1
|
Burns-Naas LA, White KL, McCay JA, Ivett J, Webber S, Zorbas M. Immunotoxicity evaluation of nelfinavir in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 24:67-78. [PMID: 15850281 DOI: 10.1191/0960327105ht497oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The objective of these investigations was to determine whether exposure to the HIV-1 protease inhibitor nelfinavir compromises immune function in Sprague Dawley rats. Animals (20/sex per group) were exposed orally for 1 or 6 months to nelfinavir at doses of 0 (1% carboxymethylcellulose vehicle), 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg per day. Animals were observed daily for morbidity/mortality and for clinical signs of toxicity. Body weights were recorded weekly (weeks 1-14) and then monthly there-after and at study termination. At termination (1 month or 6 months; 10/sex per group), serum was collected and retained for toxicokinetic analysis. The spleen, thymus and liver were removed from each animal and weighed; thymuses and liver were discarded after weighing. Spleens were prepared and immunophenotyping, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and proliferative responses to mitogenic stimuli (e.g., concanavalin A, Salmonella typhimurium) were evaluated. There were no treatment-related effects on immune cell populations (absolute or percent values) or in proliferative responses. At the 1-month interval, a decrease in NK cell activity (0.45-fold control) was noted in male rats at 100 and 1000 mg/kg per day but not at the middle dose of 300 mg/kg per day. Female rats at 1 month were noted for an increase in NK cell activity (1.4-fold control) at 100 mg/kg per day, but there was no difference in the NK response between vehicle-treated animals and those exposed to higher doses of nelfinavir. No effects on NK activity were noted in female animals after 6 months of nelfinavir treatment. Assay difficulties prevented evaluation of male rats at the 6-month interval. Taken together, the absence of a dose-response effect for NK activity in male rats treated for 1 month, the lack of suppressive effects in females treated for either 1 or 6 months, and the unchanged splenic NK cell numbers in nelfinavir-treated animals at both 1 and 6 months suggest that the decreased NK activity noted in male rats at 1 month is not biologically relevant. It was therefore concluded that, under the experimental conditions used, oral treatment with nelfinavir for 1 or 6 months at doses up to 1000 mg/ kg per day is not immunosuppressive in rats. C8hr values following nelfinavir treatment at 1000 mg/kg per day for 6 months were between 1-and 2.7-fold the reported Cmaxvalues in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Ann Burns-Naas
- Worldwide Safety Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng X, Ouyang H, Liu S, Mata M, Fink DJ, Hao S. TNFα is involved in neuropathic pain induced by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:1668-76. [PMID: 21741472 PMCID: PMC3191308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with HIV/AIDS, neuropathic pain is a common neurological complication. Infection with the HIV itself may lead to neuropathic pain, and painful symptoms are enhanced when patients are treated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). The mechanisms by which NRTIs contribute to the development of neuropathic pain are not known. In the current studies, we tested the role of TNFα in antiretroviral drug-induced neuropathic pain. We administered 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC, one of the NRTIs) systemically to induce mechanical allodynia. We found that ddC induced overexpression of both mRNA and proteins of GFAP and TNFα in the spinal dorsal horn. TNFα was colocalized with GFAP in the spinal dorsal horn and with NeuN in the DRG. Knockdown of TNFα with siRNA blocked the mechanical allodynia induced by ddC. Intrathecal administration of glial inhibitor or recombinant TNF soluble receptor, reversed mechanical allodynia induced by ddC. These results suggest that TNFα is involved in NRTI-induced neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuexing Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Handong Ouyang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Shue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136
| | - Marina Mata
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - David J. Fink
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Shuanglin Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136,Correspondence to: Dr. Shuanglin Hao, Associate Professor, Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1550 NW 10th Avenue, Fox BLDG, Rm304C, Miami, FL 33136, Tel: 1-305-243-6420, Fax: 1-305-243-9160,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
D'Andrea G, Lizzi AR, Venditti S, Di Francesco L, Giorgi A, Mignogna G, Oratore A, Bozzi A. Proteins pattern alteration in AZT-treated K562 cells detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting. Proteome Sci 2006; 4:4. [PMID: 16571109 PMCID: PMC1435870 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we report the effect of AZT on the whole protein expression profile both in the control and the AZT-treated K562 cells, evidenced by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting analysis. Two-dimensional gels computer digital image analysis showed two spots that appeared up-regulated in AZT-treated cells and one spot present only in the drug exposed samples. Upon extraction and analysis by peptide mass fingerprinting, the first two spots were identified as PDI-A3 and stathmin, while the third one was proved to be NDPK-A. Conversely, two protein spots were present only in the untreated K562 cells, and were identified as SOD1 and HSP-60, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele D'Andrea
- Department of Biochemical Sciences and Technologies, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna R Lizzi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences and Technologies, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sara Venditti
- Department of Biochemical Sciences and Technologies, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Laura Di Francesco
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Giorgi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mignogna
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Arduino Oratore
- Department of Biochemical Sciences and Technologies, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Argante Bozzi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences and Technologies, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kabbesh M, Koomer A, Molteni A, Amajoyi R, Quinn T, Herndon B. The effect of treatment with a protease inhibitor on mycobacterial infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 51:251-8. [PMID: 15808316 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2004.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial infection occurs frequently in patients that receive protease inhibitors, which are drugs used to treat AIDS, but are known for metabolic effects. Proteases of microbial antigens have been recognized as important regulators of host inflammation and cellular response. To evaluate protease inhibitor effect on a mycobacterial infection, a pilot animal model was established. Mycobacterium bovis (bacillus Calmette-Guerin, or BCG) infection was compared in rats that received ritonavir and those that did not. Tissues and serum from one drug-treated and one control were analyzed weekly. Fewer acid-fast bacilli (AFBs) were consistently found in the drug-treated group by 3 separate measures: culture of tissue homogenates on solid media, tissue granuloma counts on organ sections, and staining of tissues for AFBs. Possible mechanisms of the observed relative resistance to BCG infection in ritonavir-treated rats were explored, by evaluating M. bovis cell wall lipids and proteins and by measuring infection-related cytokines in treated and control animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kabbesh
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|