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Liao B, Zheng J, Xia C, Chen X, Xu Q, Duan B. The potential, challenges, and prospects of the genus Spirulina polysaccharides as future multipurpose biomacromolecules. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127482. [PMID: 37866586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Spirulina has been widely used worldwide as a food and medicinal ingredient for centuries. Polysaccharides are major bioactive constituents of Spirulina and are of interest because of their functional properties and unlimited application potential. However, the clinical translation and market industrialization of the polysaccharides from genus Spirulina (PGS) are retarded due to the lack of a further understanding of their isolation, bioactivities, structure-activity relationships (SARs), toxicity, and, most importantly, versatile applications. Herein, we provide an overview of the extraction, purification, and structural features of PGS; meanwhile, the advances in bioactivities, SARs, mechanisms of effects, and toxicity are discussed and summarized. Furthermore, the applications, potential developments, and future research directions are scrutinized and highlighted. This review may help fill the knowledge gap between theoretical insights and practical applications and guide future research and industrial application of PGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Liao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Jiamei Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Conglong Xia
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Xubing Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali 671000, China.
| | - Qingshan Xu
- Lijiang Cheng Hai Bao Er Biological Development Co., Ltd, Lijiang, Yunnan 674100, China.
| | - Baozhong Duan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali 671000, China.
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2
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Polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis: Extraction methods, structural features and bioactivities diversity. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123211. [PMID: 36632963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spirulina platensis, a well-known blue-green microalga cultivated and consumed in China and United States, is traditionally used as a food supplement and medical ingredient. Increasing evidence has confirmed that the Spirulina platensis polysaccharides (SPPs) are vital and representative pharmacologically active biomacromolecules and exhibit multiple health-promoting activities both in vivo and in vitro, such as those of anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic, anti-thrombotic, anti-viral, regulation of the gut microbiota properties and other biological activity. The purpose of this review aims to comprehensively and systematically outline the extraction and purification methods, structural features, biological activities, underlying mechanisms, and toxicities of SPPs to support their potential utilization value in pharmaceuticals fields and functional foods. The structural and activities relationship of SPPs is also discussed. Besides, new valuable insights for future research with SPPs have also been proposed in the important areas of structural characterization and pharmacological activities.
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Nivedita PS, Shettar AK, Joy HH. Applications of Polysaccharides in Nutrition and Medicine. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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4
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Martínez-Sanz M, Garrido-Fernández A, Mijlkovic A, Krona A, Martínez-Abad A, Coll-Marqués JM, López-Rubio A, Lopez-Sanchez P. Composition and rheological properties of microalgae suspensions: Impact of ultrasound processing. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Microalgae polysaccharides: the new sustainable bioactive products for the development of plant bio-stimulants? World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:177. [PMID: 31696403 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant biostimulants are defined as materials containing microorganisms or substances whose function when applied to plants or the rhizosphere is to stimulate natural mechanisms to enhance plant growth, nutrient use efficiency, tolerance to abiotic stressors and crop quality, independent of their nutrient content. In agriculture, seaweeds (Macroalgae) have been used in the production of plant biostimulants while microalgae still remain unexploited. Microalgae are single cell microscopic organisms (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) that grow in a range of aquatic habitats, including, wastewaters, pounds, lakes, rivers, oceans, and even humid soils. These photosynthetic microorganisms are widely described as renewable sources of biofuels, bioingredients and biologically active compounds, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, sterols, vitamins and polysaccharides, which attract considerable interest in both scientific and industrial communities. Microalgae polysaccharides have so far proved to have several important biological activities, making them biomaterials and bioactive products of increasing importance for a wide range of applications. The present review describes microalgae polysaccharides, their biological activities and their possible application in agriculture as a potential sustainable alternative for enhanced crop performance, nutrient uptake and resilience to environmental stress. This review does not only present a comprehensive and systematic study of Microalgae polysaccharides as plant biostimulants but considers the fundamental and innovative principles underlying this technology.
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Phélippé M, Gonçalves O, Thouand G, Cogne G, Laroche C. Characterization of the polysaccharides chemical diversity of the cyanobacteria Arthrospira platensis. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yang S, Wan H, Wang R, Hao D. Sulfated polysaccharides from Phaeodactylum tricornutum: isolation, structural characteristics, and inhibiting HepG2 growth activity in vitro. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6409. [PMID: 30809437 PMCID: PMC6385690 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae, eukaryotic unicellular plants, are increasing in demand due to their use as nutraceutical and food supplements. They consisted different kinds of biologically active components such as polysaccharides. On the other hand, cancer is the leading cause of death globally. At present, there is no efficient method to cure it. Therefore, in this work, we extracted polysaccharides from Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PTP), characterized the chemical composition and structure, and investigated its anticancer activity on HepG2 cells. The results showed that PTP was a sulfated polysaccharide with a high Mw of 4,810 kDa, and xylose, fucose, glucose and galactose were the main monosaccharides. PTP has significant anticancer activity in a dose-dependent manner (up to 60.37% at 250 ug/mL) according to MTT assays. Furthermore, cycle analysis was carried out to explain its anticancer activity. The results showed that it exhibited anticancer effect mainly through the induction of apoptosis without affecting the cycle and mitosis of HepG2 cells. This might make it a potential drug for anticancer treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rui Wang
- Qingdao Tumor Hospital, Qingdao, China
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8
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Luo A, Feng J, Hu B, Lv J, Chen CYO, Xie S. Polysaccharides in Spirulina platensis
Improve Antioxidant Capacity of Chinese-Style Sausage. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2591-2597. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Luo
- School of Life Science; Shanxi Univ.; Taiyuan 030006 P.R. China
- Dept. of Food Engineering; Shanxi Pharmaceutical Vocational Inst.; Taiyuan 030031 P.R. China
- Antioxidants Research Lab., Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging; Tufts Univ.; Boston Mass. 02111 U.S.A
| | - Jia Feng
- School of Life Science; Shanxi Univ.; Taiyuan 030006 P.R. China
| | - Bianfang Hu
- School of Biological Science and Technology; Jinzhong Univ.; Jinzhong 030619 P.R. China
| | - Junping Lv
- School of Life Science; Shanxi Univ.; Taiyuan 030006 P.R. China
| | - C-Y. Oliver Chen
- Antioxidants Research Lab., Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging; Tufts Univ.; Boston Mass. 02111 U.S.A
| | - Shulian Xie
- School of Life Science; Shanxi Univ.; Taiyuan 030006 P.R. China
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9
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de Jesus Raposo MF, de Morais AMB, de Morais RMSC. Marine polysaccharides from algae with potential biomedical applications. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2967-3028. [PMID: 25988519 PMCID: PMC4446615 DOI: 10.3390/md13052967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a current tendency towards bioactive natural products with applications in various industries, such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetics and food. This has put some emphasis in research on marine organisms, including macroalgae and microalgae, among others. Polysaccharides with marine origin constitute one type of these biochemical compounds that have already proved to have several important properties, such as anticoagulant and/or antithrombotic, immunomodulatory ability, antitumor and cancer preventive, antilipidaemic and hypoglycaemic, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, making them promising bioactive products and biomaterials with a wide range of applications. Their properties are mainly due to their structure and physicochemical characteristics, which depend on the organism they are produced by. In the biomedical field, the polysaccharides from algae can be used in controlled drug delivery, wound management, and regenerative medicine. This review will focus on the biomedical applications of marine polysaccharides from algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Filomena de Jesus Raposo
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alcina Maria Bernardo de Morais
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Manuel Santos Costa de Morais
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
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10
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Microalgae for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Life Sci 2015; 125:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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de Jesus Raposo MF, de Morais AMMB, de Morais RMSC. Bioactivity and Applications of Polysaccharides from Marine Microalgae. POLYSACCHARIDES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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12
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Batista JA, Dias EG, Brito TV, Prudêncio RS, Silva RO, Ribeiro RA, Souza MHL, de Paula RC, Feitosa JP, Chaves LS, Melo MR, Freitas AL, Medeiros JVR, Barbosa AL. Polysaccharide isolated from Agardhiella ramosissima: Chemical structure and anti-inflammation activity. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 99:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Polysaccharides are ubiquitous in animals and plant cells where they play a significant role in a number of physiological situations e.g. hydration, mechanical properties of cell walls and ionic regulation. This review concentrates on heparin-like entities from marine procaryotes and eukaryotes. Carbohydrates from marine prokaryotes offer a significant structural chemodiversity with novel material and biological properties. Cyanobacteria are Gram-negative photosynthetic prokaryotes considered as a rich source of novel molecules, and marine bacteria are a rich source of polysaccharides with novel structures, which may be a good starting point from which to synthesise heparinoid molecules. For example, some sulphated polysaccharides have been isolated from gamma-proteobacteria such as Alteromonas and Pseudoalteromonas sp. In contrast to marine bacteria, all marine algae contain sulphated wall polysaccharides, whereas such polymers are not found in terrestrial plants. In their native form, or after chemical modifications, a range of polysaccharides isolated from marine organisms have been described that have anticoagulant, anti-thrombotic, anti-tumour, anti-proliferative, anti-viral or anti-inflammatory activities.In spite of the enormous potential of sulphated oligosaccharides from marine sources, their technical and pharmaceutical usage is still limited because of the high complexity of these molecules. Thus, the production of tailor-made oligo- and polysaccharidic structures by biocatalysis is also a growing field of interest in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Colliec-Jouault
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Molécules Marines, Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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SATO T, YAMAMOTO C, FUJIWARA Y, KAJI T. Biological Activities of Exogenous Polysaccharides via Controlling Endogenous Proteoglycan Metabolism in Vascular Endothelial Cells. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:717-23. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko SATO
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
| | - Chika YAMAMOTO
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
- Organization of Frontier Research, Hokuriku University
| | - Yasuyuki FUJIWARA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
- School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Toshiyuki KAJI
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
- Organization of Frontier Research, Hokuriku University
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Hayashi T. [Studies on evaluation of natural products for antiviral effects and their applications]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:61-79. [PMID: 18176057 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the search for novel antiviral molecules from natural products, we have discovered various antiviral molecules with characteristic mechanisms of action. Scopadulciol (SDC), isolated from the tropical medicinal plant Scoparia dulcis L., showed stimulatory effects on the antiviral potency of acyclovir (ACV) or ganciclovir (GCV). This effect of SDC was exerted via the activation of viral thymidine kinase (HSV-1 TK) and, as a result, an increase in the cellular concentration of the active form of ACV/GCV, i.e., the triphosphate of ACV or GCV. On the basis of these experimental results, cancer gene therapy using the HSV-1 tk gene and ACV/GCV together with SDC was found to be effective in suppressing the growth of cancer cells in animals. Acidic polysaccharides such as calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) from Spirulina platensis, nostoflan from Nostoc flagelliforme, and a fucoidan from the sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida (mekabu fucoidan) were also found to be potent inhibitors against several enveloped viruses. Their antiviral potency was dependent on molecular weight and content of the sulfate or carboxyl group as well as counterion species chelating with sulfate groups, indicating the importance of the three-dimensional structure of the molecules. In addition, unlike dextran sulfate, Ca-SP was shown to target not only viral absorption/penetration stages but also some replication stages of progeny viruses after penetration into cells. When mekabu fucoidan or nostoflan was administered with oseltamivir phosphate, their synergistic antiviral effects on influenza A virus were confirmed in vitro as well as in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Hayashi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama City, Japan.
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Abstract
Recent research reveals that free bilirubin functions physiologically as a potent inhibitor of NADPH oxidase activity. The chromophore phycocyanobilin (PCB), found in blue-green algae and cyanobacteria such as Spirulina, also has been found to be a potent inhibitor of this enzyme complex, likely because in mammalian cells it is rapidly reduced to phycocyanorubin, a close homolog of bilirubin. In light of the protean roles of NADPH oxidase activation in pathology, it thus appears likely that PCB supplementation may have versatile potential in prevention and therapy -- particularly in light of rodent studies demonstrating that orally administered Spirulina or phycocyanin (the Spirulina holoprotein that contains PCB) can exert a wide range of anti-inflammatory effects. Until PCB-enriched Spirulina extracts or synthetically produced PCB are commercially available, the most feasible and least expensive way to administer PCB is by ingestion of whole Spirulina. A heaping tablespoon (about 15 g) of Spirulina can be expected to provide about 100 mg of PCB. By extrapolating from rodent studies, it can be concluded that an intake of 2 heaping tablespoons daily would be likely to have important antioxidant activity in humans -- assuming that humans and rodents digest and absorb Spirulina-bound PCB in a comparable manner. An intake of this magnitude can be clinically feasible if Spirulina is incorporated into "smoothies" featuring such ingredients as soy milk, fruit juices, and whole fruits. Such a regimen should be evaluated in clinical syndromes characterized and in part mediated by NADPH oxidase overactivity in affected tissues.
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Ma ZC, Gao Y, Wang YG, Tan HL, Xiao CR, Wang SQ. Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:1000-6. [PMID: 16867250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) affected by ginsenoside Rg1 and further explore the molecular mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 using proteomics. METHODS The proliferation of VSMC was measured by MTS assay kit and flow cytometry. Proteomic alterations were analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting. Differential proteins found in proteomics were confirmed by RT-PCR. RESULTS The proliferation of VSMC was enhanced significantly after tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) treatment, and ginsenoside Rg1 treatment inhibited proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Proteomic analysis showed 24 protein spots were changed, including 17 spots that were increased and 7 spots that were decreased. Ginsenoside Rg1 could restore the expression levels of these proteins, at least partly, to basic levels of untreated cells. The expression of G-protein coupled receptor kinase, protein kinase C (PKC)-zeta, N-ras protein were decreased, while cycle related protein p21 was increased by ginsenoside Rg1 in TNF-alpha treated VSMC. CONCLUSION PKC-zeta and p21 pathway might be the mechanism for inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on proliferation of VSMC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- G1 Phase/drug effects
- Ginsenosides/administration & dosage
- Ginsenosides/isolation & purification
- Ginsenosides/pharmacology
- Male
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Panax/chemistry
- Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Chun Ma
- Institute of Radiation Medicine Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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Yamamoto C, Fujiwara Y, Kaji T. The Biological Effects of Depolymerized Sodium Spirulan and Sulfated Colominic Acid on Vascular Cells are Beneficial in Preventing Atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.52.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chika Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
- Organization of Frontier Research in Preventive Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
| | - Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
- Organization of Frontier Research in Preventive Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
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Yamamoto C, Morita Y, Yamaguchi S, Hayashi T, Kaji T. Colominic acid inhibits the proliferation of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells and injures their monolayers: Cell density-dependent effects prevented by sulfation. Life Sci 2006; 78:844-50. [PMID: 16122761 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colominic acid (CA), produced by Escherichia coli K1, is a polymer of sialic acid linked through alpha (2-->8) glycosidic linkages. Although there are several studies on the biological activities of chemically sulfated CA, the activity of CA has been incompletely understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of CA, prepared as an alpha2,8-linked homopolymer of N-acetylneuraminic acid, on the proliferation and monolayer maintenance of bovine aortic endothelial cells in culture. The results indicate that CA potently inhibits the proliferation of sparse endothelial cells without nonspecific cell damage. The inhibitory effect of CA was markedly stronger than those of sodium spirulan and calcium spirulan, known polysaccharides that inhibit endothelial cell proliferation. On the other hand, in dense endothelial cells, CA induced nonspecific cell damage and markedly injured the monolayer. These results indicate that CA has two distinct effects on vascular endothelial cells: one is the inhibition of proliferation when the cell density is low, and the other is the nonspecific cytotoxicity when the cell density is high. Interestingly, these cell density-dependent effects of CA could be prevented by sulfation of the CA chains. Therefore, it is concluded that CA not only inhibits the proliferation of sparse endothelial cells without nonspecific cell damage but also injures dense cells in a monolayer by nonspecific cytotoxicity, which can be prevented by sulfation of the polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3 Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan
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Ouyang JM, Wu XM. Morphological and Phase Changes in Calcium Oxalate Crystals Induced by Sulfated Polysaccharide Extracted from AlgaeEucheuma striatum. CHEM LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2005.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Yamamoto C, Shimada S, Fujiwara Y, Lee JB, Hayashi T, Kaji T. Proteoglycans released from cultured bovine aortic endothelial cell layers by sodium spirulan are both perlecan and biglycan. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:32-6. [PMID: 15635159 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sodium spirulan (Na-SP) is a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis. Na-SP has anticoagulant and fibrinolytic properties in vitro, including activation of heparin cofactor II, enhancement of vascular endothelial cell fibrinolytic activity and stimulation of endothelial proteoglycan (PG) release. In the present study, we investigated the types of endothelial PGs whose release is stimulated by Na-SP. Na-SP stimulated the PG release in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, heparin, dextran sulfate and hyaluronan stimulated the release of heparan sulfate PGs rather than chondroitin/dermatan sulfate PGs, whereas the release of both types of PGs was strongly stimulated by Na-SP. Sepharose CL-6B chromatography of [35S]sulfate-labeled PGs showed that PGs were partially released after partial degradation of the core proteins without a change in chain length of the glycosaminoglycan chains after Na-SP treatment. On the other hand, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis of the PG core proteins indicated that the Na-SP-releasable PGs are both a large heparan sulfate PG, perlecan, and a small chondroitin/dermatan sulfate PG, biglycan, without change in the size of the core proteins. Taken together, these results suggest that Na-SP stimulates the endothelial release of both perlecan and biglycan with the intact structures, possibly by mechanisms different from those of heparin, dextran sulfate and hyaluronan; a part of the PG core proteins may be degraded after Na-SP treatment. Since perlecan and biglycan have antithrombin activities, the present data support the hypothesis that Na-SP may enhance local anticoagulant activity in the liquid phase on the endothelium via stimulation of endothelial PG release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Yamamoto C, Yamaguchi S, Hayashi T, Kaji T. Inhibition of Cultured Bovine Aortic Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Colominic Acid. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:994-7. [PMID: 15930733 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Colominic acid (CA) is an alpha2,8-linked polymer of sialic acid, originally isolated from capsular Escherichia coli K1. Since inhibition of arterial smooth muscle cell hyperplasia is one of the effective strategies to prevent atherosclerosis, we investigated the effect of CA, purified as an alpha2,8-linked homopolymer of N-acetylneuraminic acid, on the proliferation of bovine aortic smooth muscle cells in culture. The results demonstrate that CA inhibits the proliferation of the cells without nonspecific cell damage. Sulfation did not modify the inhibitory effect of CA. Specifically, the inhibitory effect of sulfated CA was almost equal to that of CA in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. On the other hand, it was suggested that the inhibition of the proliferation by CA is in a degree similar to that by heparin but weaker than that by sodium/calcium-spirulans, known sulfated polysaccharides as the potent inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle cells. The present data suggest that CA with or without sulfate groups can be an origin of beneficial agents that prevents atherosclerosis through a moderate inhibition of arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
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