or CML LSCs, including CD33, CD44, CD47, CD52, CD105, CD114, CD117, CD133, CD135, CD184, and roundabout-4, were also found on normal BM stem cells. However, several of these surface targets, including CD25, CD33, and CD123, were expressed at higher levels on CD34+/CD38- LSCs compared with normal BM stem cells. Moreover, antibody-mediated immunological targeting through CD33 or CD52 resulted in LSC depletion in vitro and a substantially reduced LSC engraftment in NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice. Together, we have established surface marker and target expression profiles of AML LSCs and CML LSCs, which should facilitate LSC enrichment, diagnostic LSC phenotyping, and development of LSC-eradicating immunotherapies.
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Targeting Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Stem/Progenitor Cells Using Venetoclax-Loaded Immunoliposome. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061311. [PMID: 33804056 PMCID: PMC8000981 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CML is a hematopoietic stem-cell disorder emanating from breakpoint cluster region/Abelson murine leukemia 1 (BCR/ABL) translocation. Introduction of different TKIs revolutionized treatment outcome in CML patients, but CML LSCs seem insensitive to TKIs and are detectable in newly diagnosed and resistant CML patients and in patients who discontinued therapy. It has been reported that CML LSCs aberrantly express some CD markers such as CD26 that can be used for the diagnosis and for targeting. In this study, we confirmed the presence of CD26+ CML LSCs in newly diagnosed and resistant CML patients. To selectively target CML LSCs/progenitor cells that express CD26 and to spare normal HSCs/progenitor cells, we designed a venetoclax-loaded immunoliposome (IL-VX). Our results showed that by using this system we could selectively target CD26+ cells while sparing CD26- cells. The efficiency of venetoclax in targeting CML LSCs has been reported and our system demonstrated a higher potency in cell death induction in comparison to free venetoclax. Meanwhile, treatment of patient samples with IL-VX significantly reduced CD26+ cells in both stem cells and progenitor cells population. In conclusion, this approach showed that selective elimination of CD26+ CML LSCs/progenitor cells can be obtained in vitro, which might allow in vivo reduction of side effects and attainment of treatment-free, long-lasting remission in CML patients.
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Karigane D, Kasahara H, Shiroshita K, Fujita S, Kobayashi H, Tamaki S, Yamazaki R, Yahagi K, Yatabe Y, Kondoh N, Arai T, Katagiri H, Shimizu N, Sakurai M, Kikuchi T, Kato J, Shimizu T, Hayakawa T, Yaguchi T, Matsushita M, Nakajima H, Kawakami Y, Murata M, Mori T, Sasaki T, Okamoto S, Takubo K. Detection of residual disease in chronic myeloid leukemia utilizing genomic next generation sequencing reveals persistence of differentiated Ph + B cells but not bone marrow stem/progenitors. Leuk Lymphoma 2020; 62:679-687. [PMID: 33106061 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1837366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Persistence of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) results in the recurrence of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) after the administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Thus, the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) with LSC potential can improve prognosis. Here, we analyzed 115 CML patients and found that CD25 was preferentially expressed on the phenotypic stem and progenitor cells (SPCs), and TKI therapy decreased the number of CD25-positive cells in the SPC fraction. To detect MRD harboring BCR-ABL1 fusion DNA, we developed a highly-sensitive method using patient-specific primers and next-generation sequencing. By using this method, we identified that in patients who achieved molecular remission, almost all residual CD25-positive SPCs were BCR-ABL1-negative. Moreover, in some patients BCR-ABL1 was detectable in peripheral B cells but not in SPCs. We conclude that CD25 marks LSCs at diagnosis but does not mark MRD following TKI treatment and that analysis of peripheral B cells can allow sensitive detection of MRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Karigane
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hidenori Kasahara
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kouhei Shiroshita
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujita
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinpei Tamaki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Yamazaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Yahagi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Yatabe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Kondoh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Arai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisako Katagiri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuko Shimizu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Sakurai
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Kikuchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kato
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shimizu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taeko Hayakawa
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yaguchi
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maiko Matsushita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Clinical Physiology and Therapeutics, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakajima
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Murata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Mori
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Okamoto
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiyo Takubo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Electrochemical immunoassay for the tumor marker CD25 by coupling magnetic sphere-based enrichment and DNA based signal amplification. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:352. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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