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Liu L, Wang B, Ma Y, Sun K, Wang P, Li M, Dong J, Qin M, Li M, Wei C, Tan Y, He J, Guo K, Yu XA. A review of Phyllanthus urinaria L. in the treatment of liver disease: viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1443667. [PMID: 39185304 PMCID: PMC11341462 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1443667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the pathological production of liver disease in utility particularly complexity, the morbidity and mortality of liver disease including viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are rapidly increasing worldwide. Considering its insidious onset, rapid progression and drug resistance, finding an effective therapy is particularly worthwhile. Phyllanthus urinaria L. (P. urinaria), an ethnic medicine, can be applied at the stages of viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and HCC, which demonstrates great potential in the treatment of liver disease. Currently, there are numerous reports on the application of P. urinaria in treating liver diseases, but a detailed analysis of its metabolites and a complete summary of its pharmacological mechanism are still scarce. In this review, the phytochemical metabolites and ethnopharmacological applications of P. urinaria are summarized. Briefly, P. urinaria mainly contains flavonoids, lignans, tannins, phenolic acids, terpenoids and other metabolites. The mechanisms of P. urinaria are mainly reflected in reducing surface antigen secretion and interfering with DNA polymerase synthesis for anti-viral hepatitis activity, reducing hepatic stellate cells activity, inflammation and oxidative stress for anti-liver fibrosis/cirrhosis activity, as well as preventing tumor proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis for anti-HCC activity via relevant signaling pathways. Accordingly, this review provides insights into the future application of natural products in the trilogy of liver diseases and will provide a scientific basis for further research and rational utilization of P. urinaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhua Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen lnternational Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bing Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yibo Ma
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kunhui Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meifang Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junlin Dong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meirong Qin
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingshun Li
- Department of Liver Disease, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunshan Wei
- Department of Liver Disease, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen lnternational Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinsong He
- Department of Liver Disease, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Keying Guo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Guangdong-Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, China
| | - Xie-an Yu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
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Silva MFS, Silva LMA, Quintela AL, Silva FAN, De Oliveira FDCE, Dos S Luciano MC, Rodrigues THS, Filho EGA, Brito ES, Canuto KM, Pessoa C, Zocolo GJ. Bioguided Fractionation of Phyllanthus spp.: Unveiling Anticancer Potential through Metabolomic Correlation and ADMETox Insights. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400670. [PMID: 38747034 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Cancer remains a significant global health concern, with mortality rates steadily rising and prompting an urgent search for effective treatments. This study focuses on the medicinal properties of plants from the Phyllanthus genus, specifically Phyllanthus amarus and Phyllanthus niruri, which have shown promise in traditional medicine. Through bioguided fractionation using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), bioactive compounds were isolated and identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MSE) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Chemometric analyses such as principal component analysis (PCA) aided in understanding metabolite distribution. Biological assays demonstrated cytotoxic activities of specific fractions against cancer cell lines, notably the PhyN 4n fraction from P. niruri, which induced S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HL60 cells. These findings underscore the anticancer potential of Phyllanthus species and lay the groundwork for future drug development efforts. The study's integration of advanced analytical techniques, chemometrics, and biological assays provides valuable insights for harnessing natural products in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francilene S Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Mello 1127, CEP 60431-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lorena Mara A Silva
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Amanda L Quintela
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisca Aliny N Silva
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fátima de Cássia E De Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Mello 1127, CEP 60431-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria Claudia Dos S Luciano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Mello 1127, CEP 60431-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tigressa Helena S Rodrigues
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Elenilson Godoy A Filho
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Edy S Brito
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Kirley M Canuto
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Claudia Pessoa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Mello 1127, CEP 60431-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Guilherme J Zocolo
- Embrapa Soja, Rodovia Carlos João Strass, Acesso Orlando Amaral, s/no, Caixa Postal 4006, CEP 86085-981, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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3
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Ho QWC, Zheng X, Ali Y. Ceramide Acyl Chain Length and Its Relevance to Intracellular Lipid Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9697. [PMID: 36077094 PMCID: PMC9456274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramides are a class of sphingolipids which are implicated in skin disorders, obesity, and other metabolic diseases. As a class with pleiotropic effects, recent efforts have centred on discerning specific ceramide species and their effects on atopic dermatitis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. This delineation has allowed the identification of disease biomarkers, with long acyl chain ceramides such as C16- and C18-ceramides linked to metabolic dysfunction and cardiac function decline, while ultra-long acyl chain ceramides (>25 carbon acyl chain) were reported to be essential for maintaining a functional skin barrier. Given the intricate link between free fatty acids with ceramides, especially the de novo synthetic pathway, intracellular lipid droplet formation is increasingly viewed as an important mechanism for preventing accumulation of toxic ceramide species. Here, we review recent reports of various ceramide species involved in skin abnormalities and metabolic diseases, and we propose that promotion of lipid droplet biogenesis can be seen as a potential protective mechanism against deleterious ceramides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wei Calvin Ho
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yusuf Ali
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 168751, Singapore
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Suhrland C, Truman J, Obeid LM, Sitharaman B. Delivery of long chain C16and C24ceramide in HeLa cells using oxidized graphene nanoribbons. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:1141-1156. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Suhrland
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringStony Brook University Stony Brook New York
| | - Jean‐Philip Truman
- Department of Medicine and the Stony Brook Cancer Center, Health Science CenterStony Brook University Stony Brook New York
| | - Lina M. Obeid
- Department of Medicine and the Stony Brook Cancer Center, Health Science CenterStony Brook University Stony Brook New York
| | - Balaji Sitharaman
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringStony Brook University Stony Brook New York
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Silva MFS, Silva LMA, Quintela AL, Dos Santos AG, Silva FAN, de Oliveira FDCE, Alves Filho EG, de Brito ES, Canuto KM, Pessoa C, Zocolo GJ. UPLC-HRMS and NMR applied in the evaluation of solid-phase extraction methods as a rational strategy of dereplication of Phyllanthus spp. aiming at the discovery of cytotoxic metabolites. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1120:51-61. [PMID: 31071579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The classical approach to drug discovery from natural products (NP's) requires strenuous and complex purification steps for the isolation and structural elucidation. Modern strategies as dereplication aim to accelerate the identification of known compounds present in a crude or partially purified extract. In this work, we investigated the influence of the solid-phase extraction (Oasis, Plexa, and Agilent C18 cartridges with and without organic modifiers) chemical profile obtained by UPLC-QTOF-MS and NMR and cytotoxicities of aqueous extracts from Phyllanthus niruri and P. amarus. Our results showed differences between the SPE cartridges and the mass recovered. P. niruri showed higher mass recovery than P. amarus indicating a higher amount of secondary metabolites. The UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis revealed that P. niruri crude extract presents higher contents of phenolic compounds than P. amarus. According to NMR analysis, P. niruri contained more tyrosine, corilagin, and glycosidic residues while P. amarus, presented higher content of ellagic acid. The different stationary phases, as well as mobile phases for exploratory SPE, enabled the exploitation of the different chemical functionalities within the Phyllanthus species. The SPE (MeOH:H2O 70:30 with C18 cartridges) samples showed greater in vitro cytotoxicity than the crude extracts, with IC50 ranging from 8.01 to 94.92 μg mL-1 against the tumor lines tested. The solid phase extraction allowed the concentration of molecules with desirable physicochemical characteristics, which might increase the hit of therapeutically useful substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francilene Souza Silva
- Federal University of Ceará, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos-NPDM, Rua Coronel Nunes de Mello 1000, CEP 60420-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lorena Mara A Silva
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lemos Quintela
- Federal University of Ceará, Dept. of Analytical and Physical-Chemical Chemistry, Science Center, Campus Pici, Fortaleza, CE CEP 60455-760, Brazil
| | - André Gonzaga Dos Santos
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Department of Natural Principles and Toxicology, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 01, 14800-903 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisca Aliny Nunes Silva
- Federal University of Ceará, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos-NPDM, Rua Coronel Nunes de Mello 1000, CEP 60420-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fátima de Cássia E de Oliveira
- Federal University of Ceará, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos-NPDM, Rua Coronel Nunes de Mello 1000, CEP 60420-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Elenilson Godoy Alves Filho
- Federal University of Ceará, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos-NPDM, Rua Coronel Nunes de Mello 1000, CEP 60420-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Edy Sousa de Brito
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Kirley Marques Canuto
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Claudia Pessoa
- Federal University of Ceará, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos-NPDM, Rua Coronel Nunes de Mello 1000, CEP 60420-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Julião Zocolo
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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6
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Liu Y, Liao Y, Wei S, Zhang H, Wang X. Nanoparticles based on sodium alginate and β-conglycinin: Self-assembly and delivery of Phyllanthus urinaria
phenolic compounds. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Zhaoqing University; Zhaoqing China
| | - Yunfen Liao
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Zhaoqing University; Zhaoqing China
| | - Shoulian Wei
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering; Zhaoqing University; Zhaoqing China
| | | | - Xiaojin Wang
- Zhaoqing Xinghu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Zhaoqing China
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7
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Geethangili M, Ding ST. A Review of the Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Phyllanthus urinaria L. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1109. [PMID: 30327602 PMCID: PMC6174540 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Phyllanthus (L.) is one of the most important groups of plants belonging to the Phyllantaceae family. Phyllanthus urinaria (L.) is an annual perennial herbal species found in tropical Asia, America, China, and the Indian Ocean islands. P. urinaria is used in folk medicine as a cure to treat jaundice, diabetes, malaria, and liver diseases. This review provides traditional knowledge, phytochemistry, and biological activities of P. urinaria. The literature reviewed for this article was obtained from the Web of Science, SciFinder, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar journal papers published prior to December 2017. Phytochemical investigations reveal that the plant is a rich source of lignans, tannins, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and other secondary metabolites. Pharmacological activities include anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective effects. Thus, this present review summarizes the phytochemical constituents and their biological activities including biological studies on various crude extracts and fractions both in vitro and in vivo, and on clinical trial information about P. urinaria. This review compiles 93 naturally occurring compounds from P. urinaria along with their structures and pharmacological activities. The review is expected to stimulate further research on P. urinaria, and its pharmacological potential to yield novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shih-Torng Ding
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Huang ST, Huang CC, Sheen JM, Lin TK, Liao PL, Huang WL, Wang PW, Liou CW, Chuang JH. Phyllanthus urinaria’s Inhibition of Human Osteosarcoma Xenografts Growth in Mice is Associated with Modulation of Mitochondrial Fission/Fusion Machinery. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:1507-1523. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is an aggressive bone cancer arising from primitive transformed cells of mesenchymal origin to form malignant osteoid. Phyllanthus urinaria [Formula: see text]P. urinaria[Formula: see text] is a widely used folk medicine in cancer treatment, however the mechanism of P. urinaria inhibited human osteosarcoma is unclear. The present study was aimed at investigating the antitumoral effects of an aqueous P. urinaria on human osteosarcoma in vivo and the related underlying mechanisms, mainly focusing on mitochondrial dynamic dysfunction. Our results showed that oral administration of P. urinaria to mice led to significant inhibition of tumor development without substantial changes to body weight or major organs. Histological examinations with H&E, Giemsa, and Masson trichrome stains confirmed inhibition of tumor growth by the P. urinaria treatment. Immunohistochemical staining of proliferation markers antigen KI-67 (Ki67) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), as well as a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay demonstrated a decrease of tumor proliferation and an increase of apoptosis, which was associated with the modulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family activating the caspase cascade in the P. urinaria-treated mice. The neovascularization marker cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) was inhibited in P. urinaria-treated xenografts, implicating the potential anti-angiogenic effect of P. urinaria. P. urinaria treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the mitochondrial fusion proteins, including mitofusin 1/2 (Mfn1/2) and optic atrophy type 1 (Opa1), as well as an increase in the fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). The results of this study suggest mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with dynamic change that is involved in the apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis elicited by P. urinaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Teng Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chun Huang
- Division of General Surgery, Ministry of Health and Welfare Pingtung Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Ming Sheen
- Department of Chinese Medicine and Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Department of Neurology and Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lin Liao
- Department of Neurology and Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Liang Huang
- Department of Neurology and Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Department of Neurology and Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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9
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Liu Y, Wei S, Liao M, Liu L, Huang Y. Self-assembly of glycinin nanoparticles for delivery of phenolic compounds from Phyllanthus urinaria. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycinin nanoparticles for delivery of phenolic compounds from Phyllanthus urinaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Zhaoqing University
- Zhaoqing
- PR China
| | - Shoulian Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Zhaoqing University
- Zhaoqing
- PR China
| | - Miaochan Liao
- Department of Logistics Management
- Zhaoqing University
- Zhaoqing
- PR China
| | - Ling Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Zhaoqing University
- Zhaoqing
- PR China
| | - Yunwei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Zhaoqing University
- Zhaoqing
- PR China
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10
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Emerging roles of lipids in BCL-2 family-regulated apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1542-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Lu KH, Yang HW, Su CW, Lue KH, Yang SF, Hsieh YS. Phyllanthus urinaria suppresses human osteosarcoma cell invasion and migration by transcriptionally inhibiting u-PA via ERK and Akt signaling pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Abstract
One crucial barrier to progress in the treatment of cancer has been the inability to control the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis: enter ceramide. Discoveries over the past 15 years have elevated this sphingolipid to the lofty position of a regulator of cell fate. Ceramide, it turns out, is a powerful tumour suppressor, potentiating signalling events that drive apoptosis, autophagic responses and cell cycle arrest. However, defects in ceramide generation and metabolism in cancer cells contribute to tumour cell survival and resistance to chemotherapy. This Review focuses on ceramide signalling and the targeting of specific metabolic junctures to amplify the tumour suppressive activities of ceramide. The potential of ceramide-based therapeutics in the treatment of cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy A F Morad
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, 2200 Santa Monica Boulevard, Santa Monica, California 90404, USA.
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Deng GH, Chen S, Wang H, Gao J, Luo X, Huang H. DETERMINATION OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF PHYLLANTHUS URINARIA BY CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS WITH AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.631264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Deng
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Transforming Process , Guangxi University for Nationalities , Nanning , China
| | - Shengyu Chen
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Transforming Process , Guangxi University for Nationalities , Nanning , China
| | - Hui Wang
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Transforming Process , Guangxi University for Nationalities , Nanning , China
| | - Jing Gao
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Transforming Process , Guangxi University for Nationalities , Nanning , China
| | - Xin Luo
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Transforming Process , Guangxi University for Nationalities , Nanning , China
| | - Hongchen Huang
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Transforming Process , Guangxi University for Nationalities , Nanning , China
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Phyllanthus urinaria Induces Apoptosis in Human Osteosarcoma 143B Cells via Activation of Fas/FasL- and Mitochondria-Mediated Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:925824. [PMID: 22454688 PMCID: PMC3291129 DOI: 10.1155/2012/925824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phyllanthus urinaria (P. urinaria), in this study, was used for the treatment of human osteosarcoma cells, which is one of the tough malignancies with few therapeutic modalities. Herein, we demonstrated that P. urinaria inhibited human osteosarcoma 143B cells growth through an apoptotic extrinsic pathway to activate Fas receptor/ligand expression. Both intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species were increased to lead to alterations of mitochondrial membrane permeability and Bcl-2 family including upregulation of Bid, tBid, and Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2. P. urinaria triggered an intrinsic pathway and amplified the caspase cascade to induce apoptosis of 143B cells. However, upregulation of both intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and the sequential membrane potential change were less pronounced in the mitochondrial respiratory-defective 143Bρ(0) cells compared with the 143B cells. This study offers the evidence that mitochondria are essential for the anticancer mechanism induced by P. urinaria through both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
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Poompachee K, Chudapongse N. Comparison of the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Phyllanthus virgatus and Phyllanthus amarus extracts. Med Princ Pract 2012; 21:24-9. [PMID: 22024634 DOI: 10.1159/000331596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of Phyllanthus virgatus crude extract compared to Phyllanthus amarus. METHODS Phenolic contents of the hydromethanolic extracts were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate free radical scavenging and antilipid peroxidation assays. Cytotoxicity on human hepatoma HepG2 cells was assessed by trypan blue and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide viability assays. A stereomicroscope was used to observe and photograph the morphology of the cells. Oxygen consumption of the HepG2 cells was measured using a Clark oxygen electrode. RESULTS The extract of P. virgatus, which contained more phenolic compounds than P. amarus extract, had higher cytotoxicity and showed higher free radical scavenging activity and more inhibition of peroxidation in a linoleic acid system. P. virgatus extract conspicuously increased the oxygen consumption of HepG2 cells, while P. amarus extract had little stimulatory effect. CONCLUSION The hydromethanolic extract of P. virgatus had stronger antioxidant and cytotoxic action than P. amarus extract. The stimulation of HepG2 cell respiration by P. virgatus extract suggests the extract alters mitochondrial function; this action could play a role in the cytotoxicity of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchana Poompachee
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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Cheng HY, Yang CM, Lin TC, Lin LT, Chiang LC, Lin CC. Excoecarianin, Isolated from Phyllanthus urinaria Linnea, Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection through Inactivation of Viral Particles. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:259103. [PMID: 19808846 PMCID: PMC3136347 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phyllanthus urinaria Linnea (Euphorbiaceae) is one of the traditional medicinal plants widely used by oriental people to treat various diseases. We have previously demonstrated that the acetone extract of P. urinaria inhibits herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) but not HSV-1 infection. In a continuing effort to clarify the antiviral mechanisms of P. urinaria, we isolated the pure compound excoecarianin from the whole plant of P. urinaria through acetone extraction, and investigated its anti-HSV-1 and HSV-2 activities. Our results indicated that excoecarianin protected Vero cells from HSV-2 but not HSV-1 infection, and its 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 1.4 ± 0.1 μM. The antiviral effective concentration of excoecarianin did not affect the viability or the morphology of Vero cells. Although excoecarianin inhibited HSV-2 infection, the inhibitory effect, however, was most prominent when excoecarianin was concurrently added with the virus. Pretreatment of Vero cells with excoecarianin with removal of the drug prior to infection did not yield any antiviral effects, and the same observation was made for post viral entry treatment. Subsequent studies revealed that excoecarianin inactivated HSV-2 virus particles to prevent viral infection. A synergistic antiviral effect against HSV-2 was also observed when Vero cells were treated with a combination of acyclovir (ACV) and excoecarianin. These results suggested that excoecarianin merits to be further explored as an entry inhibitor against HSV-2 and could potentially be investigated for combinatorial drug treatment with nucleoside analogues such as ACV in therapeutic management of HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yew Cheng
- Department of Cosmetic Applications & Management, Tung Fang Institute of Technology, 829 Kaohsiung County, Taiwan
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17
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Huang ST, Wang CY, Yang RC, Wu HT, Yang SH, Cheng YC, Pang JHS. Ellagic Acid, the Active Compound of Phyllanthus urinaria, Exerts In Vivo Anti-Angiogenic Effect and Inhibits MMP-2 Activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:215035. [PMID: 20007260 PMCID: PMC3095481 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the potential anti-angiogenic mechanism of Phyllanthus urinaria (P. urinaria) and characterize the major compound in P. urinaria that exerts anti-angiogenic effect. The water extract of P. urinaria and Ellagic Acid were used to evaluate the anti-angiogenic effect in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in chicken embryo and human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). The matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity was determined by gelatin zymography. The mRNA expressions of MMP-2, MMP-14 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Level of MMP-2 proteins in conditioned medium or cytosol was determined by western blot analysis. We confirmed that P. urinaria's in vivo anti-angiogenic effect was associated with a reduction in MMP-2 activity. Ellagic acid, one of the major polyphenolic components as identified in P. urinaria by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS), exhibited the same anti-angiogenic effect in vivo. Both P. urinaria and Ellagic Acid inhibited MMP-2 activity in HUVECs with unchanged mRNA level. The mRNA expression levels of MMP-14 and TIMP-2 were not altered either. Results from comparing the change of MMP-2 protein levels in conditioned medium and cytosol of HUVECs after the P. urinaria or Ellagic Acid treatment revealed an inhibitory effect on the secretion of MMP-2 protein. This study concluded that Ellagic Acid is the active compound in P. urinaria to exhibit anti-angiogenic activity and to inhibit the secretion of MMP-2 protein from HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Teng Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
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18
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Tang YQ, Jaganath IB, Sekaran SD. Phyllanthus spp. induces selective growth inhibition of PC-3 and MeWo human cancer cells through modulation of cell cycle and induction of apoptosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12644. [PMID: 20838625 PMCID: PMC2935893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phyllanthus is a traditional medicinal plant that has been used in the treatment of many diseases including hepatitis and diabetes. The main aim of the present work was to investigate the potential cytotoxic effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of four Phyllanthus species (P.amarus, P.niruri, P.urinaria and P.watsonii) against skin melanoma and prostate cancer cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Phyllanthus plant appears to possess cytotoxic properties with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of 150-300 µg/ml for aqueous extract and 50-150 µg/ml for methanolic extract that were determined using the MTS reduction assay. In comparison, the plant extracts did not show any significant cytotoxicity on normal human skin (CCD-1127Sk) and prostate (RWPE-1) cells. The extracts appeared to act by causing the formation of a clear "ladder" fragmentation of apoptotic DNA on agarose gel, displayed TUNEL-positive cells with an elevation of caspase-3 and -7 activities. The Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) level was lower than 15% in Phyllanthus treated-cancer cells. These indicate that Phyllanthus extracts have the ability to induce apoptosis with minimal necrotic effects. Furthermore, cell cycle analysis revealed that Phyllanthus induced a Go/G1-phase arrest on PC-3 cells and a S-phase arrest on MeWo cells and these were accompanied by accumulation of cells in the Sub-G1 (apoptosis) phase. The cytotoxic properties may be due to the presence of polyphenol compounds such as ellagitannins, gallotannins, flavonoids and phenolic acids found both in the water and methanol extract of the plants. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Phyllanthus plant exerts its growth inhibition effect in a selective manner towards cancer cells through the modulation of cell cycle and induction of apoptosis via caspases activation in melanoma and prostate cancer cells. Hence, Phyllanthus may be sourced for the development of a potent apoptosis-inducing anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Quan Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Indu Bala Jaganath
- Biotechnology Centre, Malaysia Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Shamala Devi Sekaran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Chudapongse N, Kamkhunthod M, Poompachee K. Effects of Phyllanthus urinaria extract on HepG2 cell viability and oxidative phosphorylation by isolated rat liver mitochondria. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 130:315-319. [PMID: 20488238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Phyllanthus urinaria is widely used as anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal and hepatoprotective medicines in Asian countries such as India, China and Thailand. In Thailand, Phyllanthus urinaria is traditionally used as an adjuvant or alternative medicine for cancer patients, including liver cancer. However, there is limited scientific evidence supporting its use in cancer particularly hepatocellular carcinoma. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the cytotoxic effect of Phyllanthus urinaria extract on human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and the effect on oxidative phosphorylation by isolated rat liver mitochondria. MATERIALS AND METHODS HepG2 cells and isolated rat liver mitochondria were treated with the 50% methanolic extract of Phyllanthus urinaria. Cytotoxicity of the extract was assessed by trypan blue exclusion and MTT assay. Rates of oxygen consumption of isolated mitochondria were determined with a Clark oxygen electrode. RESULTS It was found that the hydromethanolic extract induced cell death of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent fashion. The IC(50) of Phyllanthus urinaria extract measured by trypan blue exclusion and MTT assay were 431+/-65 microg/ml and 445+/-62 microg/ml, respectively. Morphological changes of the cells were also observed. With isolated rat liver mitochondria, the extract slightly stimulated mitochondrial state 4 respiration but profoundly depressed state 3 respiration and respiratory control ratio. CONCLUSIONS The extract impairs energy metabolism by acting as inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation and weak mitochondrial uncoupler. These mitochondrial effects may play a role in the cytotoxic action of Phyllanthus urinaria extract on HepG2 cells. These results provide preliminary experimental evidence supporting the use of Phyllanthus urinaria against hepatocellular carcinoma and open the possibility of considering this plant an adjunctive medicine for the treatment of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuannoi Chudapongse
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
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20
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Natural products and their role in cancer therapy. Med Oncol 2010; 28:888-900. [PMID: 20414819 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper documented several natural products that have antineoplastic activities. Detailed descriptions of the mechanism of action of these products are given. Side effects of these natural products are also described. Based on these side effect profiles and their benefits, these natural products could be used as adjuvant cancer therapies. Traditional anticancer agents usually have debilitating side effects. These natural products would be of great benefit due to their anticancer activities. Additionally, some of these natural products can work proactively in preventing cancer formation with their chemopreventive properties. Incorporation into diet can be recommended after discussion with physician and other health care professionals.
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Hau DKP, Gambari R, Wong RSM, Yuen MCW, Cheng GYM, Tong CSW, Zhu GY, Leung AKM, Lai PBS, Lau FY, Chan AKW, Wong WY, Kok SHL, Cheng CH, Kan CW, Chan ASC, Chui CH, Tang JCO, Fong DWF. Phyllanthus urinaria extract attenuates acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity: involvement of cytochrome P450 CYP2E1. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 16:751-760. [PMID: 19386480 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen is a commonly used drug for the treatment of patients with common cold and influenza. However, an overdose of acetaminophen may be fatal. In this study we investigated whether mice, administered intraperitoneally with a lethal dose of acetaminophen, when followed by oral administration of Phyllanthus urinaria extract, may be prevented from death. Histopathological analysis of mouse liver sections showed that Phyllanthus urinaria extract may protect the hepatocytes from acetaminophen-induced necrosis. Therapeutic dose of Phyllanthus urinaria extract did not show any toxicological phenomenon on mice. Immunohistochemical staining with the cytochrome P450 CYP2E1 antibody revealed that Phyllanthus urinaria extract reduced the cytochrome P450 CYP2E1 protein level in mice pre-treated with a lethal dose of acetaminophen. Phyllanthus urinaria extract also inhibited the cytochrome P450 CYP2E1 enzymatic activity in vitro. Heavy metals, including arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead, as well as herbicide residues were not found above their detection limits. High performance liquid chromatography identified corilagin and gallic acid as the major components of the Phyllanthus urinaria extract. We conclude that Phyllanthus urinaria extract is effective in attenuating the acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity, and inhibition of cytochrome P450 CYP2E1 enzyme may be an important factor for its therapeutic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond Kwok Po Hau
- Research and Development Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Yang CM, Cheng HY, Lin TC, Chiang LC, Lin CC. Hippomanin A from acetone extract of Phyllanthus urinaria inhibited HSV-2 but not HSV-1 infection in vitro. Phytother Res 2008; 21:1182-6. [PMID: 17661333 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phyllanthus urinaria Linnea (Euphorbiaceae) is a commonly used traditional medicinal plant in oriental countries and has been reported to possess various biological activities. Previously, the acetone extract and some pure compounds from P. urinaria were found to suppress herpes simplex virus (HSV). In this study, another two pure compounds were isolated from acetone extract of P. urinaria and were tested for their in vitro anti-HSV-1 and HSV-2 activities. The results showed that hippomanin A impeded HSV-2 but not HSV-1 infection. Corilagin, however, inhibited neither HSV-1 nor HSV-2 replication. The similarity between corilagin and hippomanin A in structure, but difference in antiviral activity, therefore, merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Min Yang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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23
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Fang SH, Rao YK, Tzeng YM. Anti-oxidant and inflammatory mediator's growth inhibitory effects of compounds isolated from Phyllanthus urinaria. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 116:333-40. [PMID: 18187278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Phyllanthus urinaria Linnea (Euphorbiaceae), is a traditional anti-hepatitis herb used in Taiwan. In continuation of our search for potent natural anti-inflammatory agents, from the ethanolic extract of this plant, nine compounds including phyllanthin (1), phyltetralin (2), trimethyl-3,4-dehydrochebulate (3), methylgallate (4), and rhamnocitrin (5), methyl brevifolincarboxylate (6), beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (7), quercitrin (8), and rutin (9) were isolated. The structures of compounds 3 and 6 were established based on NMR and mass spectral studies. The isolates 1-9 were investigated for their antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro. In the antioxidant assay, the isolates 3, 4 and 6 exhibited significant DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC(50) value of 9.4, 9.8 and 8.9 microM, respectively. On the other hand, in the inflammatory mediators growth inhibitory assay from LPS/interferon (IFN)-gamma-activated peritoneal macrophages, all the isolates except 7, significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the enhanced production of NO radicals, and such modulation was closely associated with the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6. In addition, 30 microM of isolates 3 and 6, and 50 microM of 4, significantly arrest the mitogen-stimulated spleen cells in G0/G1 stage. This is the first report on Phyllanthus urinaria isolates for their growth inhibitory activities against inflammatory mediators, in addition to spleen cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 stage. Therefore, these isolates from Phyllanthus urinaria may be useful for the treatment of cell-mediated immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hua Fang
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan College of Physical Education, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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A possible anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effect of irradiated riboflavin in solid tumours. Cancer Lett 2007; 258:126-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Xu M, Zha ZJ, Qin XL, Zhang XL, Yang CR, Zhang YJ. Phenolic antioxidants from the whole plant of Phyllanthus urinaria. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:2246-52. [PMID: 17886844 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrydydrazyl (DPPH) assay on the extract of Phyllanthus urinaria L. (Euphorbiaceae) displayed considerable radical-scavenging activity (SC50 = 14.3 microg/ml). Further bioassay-guided purification of the extract led to the isolation of a series of 15 phenolic compounds, including the ellagitannins 1-7, the flavonoids 8-10, and the simple hydroxylated (or glycosylated) aromatic acids 11-15. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic analyses and comparison with authentic samples or literature data. The structure of repandinin B (1) was for the first time fully assigned by 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments. The phenolic compounds 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, and 15 have not been isolated before from the title plant. The antioxidant activities and mushroom-tyrosinase-inhibitory activities of all compounds were determined by DPPH-radical-scavenging and mushroom-tyrosinase-inhibitory assays (Table 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, PR China
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de Souza ACS, Kodach L, Gadelha FR, Bos CL, Cavagis ADM, Aoyama H, Peppelenbosch MP, Ferreira CV. A promising action of riboflavin as a mediator of leukaemia cell death. Apoptosis 2006; 11:1761-71. [PMID: 16927017 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-9549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Besides having a pivotal biological function as a component of coenzymes, riboflavin appears a promissing antitumoral agent, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this work, we demonstrate that irradiated riboflavin, when applied at microM concentrations, induces an orderly sequence of signaling events finally leading to leukemia cell death. The molecular mechanism involved is dependent on the activation of caspase 8 caused by overexpression of Fas and FasL and also on mitochondrial amplification mechanisms, involving the stimulation of ceramide production by sphingomyelinase and ceramide synthase. The activation of this cascade led to an inhibition of mitogen activated protein kinases: JNK, MEK and ERK and survival mediators (PKB and IAP1), upregulation of the proapoptotic Bcl2 member Bax and downregulation of cell cycle progression regulators. Importantly, induction of apoptosis by irradiated riboflavin was leukaemia cell specific, as normal human lymphocytes did not respond to the compound with cell death. Our data indicate that riboflavin selectively activates Fas cascade and also constitutes a death receptor-engaged drug without harmful side effects in normal cells, bolstering the case for using this compound as a novel avenue for combating cancerous disease.
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Huang ST, Yang RC, Lee PN, Yang SH, Liao SK, Chen TY, Pang JHS. Anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects of Phyllanthus urinaria in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:870-9. [PMID: 16644472 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phyllanthus urinaria, a widely used herb medicine in Asia, was tested for its anti-tumor effect in vivo for the first time. The anti-tumor activity in P. urinaria extract was evaluated by its effect on tumor developed in C57BL/6J mice with implantation of Lewis lung carcinoma cells. The oral administration of P. urinaria to mice caused significant inhibition of tumor development with lower occurrence rate and markedly reduced tumor size. Neither the total body weight of mouse nor the weights of organs including heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney revealed any difference between two groups, suggesting limited in vivo cytotoxic effect of P. urinaria in mice. TUNEL assay demonstrated the increase of apoptosis in tumor sections prepared from P. urinaria-treated mice compared with control mice. It is worth of note that the neovascularization in tumor was inhibited in P. urinaria-treated mice, which implicated the potential anti-angiogenic effect of P. urinaria. Further study using an in vitro matrix-induced tube formation of HUVECs again confirmed the anti-angiogenic action of P. urinaria. P. urinaria exerted no inhibitory effect on the growth of HUVECs, however, the migration of HUVECs as analyzed using transwell assay was suppressed markedly by P. urinaria in a dose-dependent manner. All together, the present study indicated that P. urinaria extract is an anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic agent, which can be used safely in animals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Humans
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Phyllanthus/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Teng Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
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