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Chen X, Shi W, Xie Y, Wang Y, Yao Q, Ke H, Xu X, Liu H, Liu P, Zhou X. Hepatic Krüppel-like factor 14 regulates lipid metabolism in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis mice. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23070. [PMID: 37389939 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300448r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Excessive lipid accumulation is a critical characteristic in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The underlying molecular mechanism, however, is unclear. In this study, we explored whether and how Krüppel-like factor 14 (KLF14) affects hepatic lipid metabolism in NASH. KLF14 expression was detected in NASH patients and mice fed a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD). Adeno-associated viruses and adenoviruses were used to alter hepatic KLF14 expression in vivo or in vitro to investigate how KLF14 functions in lipid regulation. The molecular mechanisms were explored using RNA-seq, luciferase reporter, and ChIP assays. The fatty liver phenotype was analyzed histopathologically, and serum and hepatocyte biochemical parameters were measured. The NASH mouse model developed quickly in C57BL/6J mice fed a CDAHFD for 8 weeks. We found that KLF14 expression was decreased in NASH patients and CDAHFD mice. Oleic acid and palmitic acid treatment also reduced KLF14 levels in hepatocytes. KLF14 knockdown downregulated the genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, promoting the progression of hepatic steatosis. In contrast, hepatic KLF14 overexpression alleviated lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in CDAHFD mice. These effects resulted from direct activation of the PPARα signaling pathway. PPARα inhibition diminished the KLF14 overexpression-reduced protective effects against steatosis in OA&PA-treated MPHs and AAV-KLF14-infected CDAHFD mice. These data reveal that hepatic KLF14 regulates lipid accumulation and oxidative stress through the KLF14-PPARα pathway as NASH progresses. KLF14 may be a novel therapeutic target for hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenjie Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Yunwu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qian Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Huajing Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Pi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaojiang Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Wu S, Wang X, Xing W, Li F, Liang M, Li K, He Y, Wang J. An update on animal models of liver fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1160053. [PMID: 37035335 PMCID: PMC10076546 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1160053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of liver fibrosis primarily determines quality of life as well as prognosis. Animal models are often used to model and understand the underlying mechanisms of human disease. Although organoids can be used to simulate organ development and disease, the technology still faces significant challenges. Therefore animal models are still irreplaceable at this stage. Currently, in vivo models of liver fibrosis can be classified into five categories based on etiology: chemical, dietary, surgical, transgenic, and immune. There is a wide variety of animal models of liver fibrosis with varying efficacy, which have different implications for proper understanding of the disease and effective screening of therapeutic agents. There is no high-quality literature recommending the most appropriate animal models. In this paper, we will describe the progress of commonly used animal models of liver fibrosis in terms of their development mechanisms, applications, advantages and disadvantages, and recommend appropriate animal models for different research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShuTing Wu
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - XinXin Wang
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - WenBo Xing
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - FenYao Li
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Liang
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - KeShen Li
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan He
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yan He,
| | - JianMing Wang
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- JianMing Wang,
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Zhao F, Ke J, Pan W, Pan H, Shen M. Synergistic effects of ISL1 and KDM6B on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through the regulation of SNAI1. Mol Med 2022; 28:12. [PMID: 35100965 PMCID: PMC8802528 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been reported worldwide, which urges understanding of its pathogenesis and development of more effective therapeutical methods for this chronic disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of a LIM homeodomain transcription factor, islet1 (ISL1) on NAFLD. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with a diet high in fat content to produce NAFLD models. These models were then treated with overexpressed ISL1 (oe-ISL1), oe-Lysine-specific demethylase 6B (KDM6B), oe-SNAI1, or short hairpin RNA against SNAI1. We assessed triglyceride and cholesterol contents in the plasma and liver tissues and determined the expressions of ISL1, KDM6B and SNAI1 in liver tissues. Moreover, the in vitro model of lipid accumulation was constructed using fatty acids to explore the in vitro effect of ISL1/KDM6B/SNAI1 in NAFLD. Results The results showed that the expressions of ISL1, KDM6B, and SNAI1 where decreased, but contents of triglyceride and cholesterol increased in mice exposed to high-fat diet. ISL1 inhibited lipogenesis and promoted lipolysis and exhibited a synergizing effect with KDM6B to upregulate the expression of SNAI1. Moreover, both KDM6B and SNAI1 could inhibit lipogenesis and induce lipolysis. Importantly, the therapeutic effects of ISL1 on in vitro model of lipid accumulations was also confirmed through the modulation of KDM6B and SNAI1. Conclusions Taken together, these findings highlighted that ISL1 effectively ameliorated NAFLD by inducing the expressions of KDM6B and SNAI1, which might be a promising drug for the treatment of NAFLD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-021-00428-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Health Management Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinjing Ke
- Health Management Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wensheng Pan
- Health Management Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hanghai Pan
- Health Management Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Miao Shen
- Health Management Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Kushima H, Kinoshita Y, Fujita M, Ishii H. A retrospective study on the efficacy of Ninjin'yoeito on fatigue in patients with interstitial pneumonia. Neuropeptides 2021; 89:102178. [PMID: 34298370 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fatigue, caused by dyspnea associated with progression of interstitial pneumonia (IP), can negatively affect patients' quality of life (QOL). Ninjin'yoeito (NYT), a Chinese herbal medicine, is prescribed for general symptoms of fatigue and for fatigue associated with various respiratory diseases. However, there is a lack of integrated research on the effects of NYT in patients with IP. Therefore, we retrospectively investigated the efficacy of NYT in patients with IP and fatigue. MATERIALS AND METHODS From the IP patients who had taken NYT, 19 who met the following inclusion criteria were included: (1) age of ≥20 years, (2) fatigue, and (3) history of NYT administration. The primary endpoint was fatigue, which was assessed using the Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS). The secondary endpoints were loss of appetite and dyspnea, which were evaluated using the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) and modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scores, respectively. All items were measured before and after 12 weeks of NYT administration. RESULTS In the enrolled 19 patients (male, 12; female, 7; mean age, 65.8 ± 12.7 years), the underlying diseases were idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (n = 8), idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (n = 5), connective tissue disease-related interstitial pneumonia (n = 2), chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (n = 3), and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (n = 1). The CFS score decreased from 17.1 ± 6.8 before administration to 13.4 ± 5.7 after administration of NYT (p = 0.0389). The SNAQ score did not change markedly. The median mMRC score decreased from 3 to 2, however, the difference was not significant. CONCLUSION Many subtypes of IP are progressive, and a cure cannot be expected in cases of irreversible lung fibrosis. Therefore, a multifaceted approach to improve and maintain the QOL is needed in addition to the standard of care. This study showed that NYT can improve fatigue and help maintain the QOL in IP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Kushima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan..
| | - Yoshiaki Kinoshita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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Quantitative, noninvasive MRI characterization of disease progression in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6105. [PMID: 33731798 PMCID: PMC7971064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an increasing cause of chronic liver disease characterized by steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis which can lead to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and mortality. Quantitative, noninvasive methods for characterizing the pathophysiology of NASH at both the preclinical and clinical level are sorely needed. We report here a multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol with the fibrogenesis probe Gd-Hyd to characterize fibrotic disease activity and steatosis in a common mouse model of NASH. Mice were fed a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) to induce NASH with advanced fibrosis. Mice fed normal chow and CDAHFD underwent MRI after 2, 6, 10 and 14 weeks to measure liver T1, T2*, fat fraction, and dynamic T1-weighted Gd-Hyd enhanced imaging of the liver. Steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis were then quantified by histology. NASH and fibrosis developed quickly in CDAHFD fed mice with strong correlation between morphometric steatosis quantification and liver fat estimated by MRI (r = 0.90). Sirius red histology and collagen quantification confirmed increasing fibrosis over time (r = 0.82). Though baseline T1 and T2* measurements did not correlate with fibrosis, Gd-Hyd signal enhancement provided a measure of the extent of active fibrotic disease progression and correlated strongly with lysyl oxidase expression. Gd-Hyd MRI accurately detects fibrogenesis in a mouse model of NASH with advanced fibrosis and can be combined with other MR measures, like fat imaging, to more accurately assess disease burden.
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Sweeney M, Corden B, Cook SA. Targeting cardiac fibrosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: mirage or miracle? EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10865. [PMID: 32955172 PMCID: PMC7539225 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is central to the pathology of heart failure, particularly heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Irrespective of the underlying profibrotic condition (e.g. ageing, diabetes, hypertension), maladaptive cardiac fibrosis is defined by the transformation of resident fibroblasts to matrix-secreting myofibroblasts. Numerous profibrotic factors have been identified at the molecular level (e.g. TGFβ, IL11, AngII), which activate gene expression programs for myofibroblast activation. A number of existing HF therapies indirectly target fibrotic pathways; however, despite multiple clinical trials in HFpEF, a specific clinically effective antifibrotic therapy remains elusive. Therapeutic inhibition of TGFβ, the master-regulator of fibrosis, has unfortunately proven toxic and ineffective in clinical trials to date, and new approaches are needed. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology and clinical implications of interstitial fibrosis in HFpEF. We provide an overview of trials targeting fibrosis in HFpEF to date and discuss the promise of potential new therapeutic approaches and targets in the context of underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sweeney
- MRC‐London Institute of Medical SciencesHammersmith Hospital CampusLondonUK
- Wellcome Trust 4i/NIHR Clinical Research FellowImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - Ben Corden
- MRC‐London Institute of Medical SciencesHammersmith Hospital CampusLondonUK
- National Heart Research Institute SingaporeNational Heart Centre SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders ProgramDuke‐National University of Singapore Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Stuart A Cook
- MRC‐London Institute of Medical SciencesHammersmith Hospital CampusLondonUK
- National Heart Research Institute SingaporeNational Heart Centre SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders ProgramDuke‐National University of Singapore Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
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Effects of Nintedanib in an Animal Model of Liver Fibrosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3867198. [PMID: 32337244 PMCID: PMC7150695 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3867198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis can affect multiple internal organs, including the liver and lungs. Nintedanib, an antifibrotic approved for treatment of interstitial lung disease associated with systemic sclerosis, may have activity outside of the lungs. This study explored the effect of preventive and therapeutic nintedanib treatment in a 3-week carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced (500 mg/kg/day twice weekly for 3 weeks) model of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in C57Bl/6 mice (aged 8 weeks, n = 5 per group). Mice also received nintedanib (30 or 60 mg/kg/day) either each day for 21 days (preventive treatment) or from day 7 or day 14 (therapeutic treatment). Preventive nintedanib treatment at both doses significantly reduced CCL4-induced increases in myeloperoxidase (p < 0.01), hepatic collagen (p < 0.001), and interleukin (IL)-6 (p < 0.01) in the liver. Nintedanib also significantly reduced hepatic necrosis (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05), inflammation (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05), fibrosis (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05) and IL-1β (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001) at both 30 and 60 mg/kg/day, respectively. Therapeutic treatment with nintedanib at 30 and 60 mg/kg/day significantly reduced CCL4-induced serum alanine aminotransferase from day 7 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001) and day 14 (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05), respectively. Increases in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 were significantly reduced by nintedanib at 60 mg/kg/day from day 7 only (p < 0.001), and nintedanib completely blocked elevation of IL-6 and IL-1β levels regardless of dose or start of treatment (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). In both the preventive and therapeutic treatment schedules of the study, nintedanib treatment was beneficial in attenuating CCL4-induced pathology and reducing hepatic injury, inflammation, and fibrosis, demonstrating that nintedanib has antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory activity outside of the lungs.
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Lu Y, Su X, Zhao M, Zhang Q, Liu C, Lai Q, Wu S, Fang A, Yang J, Chen X, Yao Y. Comparative RNA-sequencing profiled the differential gene expression of liver in response to acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor GS-0976 in a mouse model of NASH. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8115. [PMID: 31879571 PMCID: PMC6927352 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive liver disease characterized by hepatic steatosis, lobular inflammation and fibrosis. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) isoform 1 and 2 involved in de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and fatty acid oxidation have been identified as a therapeutic target in NASH. GS-0976, the inhibitor of ACC1 and ACC2, has achieved favorable therapeutic effects in clinical trials with NASH. The purpose of this study was to explore the transcriptional alterations regulated by GS-0976 in NASH. Methods C57BL/6 mice were fed on a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) or normal diet for 12 weeks. Mice were treated with or without GS-0976 (3 mg/kg per day) in the last 8 weeks. Oil Red O, Haematoxylin-eosin (H & E), and Sirius Red were used to evaluate hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. The comparative RNA-sequencing was conducted to analyse the hepatic gene expression profiles in mice. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to validate the differential expression of representative genes. Results GS-0976 attenuated the steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis of NASH in CDAHFD mouse model. High-throughput sequencing and differential gene expression analysis showed that there were 516 up-regulated genes and 525 down-regulated genes after GS-0976 treatment. Genes involved in the metabolic process, extracellular matrix formation, immune response, and angiogenesis were significantly enriched. The “Metabolic pathways” and “ECM-receptor interaction” pathways were the most significantly enriched KEGG pathways in the up-regulated and down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. Conclusions Transcriptome analysis showed that GS-0976 could regulate the expression of genes related to metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis in NASH. The global transcriptomic changes in gene expression promote the further understanding for the inhibition mechanisms of GS-0976 in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manyu Zhao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianru Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongguan, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinhuai Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sijia Wu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongguan, China
| | - Yuqin Yao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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