Kumar L, Emmanuel A. Internal anal sphincter: Clinical perspective.
Surgeon 2016;
15:211-226. [PMID:
27881288 DOI:
10.1016/j.surge.2016.10.003]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To summarise current knowledge of Internal anal sphincter.
BACKGROUND
The internal anal sphincter (IAS) is the involuntary ring of smooth muscle in the anal canal and is the major contributor to the resting pressure in the anus. Structural injury or functional weakness of the muscle results in passive incontinence of faeces and flatus. With advent of new assessment and treatment modalities IAS has become an important topic for surgeons. This review was undertaken to summarise our current knowledge of internal anal sphincter and highlight the areas that need further research.
METHOD
The PubMed database was used to identify relevant studies relating to internal anal sphincter.
RESULTS
The available evidence has been summarised and advantages and limitations highlighted for the different diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.
CONCLUSION
Our understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of IAS has increased greatly in the last three decades. Additionally, there has been a rise in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques specifically targeting the IAS. Although these are promising, future research is required before these can be incorporated into the management algorithm.
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