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Zhou X, Xu R, Wu Y, Zhou L, Xiang T. The role of proteasomes in tumorigenesis. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101070. [PMID: 38523673 PMCID: PMC10958230 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis is the basis of normal life activities, and the proteasome family plays an extremely important function in this process. The proteasome 20S is a concentric circle structure with two α rings and two β rings overlapped. The proteasome 20S can perform both ATP-dependent and non-ATP-dependent ubiquitination proteasome degradation by binding to various subunits (such as 19S, 11S, and 200 PA), which is performed by its active subunit β1, β2, and β5. The proteasome can degrade misfolded, excess proteins to maintain homeostasis. At the same time, it can be utilized by tumors to degrade over-proliferate and unwanted proteins to support their growth. Proteasomes can affect the development of tumors from several aspects including tumor signaling pathways such as NF-κB and p53, cell cycle, immune regulation, and drug resistance. Proteasome-encoding genes have been found to be overexpressed in a variety of tumors, providing a potential novel target for cancer therapy. In addition, proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib, carfilzomib, and ixazomib have been put into clinical application as the first-line treatment of multiple myeloma. More and more studies have shown that it also has different therapeutic effects in other tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, glioblastoma, and neuroblastoma. However, proteasome inhibitors are not much effective due to their tolerance and singleness in other tumors. Therefore, further studies on their mechanisms of action and drug interactions are needed to investigate their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ruqing Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tingxiu Xiang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
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Nuclear factor-κB signaling inhibitors revert multidrug-resistance in breast cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 340:109450. [PMID: 33775688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) is among the crucial obstacles to breast cancer therapy success. The transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB is correlated to the pathogenesis of breast cancer and resistance to therapy. NF-κB augments the expression of MDR1 gene, which encodes for the membrane transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in cancer cells. Since NF-κB activity is considered to be relatively high in particular when it comes to breast cancer, in the present work, we proposed that the inhibition of NF-κB activity can augment and enhance the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to chemotherapy such as doxorubicin (DOX) by virtue of MDR modulation. Our results demonstrated that the DOX-resistant MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 clones exhibit higher NF-κB (p65) activity, which is linked to the upregulated expression of ABCB1 and ABCC1 transporter proteins. Combined treatment with NF-kB inhibitors (pentoxifylline and bortezomib) sensitized the resistant breast cancer cells to DOX. Such synergy was compromised by forced overexpression of p65. The DOX/NF-κB inhibitor combinations hampered NF-κB (p65) activation and downregulated MDR efflux transporters' level. Breast cancer cell migration was sharply suppressed in cells co-treated with DOX/NF-κB inhibitors. The same treatments successfully enhanced DOX-mediated induction of apoptosis, which is reflected by the elevated ratio of annexin-V/PI positively stained cells, along with the activation of other apoptotic markers. In conclusion, the data generated from this study provide insights for future translational investigations introducing the use of the clinically approved NF-κB inhibitors as an adjuvant in the treatment protocols of resistant breast cancer to overcome the multidrug resistance and enhance the therapeutic outcomes.
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He R, Du S, Lei T, Xie X, Wang Y. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β in tumorigenesis and oncotherapy (Review). Oncol Rep 2020; 44:2373-2385. [PMID: 33125126 PMCID: PMC7610307 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK 3β), a multifunctional serine and threonine kinase, plays a critical role in a variety of cellular activities, including signaling transduction, protein and glycogen metabolism, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. Therefore, aberrant regulation of GSK 3β results in a broad range of human diseases, such as tumors, diabetes, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidence has suggested that GSK 3β is correlated with tumorigenesis and progression. However, GSK 3β is controversial due to its bifacial roles of tumor suppression and activation. In addition, overexpression of GSK 3β is involved in tumor growth, whereas it contributes to the cell sensitivity to chemotherapy. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of GSK 3β in tumorigenesis remain obscure and require further in‑depth investigation. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the roles of GSK 3β in tumorigenesis and oncotherapy, and focus on its potentials as an available target in oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Department of Union, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Suya Du
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 400013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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RSRC1 suppresses gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration by regulating PTEN expression. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1747-1753. [PMID: 31257492 PMCID: PMC6625388 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine/serine-rich coiled coil 1 (RSRC1) is a gene which plays a significant role in the constitutive and alternative splicing of mRNA and transcriptional regulation. It has been implicated in various neurological disorders, as well as in cancer. However, its role in gastric cancer (GC) remains unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the role of RSRC1 in GC. RSRC1 expression in GC tissues was determined by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical staining. The effects of RSRC1 on cell proliferation and migration were detected using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay and a Transwell migration assay. Western blot analysis and RT-qPCR were used to explore the molecular mechanisms of of action of RSRC1 in GC. The results indicated that RSRC1 expression was downregulated in GC tissues compared to paired normal tissues and the reduced expression of RSRC1 was shown to contribute to a poor prognosis of patients with GC. RSRC1 knockdown promoted the proliferation and migration of GC cells. In addition, the knockdown of RSRC1 decreased the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), a potent tumor suppressor gene controlling cellular growth and viability. On the whole, the findings of the present study indicate that RSRC1 functions as a tumor suppressor gene in GC and that it may exert its effects by regulating PTEN expression.
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Chien CM, Yang JC, Wu PH, Wu CY, Chen GY, Wu YC, Chou CK, Tseng CH, Chen YL, Wang LF, Chiu CC. Phytochemical naphtho[1,2-b] furan-4,5‑dione induced topoisomerase II-mediated DNA damage response in human non-small-cell lung cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 54:109-119. [PMID: 30668360 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytochemical naphtho[1,2-b] furan-4,5‑dione (NFD) presenting in Avicennia marina exert anti-cancer effects, but little is known regarding about DNA damage-mediated apoptosis in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). PURPOSE To examine whether NFD-induced apoptosis of NSCLC cells is correlated with the induction of DNA damage, and to investigate its underlying mechanism. STUDY DESIGN The anti-proliferative effects of NFD were assessed by MTS Assay Kit FACS assay, and in vivo nude mice xenograft assay. The DNA damage related proteins, the Bcl-2 family and pro-apoptotic factors were examined by immunofluorescence assay, q-PCR, and western blotting. The activity of NF-κB p65 in nuclear extracts was detected using a colorimetric DNA-binding ELISA assay. The inhibitory activity of topoisomerase II (TOPO II) was evaluated by molecular docking and TOPO II catalytic assay. RESULTS NFD exerted selective cytotoxicity against NSCLC H1299, H1437 and A549 cells rather than normal lung-embryonated cells MRC-5. Remarkably, we found that NFD activated the hull marker and modulator of DNA damage repairs such as γ-H2AX, ATM, ATR, CHK1, and CHK2 probably caused by the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of TOPO II activity. Furthermore, the suppression of transcription factor NF-κB by NFD resulted in significantly decreased levels of pro-survival proteins including Bcl-2 family Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 and the endogenous inhibitors of apoptosis XIAP and survivin in H1299 cells. Moreover, the nude mice xenograft assay further validated the suppression of H1299 growth by NFD, which is the first report for evaluating the anti-cancer effect of NFD in vivo. CONCLUSION These findings provide a novel mechanism indicating the inhibition of TOPO II activity and NF-κB signaling by NFD, leading to DNA damage and apoptosis of NSCLC tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ming Chien
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Juan-Cheng Yang
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; BioActive Lipid Research Center, BenQ Medical Center, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Research Center for Natural Products & Drug development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yi Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Chen
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Research Center for Natural Products & Drug development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chon-Kit Chou
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hua Tseng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yeh-Long Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Fang Wang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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Lin YT, Liang SM, Wu YJ, Wu YJ, Lu YJ, Jan YJ, Ko BS, Chuang YJ, Shyue SK, Kuo CC, Liou JY. Cordycepin Suppresses Endothelial Cell Proliferation, Migration, Angiogenesis, and Tumor Growth by Regulating Focal Adhesion Kinase and p53. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020168. [PMID: 30717276 PMCID: PMC6406613 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays an important role in vascular development, including the regulation of endothelial cell (EC) adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. 3'-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin) is known to suppress FAK expression, cell migration, and the epithelial⁻mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, whether cordycepin affects FAK expression and cellular functions in ECs and the specific molecular mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we found that cordycepin suppressed FAK expression and the phosphorylation of FAK (p-FAK) at Tyr397 in ECs. Cordycepin inhibited the proliferation, wound healing, transwell migration, and tube formation of ECs. Confocal microscopy revealed that cordycepin significantly reduced FAK expression and decreased focal adhesion number of ECs. The suppressed expression of FAK was accompanied by induced p53 and p21 expression in ECs. Finally, we demonstrated that cordycepin suppressed angiogenesis in an in vivo angiogenesis assay and reduced HCC tumor growth in a xenograft nude mice model. Our study indicated that cordycepin could attenuate cell proliferation and migration and may result in the impairment of the angiogenesis process and tumor growth via downregulation of FAK and induction of p53 and p21 in ECs. Therefore, cordycepin may be used as a potential adjuvant for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structure Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Man Liang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ju Wu
- Department of Pathology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi City 600, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ju Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jhu Lu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Yee-Jee Jan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Bor-Sheng Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Jen Chuang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structure Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan. .
| | - Cheng-Chin Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Jun-Yang Liou
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Huang IT, Dhungel B, Shrestha R, Bridle KR, Crawford DHG, Jayachandran A, Steel JC. Spotlight on Bortezomib: potential in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 28:7-18. [PMID: 30474444 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1551359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study reviews the evidence for the use of Bortezomib (BZB), a first-in-class proteasome inhibitor in advanced Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review aims to delineate the role of BZB within the management of non-surgical and metastatic HCC, either as an alternative or as an adjunct to the current treatment paradigm. AREAS COVERED In addition to BZB pharmacology and mechanism of action, safety and tolerance profiles of the drug obtained from clinical trials are explored. The utility of BZB as a therapeutic agent either alone or in combination with other therapies against HCC, including its application in both preclinical and clinical settings has been reviewed. In particular, we highlight the importance of preclinical evaluation of BZB as a combinatorial agent in synergism with other therapies for the use in the management of HCC. EXPERT OPINION There has been much interest surrounding the use of BZB, a first-in-class proteasome inhibitor for HCC therapy. The discernment of outcomes of BZB clinical trials for HCC need to take into consideration the disease-specific factors that can affect survival outcomes including patient selection and aetiological differences. Further preclinical testing of BZB in combination with other therapeutic modalities can be important for eliciting enhanced anti-HCC effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Tao Huang
- a School of Clinical Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,b Gallipoli Medical Research Institute , Greenslopes Private Hospital , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Bijay Dhungel
- a School of Clinical Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,b Gallipoli Medical Research Institute , Greenslopes Private Hospital , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Ritu Shrestha
- a School of Clinical Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,b Gallipoli Medical Research Institute , Greenslopes Private Hospital , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Kim R Bridle
- a School of Clinical Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,b Gallipoli Medical Research Institute , Greenslopes Private Hospital , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Darrell H G Crawford
- a School of Clinical Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,b Gallipoli Medical Research Institute , Greenslopes Private Hospital , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Aparna Jayachandran
- a School of Clinical Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,b Gallipoli Medical Research Institute , Greenslopes Private Hospital , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Jason C Steel
- a School of Clinical Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,c School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences , CQ University , Rockhampton , Australia
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Lu P, Chen J, Yan L, Yang L, Zhang L, Dai J, Hao Z, Bai T, Xi Y, Li Y, Kang Z, Xv J, Sun G, Yang T. RasGRF2 promotes migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells by modulating expression of MMP9 through Src/Akt/NF-κB pathway. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:435-443. [PMID: 30359168 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1529117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2 (RasGRF2) is a member of the guanine nucleotide exchange factors family which is expressed in a variety of tissues and cancer. However, the role of RasGRF2 in cancer is less reported, especially in colorectal cancer(CRC). Hence, the present study aimed to investigated the function of RasGRF2 and ways in which it affects tumor progression in CRC samples and cell lines. We first measured RasGRF2 mRNA level in 26 paired tumor and nontumor colon tissues after colon cancer surgical resection, and determined RasGRF2 protein level in 97 paired paraffin-embedded colon cancer tissues, and found that levels of RasGRF2 mRNA and protein were increased in colorectal tumor tissues, compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues. We then examined the effects of RasGRF2 knockdown on proliferation, migration and invasion were analyzed in CRC cells (SW480, HCT116 and LS174T). HCT116 cells with RasGRF2 knockdown were injected into the tail vein in nude mice to yield metastatic model, and tumor metastasis was measured as well. We found that knockdown of RasGRF2 in CRC cells reduced their migration and invasion in vitro and metastasis in mice. Furthermore, we explored the underlying molecular mechanism for RasGRF2-mediated CRC migration and invasion. The results showed that knockdown of RasGRF2 in CRC cells impairing the expression of MMP9 and inhibiting the activation of Src/Akt and NF-κB signaling. We conclude that RasGRF2 plays a role in controlling migration and invasion of CRC and modulates the expression of MMP9 through Src/PI 3-kinase and the NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifen Lu
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Junjun Chen
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Lihong Yan
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Lijun Yang
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Litao Zhang
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Jie Dai
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Zixuan Hao
- b Department of Optometry , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Tao Bai
- c Department of Pathology , First Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Yanfeng Xi
- d Department of Pathology , Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Yahui Li
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Zhiming Kang
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Jun Xv
- e Department of General Surgery , Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Gongqin Sun
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China.,f Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , University of Rhode Island , Kingston , RI , USA
| | - Tao Yang
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
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Anti-invasive effects of CXCR4 and FAK inhibitors in non-small cell lung carcinomas with mutually inactivated p53 and PTEN tumor suppressors. Invest New Drugs 2017; 35:718-732. [PMID: 28733702 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. At the time of diagnosis, a large percentage of NSCLC patients have already developed metastasis, responsible for extremely high mortality rates. CXCR4 receptor and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) are known to regulate such invasive cancer behavior. Their expression is downregulated by p53 and PTEN tumor suppressors which are commonly co-inactivated in NSCLC patients and contribute to metastasis. Therefore, targeting CXCR4 or FAK seems to be a promising strategy in suppressing metastatic spread of p53/PTEN deficient NSCLCs. In this study, we first examined the invasive characteristics of NSCLC cells with suppressed p53 and PTEN activity using wound healing, gelatin degradation and invasion assays. Further, changes in the expression of CXCR4 and FAK were evaluated by RT-qPCR and Western Blot analysis. Finally, we tested the ability of CXCR4 and FAK inhibitors (WZ811 and PF-573228, respectively) to suppress the migratory and invasive potential of p53/PTEN deficient NSCLC cells, in vitro and in vivo using metastatic models of human NSCLC. Our results showed that cells with mutually inactive p53 and PTEN have significantly increased invasive potential associated with hyperactivation of CXCR4 and FAK signaling pathways. Treatments with WZ811 and PF-573228 inhibitors significantly reduced migratory and invasive capacity in vitro and showed a trend of improved survival in vivo. Accordingly, we demonstrated that p53/PTEN deficient NSCLCs have extremely invasive phenotype and provided a rationale for the use of CXCR4 or FAK inhibitors for the suppression of NSCLC dissemination.
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10
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Jin X, Pan Y, Wang L, Zhang L, Ravichandran R, Potts PR, Jiang J, Wu H, Huang H. MAGE-TRIM28 complex promotes the Warburg effect and hepatocellular carcinoma progression by targeting FBP1 for degradation. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e312. [PMID: 28394358 PMCID: PMC5520498 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading cause of cancer death in the world. Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (FBP1), a rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis, has been identified recently as a tumor suppressor in HCC and other cancer types. In this study, we demonstrated that the tripartite motif-containing protein 28 (TRIM28) binds directly to and promotes FBP1 for ubiquitination and degradation. MAGE-A3 and MAGE-C2, which are known to be overexpressed in HCC, can enhance TRIM28-dependent degradation of FBP1 by forming ubiquitin ligase complexes with TRIM28. We further showed that expression of TRIM28 increased glucose consumption and lactate production by promoting FBP1 degradation in HCC cells and that FBP1 is a key mediator of TRIM28-induced HCC growth in culture and in mice. Moreover, we demonstrated that FBP1 and TRIM28 protein levels inversely correlated in HCC patient specimens. Finally, we showed that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib mitigated the Warburg effect by inhibiting FBP1 degradation in HCC. Collectively, our findings not only identify oncogenic MAGE-TRIM28 complex-mediated proteasome degradation of FBP1 as a key mechanism underlying downregulation of FBP1 proteins in HCC, but also reveal that MAGE-TRIM28-regulated reprogramming of cancer cell metabolism and HCC tumorigenesis is mediated, at least in part, through FBP1 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Jin
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Y Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - L Wang
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R Ravichandran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - P R Potts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - J Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - H Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - H Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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11
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Suares A, Mori Sequeiros Garcia M, Paz C, González-Pardo V. Antiproliferative effects of Bortezomib in endothelial cells transformed by viral G protein-coupled receptor associated to Kaposi's sarcoma. Cell Signal 2017; 32:124-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Dragoj M, Milosevic Z, Bankovic J, Tanic N, Pesic M, Stankovic T. Targeting CXCR4 and FAK reverses doxorubicin resistance and suppresses invasion in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2016; 40:47-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-016-0304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Wang W, Sun H, Che Y, Jiang X. Rasfonin promotes autophagy and apoptosis via upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/JNK pathway. Mycology 2016; 7:64-73. [PMID: 30123617 PMCID: PMC6059153 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2016.1170073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rasfonin is a fungal secondary metabolite demonstrating with antitumour effects. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed as a natural by-product of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have important roles in cell signalling and homeostasis. Studies reported that many fungal secondary metabolites activated either autophagy or apoptosis through ROS generation. In former study, we revealed that rasfonin induced both autophagy and apoptosis, however, whether it promoted aforementioned processes via upregulation of ROS generation remains explored. In the current work, we demonstrated that rasfonin induced autophagy and apoptosis concomitant with a dramatically ROS production. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), an often used ROS inhibitor, decreased both autophagic flux and caspase-dependent apoptosis by rasfonin. Flow cytometry analysis revealed NAC was able to reduce rasfonin-dependent apoptosis and necrosis. In methanethiosulfonate (MTS) assay, we observed that NAC significantly blocked rasfonin-induced cell viability loss. In addition, we found that rasfonin increased the phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), which was inhibited by NAC. SP600125, an inhibitor of JNK, reduced rasfonin-dependent autophagic flux and apoptosis. Moreover, we demonstrated that rasfonin inhibited the phosphorylation of both 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), two main substrates of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Collectively, rasfonin activated autophagy and apoptosis through upregulation of ROS/JNK signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongsheng Che
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Chen YJ, Wu H, Shen XZ. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and its potential application in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Cancer Lett 2015; 379:245-52. [PMID: 26193663 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a complicated tightly controlled system in charge of degrading 80-90% of proteins, and is central to regulating cellular function and keeping protein homeostasis. Therefore, the components of UPS attract considerable attention as potential targets for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. The clinical success of bortezomib in multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma patients has set the precedent for therapeutically targeting this pathway. This review will provide an overview of the UPS in HCC and the current status of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi-Zhong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Wu YJ, Jan YJ, Ko BS, Liang SM, Liou JY. Involvement of 14-3-3 Proteins in Regulating Tumor Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1022-36. [PMID: 26083935 PMCID: PMC4491697 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7020822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are seven mammalian isoforms of the 14-3-3 protein, which regulate multiple cellular functions via interactions with phosphorylated partners. Increased expression of 14-3-3 proteins contributes to tumor progression of various malignancies. Several isoforms of 14-3-3 are overexpressed and associate with higher metastatic risks and poorer survival rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 14-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ regulate HCC cell proliferation, tumor growth and chemosensitivity via modulating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 signal pathways. Moreover, 14-3-3ε suppresses E-cadherin and induces focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression, thereby enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and HCC cell migration. 14-3-3ζ forms complexes with αB-crystallin, which induces EMT and is the cause of sorafenib resistance in HCC. Finally, a recent study has indicated that 14-3-3σ induces heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression, which increases HCC cell migration. These results suggest that selective 14-3-3 isoforms contribute to cell proliferation, EMT and cell migration of HCC by regulating distinct targets and signal pathways. Targeting 14-3-3 proteins together with specific downstream effectors therefore has potential to be therapeutic and prognostic factors of HCC. In this article, we will overview 14-3-3’s regulation of its downstream factors and contributions to HCC EMT, cell migration and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Yee-Jee Jan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Bor-Sheng Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Man Liang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Jun-Yang Liou
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
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Zhang LL, Mu GG, Ding QS, Li YX, Shi YB, Dai JF, Yu HG. Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN) Represses Colon Cancer Progression through Inhibiting Paxillin Transcription via PI3K/AKT/NF-κB Pathway. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15018-29. [PMID: 25873394 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.641407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is frequently mutated in colon cancer. However, the potential contribution of loss of PTEN to colon cancer progression remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that PTEN overexpression or knockdown in Lovo colon cancer cells decreased or increased paxillin expression, respectively. Moreover, paxillin reversed PTEN-mediated inhibition of Lovo cell invasion and migration. Overexpression of PTEN in an orthotropic colon cancer nude mice model inhibited tumor formation and progression. In addition, PTEN protein level was negatively correlated with that of paxillin in human colon cancer tissues. Mechanistically, we identified three NF-κB binding sites on paxillin promoter and confirmed that paxillin was a direct transcriptional target of NF-κB. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which PTEN inhibits the progression of colon cancer by inhibiting paxillin expression downstream of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway. Thereby, PTEN/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB/paxillin signaling cascade is an attractive therapeutic target for colon cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Li Zhang
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan and the Departments of Gastroenterology and
| | - Gang-Gang Mu
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan and
| | - Qian-Shan Ding
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan and
| | - Yan-Xia Li
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan and
| | - Yun-bo Shi
- Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450000 Henan province, China
| | - Jin-Fen Dai
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan and
| | - Hong-Gang Yu
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan and
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HOU JINLIN, CUI ANGUO, SONG PEIYING, HUA HUI, LUO TING, JIANG YANGFU. Reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of the Src-epidermal growth factor receptor-Akt signaling cascade prevents bortezomib-induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:712-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Singel SM, Batten K, Cornelius C, Jia G, Fasciani G, Barron SL, Wright WE, Shay JW. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 promotes triple-negative breast cancer cell migration and invasion via activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R28. [PMID: 24642040 PMCID: PMC4053227 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metastasis is the main cause of breast cancer morbidity and mortality. Processes that allow for tumor cell migration and invasion are important therapeutic targets. Here we demonstrate that receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIP2), a kinase known to be involved in inflammatory processes, also has novel roles in cancer cell migration and invasion. Methods A total of six breast cancer expression databases, including The Cancer Genome Atlas, were assessed for RIP2 expression among various clinical subtypes and its role as a prognostic biomarker. mRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for RIP2 was performed on 17 stage III breast cancers to determine if there was a correlation between RIP2 expression and lymph node involvement. RNA-interference was used to knock-down RIP2 expression in MDA-MB-231, Htb126, SUM149PT, MCF7, T47D, and HCC1428 cells. Cell migration and invasion were measured in vitro by scratch/wound healing and transwell migration assays. A xenograft mouse model was used to assess tumor growth and chemosensitivity to docetaxel in vivo in MDA-MB-231 cells with and without RIP2 small hairpin RNA knockdown. Western blot and immunofluorescence imaging were used to evaluate protein expressions. Results Interrogation of expression databases showed that RIP2 expression is significantly over-expressed in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC: estrogen-receptor (ER) negative, progesterone-receptor (PR) negative, Her2/neu- (Her2) negative), compared to other clinical subtypes. High RIP2 expression correlates with worse progression-free survival using a combined breast cancer expression array dataset consisting of 946 patients. Multivariate analysis shows RIP2 as an independent prognostic biomarker. Knock-down of RIP2 significantly decreases migration in both scratch/wound healing and transwell migration assays in MDA-MB-231, Htb126, SUM149PT, MCF7, and T47D cells and is correlated with decreased Nuclear Factor-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Finally, RIP2 knock-down leads to increased sensitivity to docetaxel and decreased tumor mass and lung metastases in a xenograft mouse model. Conclusion These results highlight RIP2 as a pro-metastasis kinase in patients with advanced breast cancer. These results also illustrate a novel role for this kinase in addition to its known role in inflammation, and suggest that targeting RIP2 may improve outcomes in advanced breast cancer patients, in which it is overexpressed.
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Zhang LL, Liu J, Lei S, Zhang J, Zhou W, Yu HG. PTEN inhibits the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer via downregulation of FAK expression. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1011-20. [PMID: 24486402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is essential in inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. However, the mechanism by which PTEN restricts gastric cancer progression and metastasis remains largely elusive. Here we demonstrated that PTEN overexpression or knockdown in gastric cancer cells led to the downregulation or upregulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and decreased or increased cell invasion, respectively. Moreover, FAK overexpression could rescue the inhibition of cell invasion by PTEN. These results were further confirmed in orthotropic gastric cancer nude mice model. In addition, in human gastric cancer tissues, PTEN protein level was conversely correlated with FAK protein level. Mechanistically, we found that PTEN inhibited PI3K/NF-κB pathway and inhibited the DNA binding of NF-κB on FAK promoter. Taken together, our data reveal a novel mechanism that PTEN inhibits the growth and invasion of gastric cancer via the downregulation of FAK expression and suggest that exploiting PTEN/PI3K/NF-κB/FAK axis is a promising approach to treat gastric cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Li Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Gang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Baiz D, Dapas B, Farra R, Scaggiante B, Pozzato G, Zanconati F, Fiotti N, Consoloni L, Chiaretti S, Grassi G. Bortezomib effect on E2F and cyclin family members in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:795-803. [PMID: 24574752 PMCID: PMC3921488 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i3.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the effects of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BZB) on E2Fs and related genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.
METHODS: The mRNA levels of the E2F family members (pro-proliferative: E2F1-3 and anti-proliferative: E2F4-8) and of their related genes cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) were evaluated in two HCC cell lines following a single BZB administration. mRNA levels of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes were also measured in both cell lines after BZB treatment. The BZB concentration (40 nmol/L) used was chosen to stay well below the maximal amount/cm2 recommended for in vivo application, and 2 d incubation was chosen as this time point has been found optimal to detect BZB effects in our previous studies. The HCC cell lines, HepG2 and JHH6, were chosen as they display different phenotypes, hepatocyte-like for HepG2 and undifferentiated for JHH6, thus representing an in vitro model of low and high aggressive forms of HCC, respectively. The mRNA levels of the target genes were measured by two-color microarray-based gene expression analysis, performed according to Agilent Technologies protocol and using an Agilent Scan B. For the E2F family members, mRNA levels were quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using small interfering RNA’s, the effects of E2F8 depletion on cell number was also evaluated.
RESULTS: After BZB treatment, microarray analysis of the undifferentiated JHH6 revealed a significant decrease in the expression of the pro-proliferative E2F member E2F2. Quantitative RT-PCR data were in keeping with the microarray analysis, and showed a significant increase and decrease in E2F8 and E2F2 mRNA levels, respectively. In contrast, BZB treatment of the hepatocyte-like HCC cell line HepG2 had a significant impact on mRNA levels of 5 of the 8 E2F members. In particular, mRNA levels of the pro-proliferative E2F members E2F1, E2F2, and of the anti-proliferative member E2F8, decreased over 80%. Notably, a reduction in E2F8 expression in HepG2 and JHH6 cells following siRNA treatment had no impact on cell proliferation. As observed with JHH6, BZB treatment of HepG2 cells induced a significant increase in mRNA levels of an anti-proliferative E2F member, E2F6 in this case. As was observed with E2F’s, more dramatic changes in mRNA levels of the E2F related genes cyclins and Cdks and EMT genes were observed after BZB treatment of HepG2 compared to JHH6.
CONCLUSION: The differential expression of E2Fs and related genes induced by BZB in diverse HCC cell phenotypes contribute to bortezomib’s mechanism of action in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Zhang J, Ai L, Lv T, Jiang X, Liu F. Asiatic acid, a triterpene, inhibits cell proliferation through regulating the expression of focal adhesion kinase in multiple myeloma cells. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:1762-1766. [PMID: 24260073 PMCID: PMC3834345 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether asiatic acid (AA), a pentacyclic triterpene derived from Centella asiatica, exerts anti-proliferative effects on multiple myeloma RPMI 8226 cells and to determine the molecular mechanism underlying the anticancer action of AA. The study sought to analyze the potential role of AA on the proliferation of the RPMI 8226 cells using a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium assay. Cell cycle arrest was detected by flow cytometry, and the expression levels of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in the myeloma cells induced by AA were analyzed using the western blotting and immunoprecipitation methods. The results indicated that AA significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner and led to G2/M phase arrest at concentrations of 35 and 40 μmol/l in the RPMI 8226 cells. The expression levels of FAK and p-FAK were distinctly decreased following AA treatment (at the concentration of 40 μmol/l) for 24 h compared with that of the control groups. Taken together, these results demonstrated that AA was able to regulate cell cycle progression in RPMI 8226 cells, thereby significantly inhibiting cell growth. Furthermore, AA decreased the expression levels of FAK, indicating that the antitumor mechanism of AA may be associated with the inhibition of signal transduction mediated by FAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Ko BS, Lu YJ, Yao WL, Liu TA, Tzean SS, Shen TL, Liou JY. Cordycepin regulates GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling in human leukemia cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76320. [PMID: 24086728 PMCID: PMC3784440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are a limitless cell source for the initiation and maintenance of leukemia. Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is required for the survival and development of LSCs. Therefore, targeting β-catenin is considered a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of leukemia. The goal of this study was to explore whether cordycepin, an active component of the traditional medicine Cordyceps sinensis, regulates β-catenin expression in leukemia cells. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we found that cordycepin significantly suppressed cell proliferation in all malignant cancer cells, including U937, K562, A549, HepG2, SK-Hep1 and MCF7 in a dose-dependent manner. However, cordycepin reduced β-catenin levels in U937, K562 and THP1 leukemia cells and had no effect on other solid cancer cells. In addition, treatment with cordycepin significantly suppressed leukemia colony formation in soft agar assay. Cordycepin enhanced proteasome-dependent degradation and inhibited nuclear translocation of β-catenin in leukemia cells. Cordycepin-reduced β-catenin stability was restored by the addition of a pharmacological inhibitor of GSK-3β, indicating that cordycepin-suppressed β-catenin stability is mediated by the activation of GSK-3β. Furthermore, cordycepin abolished the effect of Wnt3a-induced β-catenin in leukemia cells. In addition, cordycepin-impaired β-catenin is regulated by Akt activation but is not significantly influenced by AMPK or mTOR signal pathways. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings show for the first time that codycepin selectively reduces β-catenin stability in leukemia but not in other solid tumor cells. This suppressive effect is mediated by regulating GSK-3β. A synergistic combination of cordycepin with other treatments should be used as a novel strategy to eradicate leukemia via elimination of LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Sheng Ko
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jhu Lu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Yao
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-An Liu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shean-Shong Tzean
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yang Liou
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Liu TA, Jan YJ, Ko BS, Liang SM, Chen SC, Wang J, Hsu C, Wu YM, Liou JY. 14-3-3ε overexpression contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57968. [PMID: 23483955 PMCID: PMC3590290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 14-3-3ε is implicated in regulating tumor progression, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our earlier study indicated that elevated 14-3-3ε expression is significantly associated with higher risk of metastasis and lower survival rates of HCC patients. However, the molecular mechanisms of how 14-3-3ε regulates HCC tumor metastasis are still unclear. Methodology and Principal Findings In this study, we show that increased 14-3-3ε expression induces HCC cell migration and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is determined by the reduction of E-cadherin expression and induction of N-cadherin and vimentin expression. Knockdown with specific siRNA abolished 14-3-3ε-induced cell migration and EMT. Furthermore, 14-3-3ε selectively induced Zeb-1 and Snail expression, and 14-3-3ε-induced cell migration was abrogated by Zeb-1 or Snail siRNA. In addition, the effect of 14-3-3ε-reduced E-cadherin was specifically restored by Zeb-1 siRNA. Positive 14-3-3ε expression was significantly correlated with negative E-cadherin expression, as determined by immunohistochemistry analysis in HCC tumors. Analysis of 14-3-3ε/E-cadherin expression associated with clinicopathological characteristics revealed that the combination of positive 14-3-3ε and negative E-cadherin expression is significantly correlated with higher incidence of HCC metastasis and poor 5-year overall survival. In contrast, patients with positive 14-3-3ε and positive E-cadherin expression had better prognostic outcomes than did those with negative E-cadherin expression. Significance Our findings show for the first time that E-cadherin is one of the downstream targets of 14-3-3ε in modulating HCC tumor progression. Thus, 14-3-3ε may act as an important regulator in modulating tumor metastasis by promoting EMT as well as cell migration, and it may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker or therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-An Liu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Jee Jan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Sheng Ko
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Man Liang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Chang Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - John Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiun Hsu
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ming Wu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yang Liou
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Golubovskaya VM, Cance WG. FAK and p53 protein interactions. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2012; 11:617-9. [PMID: 21355845 DOI: 10.2174/187152011796817619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Focal Adhesion Kinase plays a major role in cell adhesion, motility, survival, proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. In 2004, we have cloned the promoter sequence of FAK and found that p53 inhibits its activity (BBA, v. 1678, 2004). In 2005, we were the first group to show that FAK and p53 proteins directly interact in the cells (JBC, v. 280, 2005). We have shown that FAK and p53 proteins interact in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus by immunoprecipitation, pull-down and confocal microscopy assays. We have shown that FAK inhibited activity of p53 with the transcriptional targets: p21, Bax and Mdm-2 through protein-protein interactions. We identified the 7 amino-acid site in p53 that is involved in interaction with FAK protein. The present review will discuss the interaction of FAK and p53 proteins and discuss the mechanism of FAK-p53 loop regulation: inhibition of FAK promoter activity by p53 protein and also inhibition of p53 transcriptional activity by FAK protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita M Golubovskaya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Sas L, Lardon F, Vermeulen PB, Hauspy J, Van Dam P, Pauwels P, Dirix LY, Van Laere SJ. The interaction between ER and NFκB in resistance to endocrine therapy. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:212. [PMID: 22963717 PMCID: PMC3680926 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine therapy is a commonly used treatment for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Although endocrine therapy has a favorable outcome in many patients, development of resistance is common. Recent studies have shown that NFκB, a transcription factor regulating a wide variety of cellular processes, might play a role in the development of endocrine resistance. The precise interaction between ER and NFκB and how this contributes to the attenuated responsiveness of ER-positive breast cancer cells to hormonal treatment remains unclear. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms of action for both transcription factors and focuses on the current knowledge explaining how ER and NFκB affect each other's activity and how this cross-talk might contribute to the development of an endocrine resistance phenotype in breast cancer cells.
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Proteasome inhibitor MG132 induces selective apoptosis in glioblastoma cells through inhibition of PI3K/Akt and NFkappaB pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of p38-JNK1/2 signaling. Invest New Drugs 2012; 30:2252-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Lin Y, Gertz MA. The role of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 and focal adhesion kinase in aggressive multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1021-2. [PMID: 22220917 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.654340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Hainz N, Thomas S, Neubert K, Meister S, Benz K, Rauh M, Daniel C, Wiesener M, Voll RE, Amann K. The Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib Prevents Lupus Nephritis in the NZB/W F1 Mouse Model by Preservation of Glomerular and Tubulointerstitial Architecture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 120:e47-58. [DOI: 10.1159/000334955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mishra R. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta: can it be a target for oral cancer. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:144. [PMID: 20537194 PMCID: PMC2906469 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in treatment approaches for oral cancer, there has been only modest improvement in patient outcomes in the past three decades. The frequent treatment failure is due to the failure to control tumor recurrence and metastasis. These failures suggest that new targets should be identified to reverse oral epithelial dysplastic lesions. Recent developments suggest an active role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3 β) in various human cancers either as a tumor suppressor or as a tumor promoter. GSK3β is a Ser/Thr protein kinase, and there is emerging evidence that it is a tumor suppressor in oral cancer. The evidence suggests a link between key players in oral cancer that control transcription, accelerated cell cycle progression, activation of invasion/metastasis and anti-apoptosis, and regulation of these factors by GSK3β. Moreover, the major upstream kinases of GSK3β and their oncogenic activation by several etiological agents of oral cancer support this hypothesis. In spite of all this evidence, a detailed analysis of the role of GSK3β in oral cancer and of its therapeutic potential has yet to be conducted by the scientific community. The focus of this review is to discuss the multitude of roles of GSK3β, its possible role in controlling different oncogenic events and how it can be targeted in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajakishore Mishra
- Dept, of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Bldg 102, Maywood, IL-60153, USA.
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Tumour-microenvironmental interactions: paths to progression and targets for treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 20:128-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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