TBK1-targeted suppression of TRIF-dependent signaling pathway of Toll-like receptors by helenalin

Anti-inflammatory effects of Gingerenone A through modulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathways

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in initiating immune responses, particularly in the context of inflammation. However, an excessive inflammation can detrimentally affect the immune homeostasis Thus, it is important to regulate TLR signaling pathways appropriately. Gingerenone A (GIA), a bioactive compound derived from ginger, has garnered significant attention due to its potential anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigate modulatory effects of GIA on TLR signaling pathways. Results showed that GIA effectively suppressed TLR-mediated inflammatory responses by modulating key signaling molecules such as nuclear factor kappa B and interferon regulatory factor 3. These results indicate that GIA is a novel regulator of TLR signaling, offering promising avenues for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents.

Comparison of lipidome profiles in serum from lactating dairy cows supplemented with Acremonium terrestris culture based on UPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS

This study evaluated the effects of supplementing the diet of lactating cows with Acremonium terrestris culture (ATC) on milk production, serum antioxidant capacity, inflammatory indices, and serum lipid metabolomics. Over 90 days, 24 multiparous Chinese Holstein cows in mid-lactation (108 ± 10.4 days in milk, 637 ± 25 kg body weight, 30.23 ± 3.7 kg/d milk yield) were divided into either a control diet (CON) or a diet supplemented with 30 g of ATC daily. All the data were analyzed using Student's t test with SPSS 20.0 software. The results showed that compared with CON feeding, ATC feeding significantly increased milk yield, antioxidant capacity, and immune function. Lipidome screening identified 143 lipid metabolites that differed between the two groups. Further analysis using "random forest" machine learning revealed three glycerophospholipid serum metabolites that could serve as lipid markers with a predictive accuracy of 91.67%. This study suggests that ATC can be a useful dietary supplement for improving lactational performance in dairy cows and provides valuable insights into developing nutritional strategies to maintain metabolic homeostasis in ruminants.

Isobavachalcone suppresses the TRIF-dependent signaling pathway of Toll-like receptors

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are integral membrane-bound receptors that are central to innate and adaptive immune responses. They are known to activate a cascade of downstream signals to induce the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and type I interferons. Dysregulated activation of TLR signaling pathways can induce the activation of various transcription factors, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). TLRs act via MyD88- and TRIF-mediated pathways to induce inflammatory responses. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of isobavachalcone (IBC), a natural chalcone component of Angelica keiskei, we examined its effects on signal transduction via TLR signaling pathways. IBC inhibited the activation of NF-κB and IRF3 induced by TLR agonists and their target genes. IBC also inhibited the activation of NF-κB and IRF3 induced by overexpression of downstream signaling components of TLR signaling pathways. These results suggest that IBC can regulate both MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling pathways of TLRs, resulting in a dramatic increase of new therapeutic options for various inflammatory diseases involving TLRs.

Suppressive effects of dehydrocostus lactone on the toll-like receptor signaling pathways

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that are at the core of innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs activation triggers the activation of two downstream signaling pathways, the myeloid differential factor 88 (MyD88)- and toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent pathways. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of DHL, a natural sesquiterpene lactone derived from Inulahelenium L. and Saussurea lappa, we examined its effect on signal transduction via the TLR signaling pathways. DHL inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), the representative transcription factors involved in the inflammatory response, induced by TLR agonists, as well as the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and interferon inducible protein-10. DHL also inhibited the activation of NF-κB and IRF3 induced by the overexpression of downstream signaling components of the TLRs signaling pathways. All results suggest that DHL might become a new therapeutic drug for a variety of inflammatory diseases.

Suppression of Baeckea frutescens L. and its components on MyD88-dependent NF-κB pathway in MALP-2-stimulated RAW264.7 cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Baeckea frutescens L. is commonly used as a folk medicinal material. There are nineteen components in its volatile oil, including Pcymol which has effects of eliminating phlegm, relieving asthma and antiviral. This study was aimed to investigate the anti-infectious inflammatory activities of Baeckea frutescens L. and its conponents and analyzing the mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The anti-infectious inflammation of Baeckea frutescens L. were studied by using macrophage activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2)-stimulated RAW264.7 cell model in vitro. Secretion of nitric oxide (NO), expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cytokines were detected as classic inflammatory index. Expression of Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), degradation of inhibitory κBα (IκBα) and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 were further investigated.

RESULTS

The results suggested that Baeckea frutescens L. has effect on suppression of MALP-2-mediated inflammation in RAW264.7 cells. The secretion of NO and the expression of iNOS could be inhibited. The secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were also declined. Baeckea frutescens L. significantly decreased the expression of MyD88, therefore, inhibited the degradation of IκBα, reduced the level of nuclear translocation of p65.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study indicated that Baeckea frutescens L. and its components could inhibit the anti-infectious inflammatory events and iNOS expression in MALP-2 stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Among them, BF-2 might play a role through the inhibition of the MyD88 and NF-κB pathway. Our study might provide a new strategy to design and develop this kind of drug towards mycoplasma-infected inflammation.