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Hernández Díaz M, Galar Martínez M, García Medina S, Cortés López A, Ruiz Lara K, Cano Viveros S, García Medina AL, Pérez-Pastén Borja R, Rosales Pérez KE, Gómez Oliván LM, Raldúa D, Bedrossiantz J. Polluted water from a storage dam (Villa Victoria, méxico) induces oxidative damage, AChE activity, embryotoxicity, and behavioral changes in Cyprinus carpio larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 258:119282. [PMID: 38823611 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The Villa Victoria dam is one of the most important storage reservoirs in Mexico since it distributes water to more than 20 million inhabitants in the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City. In this dam, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is an important food resource for the inhabitants, so the aim of this work was to evaluate the oxidative damage (lipoperoxidation, oxidized proteins, antioxidant enzymes activity and gene expression), AChE, embryotoxicity and behavioral changes in C. carpio embryos and larvae exposed to water from Villa Victoria dam for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The embryotoxicity was evaluated trough the General Morphology Score (GMS) and the teratogenic index. Behavioral changes in basal locomotor activity and thigmotaxis were evaluated in a DanioVision, Noldus ™. An increase in lipid and protein oxidation as well as modification of CAT, SOD and GPx enzymatic activity was observed during the exposure times. The GMS indicated a low development in the embryos, the teratogenic index was less than 1, however teratogenic effects as yolk edema, fin malformation, head malformation and scoliosis were observed. In parallel, an increase in AChE activity and gene expression was observed reflecting changes in distance traveled of the basal locomotor activity and thigmotaxis at the sampling points. In conclusion, pollutants in water from Villa Victoria dam caused oxidative damage, changes in SOD, CAT, GPx and AChE activity as well as embryotoxicity and modifications in the behavior of C. carpio larvae. This study demonstrates the need to implement restoration programs for this reservoir since, contamination in the Villa Victoria dam could eventually endanger aquatic life and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misael Hernández Díaz
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Galar Martínez
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Sandra García Medina
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Alejandra Cortés López
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Karina Ruiz Lara
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Selene Cano Viveros
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Alba Lucero García Medina
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Pastén Borja
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738.
| | - Karina Elisa Rosales Pérez
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Intersección de Paseo Colón y Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez Oliván
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Intersección de Paseo Colón y Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Demetrio Raldúa
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, España, Mexico.
| | - Juliette Bedrossiantz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, España, Mexico.
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Chang Y, Xie X, Liu Y, Liu M, Zhang H. Exploring clinical applications and long-term effectiveness of benzodiazepines: An integrated perspective on mechanisms, imaging, and personalized medicine. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116329. [PMID: 38401518 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines have been long-established treatments for various conditions, including anxiety disorders and insomnia. Recent FDA warnings emphasize the risks of misuse and dependence associated with benzodiazepines. This article highlights their benefits and potential drawbacks from various perspectives. It achieves this by explaining how benzodiazepines work in terms of neuroendocrinology, immunomodulation, sleep, anxiety, cognition, and addiction, ultimately improving their clinical effectiveness. Benzodiazepines play a regulatory role in the HPA axis and impact various systems, including neuropeptide Y and cholecystokinin. Benzodiazepines can facilitate sleep-dependent memory consolidation by promoting spindle wave activity, but they can also lead to memory deficits in older individuals due to reduced slow-wave sleep. The cognitive effects of chronic benzodiazepines use remain uncertain; however, no adverse findings have been reported in clinical imaging studies. This article aims to comprehensively review the evidence on benzodiazepines therapy, emphasizing the need for more clinical studies, especially regarding long-term benzodiazepines use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Chang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xueting Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yudan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Meichen Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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3
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Johnson AL, Verbitsky R, Hudson J, Dean R, Hamilton TJ. Cannabinoid type-2 receptors modulate terpene induced anxiety-reduction in zebrafish. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115760. [PMID: 37865998 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenes are the most extensive and varied group of naturally occurring compounds mostly found in plants, including cannabis, and have an array of potential therapeutic benefits for pathological conditions. The endocannabinoid system can potently modulate anxiety in humans, rodents, and zebrafish. The 'entourage effect' suggests terpenes may target cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, among others, but this requires further investigation. In this study we first tested for anxiety-altering effects of the predominant 'Super-Class' terpenes, bisabolol (0.001%, 0.0015%, and 0.002%) and terpinolene (TPL; 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1%), in zebrafish with the open field test. Bisabolol did not have an effect on zebrafish behaviour or locomotion. However, TPL caused a significant increase in time spent in the inner zone and decrease in time spent in the outer zone of the arena indicating an anxiolytic (anxiety decreasing) effect. Next, we assessed whether CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists, rimonabant and AM630 (6-Iodopravadoline) respectively, could eliminate or reduce the anxiolytic effects of TPL (0.1%) and β-caryophyllene (BCP; 4%), another super-class terpene previously shown to be anxiolytic in zebrafish. Rimonabant and AM630 were administered prior to terpene exposure and compared to controls and fish exposed to only the terpenes. AM630, but not rimonabant, eliminated the anxiolytic effects of both BCP and TPL. AM630 modulated locomotion on its own, which was potentiated by terpenes. These findings suggest the behavioural effects of TPL and BCP on zebrafish anxiety-like behaviour are mediated by a selective preference for CB2 receptor sites. Furthermore, the CB2 pathways mediating the anxiolytic response are likely different from those altering locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University 6-329 City Centre Campus, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ryan Verbitsky
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University 6-329 City Centre Campus, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - James Hudson
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University 6-329 City Centre Campus, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Rachel Dean
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University 6-329 City Centre Campus, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Trevor J Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University 6-329 City Centre Campus, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Saiz N, Herrera-Castillo L, de Pedro N, Delgado MJ, Arvidsson SD, Marugal-López MÁ, Isorna E. Assessing Chronodisruption Distress in Goldfish: The Importance of Multimodal Approaches. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2481. [PMID: 37570290 PMCID: PMC10417125 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronodisruption caused by factors such as light at night and mistimed meals has been linked to numerous physiological alterations in vertebrates and may be an anxiogenic factor affecting welfare. This study aims to investigate whether chronodisruption causes measurable changes in the anxiety responses of goldfish under two conditions: randomly scheduled feeding (RF) and continuous light (LL). Anxiety-like behavior was assessed in the open field with object approach and black/white preference tests, which had been validated using diazepam. An increased thigmotaxis response and decreased object exploration under both chronodisruption protocols indicated anxiety states. Furthermore, locomotor activity was increased in LL fish. The black/white preference test discriminated anxiolysis induced by diazepam but was unable to detect anxiety caused by chronodisruption. Plasma cortisol increased in both RF and LL fish throughout the experiment, confirming that both conditions caused stress. The LL fish also showed an apparently desensitized hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal HPI axis, with a decrease in pomc and crf expression. Individual analysis found no correlation between anxiety-like behavior and stress axis activation nor between scototaxis and thigmotaxis responses. However, individual differences in sensitivity to each test were detected. Altogether, these results highlight circadian disruption as a stressor for fish and endorse a multiple variable approach for reliably assessing animal discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Esther Isorna
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.S.); (L.H.-C.); (N.d.P.); (M.J.D.); (S.D.A.); (M.Á.M.-L.)
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Goldschen-Ohm MP. Benzodiazepine Modulation of GABA A Receptors: A Mechanistic Perspective. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121784. [PMID: 36551212 PMCID: PMC9775625 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are a class of widely prescribed psychotropic drugs that target GABAA receptors (GABAARs) to tune inhibitory synaptic signaling throughout the central nervous system. Despite knowing their molecular target for over 40 years, we still do not fully understand the mechanism of modulation at the level of the channel protein. Nonetheless, functional studies, together with recent cryo-EM structures of GABAA(α1)2(βX)2(γ2)1 receptors in complex with BZDs, provide a wealth of information to aid in addressing this gap in knowledge. Here, mechanistic interpretations of functional and structural evidence for the action of BZDs at GABAA(α1)2(βX)2(γ2)1 receptors are reviewed. The goal is not to describe each of the many studies that are relevant to this discussion nor to dissect in detail all the effects of individual mutations or perturbations but rather to highlight general mechanistic principles in the context of recent structural information.
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A Mini-Review Regarding the Modalities to Study Neurodevelopmental Disorders-Like Impairments in Zebrafish—Focussing on Neurobehavioural and Psychological Responses. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091147. [PMID: 36138883 PMCID: PMC9496774 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are complex disorders which can be associated with many comorbidities and exhibit multifactorial-dependent phenotypes. An important characteristic is represented by the early onset of the symptoms, during childhood or young adulthood, with a great impact on the socio-cognitive functioning of the affected individuals. Thus, the aim of our review is to describe and to argue the necessity of early developmental stages zebrafish models, focusing on NDDs, especially autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and also on schizophrenia. The utility of the animal models in NDDs or schizophrenia research remains quite controversial. Relevant discussions can be opened regarding the specific characteristics of the animal models and the relationship with the etiologies, physiopathology, and development of these disorders. The zebrafish models behaviors displayed as early as during the pre-hatching embryo stage (locomotor activity prone to repetitive behavior), and post-hatching embryo stage, such as memory, perception, affective-like, and social behaviors can be relevant in ASD and schizophrenia research. The neurophysiological processes impaired in both ASD and schizophrenia are generally highly conserved across all vertebrates. However, the relatively late individual development and conscious social behavior exhibited later in the larval stage are some of the most important limitations of these model animal species.
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7
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Identification of degradation products in flumazenil using LC-Q-TOF/MS and NMR: Degradation pathway elucidation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 215:114764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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de Souza MA, de Castro KK, Almeida-Neto FW, Bandeira PN, Ferreira MK, Marinho MM, da Rocha MN, de Brito DH, Mendes FRDS, Rodrigues TH, de Oliveira MR, de Menezes JE, Barreto AC, Marinho ES, de Lima-Neto P, dos Santos HS, Teixeira AM. Structural and spectroscopic analysis, ADMET study, and anxiolytic-like effect in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) of 4′-[(1E,2E)-1-(2-(2′,4′-dinitrophenyl)hydrazone-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)allyl)aniline. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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High-Dose Benzodiazepines Positively Modulate GABAA Receptors via a Flumazenil-Insensitive Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010042. [PMID: 35008465 PMCID: PMC8744940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) produce versatile pharmacological actions through positive modulation of GABAA receptors (GABAARs). A previous study has demonstrated that high concentrations of diazepam potentiate GABA currents on the α1β2γ2 and α1β2 GABAARs in a flumazenil-insensitive manner. In this study, the high-concentration effects of BZDs and their sensitivity to flumazenil were determined on synaptic (α1β2γ2, α2β2γ2, α5β2γ2) and extra-synaptic (α4β2δ) GABAARs using the voltage-clamp electrophysiology technique. The in vivo evaluation of flumazenil-insensitive BZD effects was conducted in mice via the loss of righting reflex (LORR) test. Diazepam induced biphasic potentiation on the α1β2γ2, α2β2γ2 and α5β2γ2 GABAARs, but did not affect the α4β2δ receptor. In contrast to the nanomolar component of potentiation, the second potentiation elicited by micromolar diazepam was insensitive to flumazenil. Midazolam, clonazepam, and lorazepam at 200 µM exhibited similar flumazenil-insensitive effects on the α1β2γ2, α2β2γ2 and α5β2γ2 receptors, whereas the potentiation induced by 200 µM zolpidem or triazolam was abolished by flumazenil. Both the GABAAR antagonist pentylenetetrazol and Fa173, a proposed transmembrane site antagonist, abolished the potentiation induced by 200 µM diazepam. Consistent with the in vitro results, flumazenil antagonized the zolpidem-induced LORR, but not that induced by diazepam or midazolam. Pentylenetetrazol and Fa173 antagonized the diazepam-induced LORR. These findings support the existence of non-classical BZD binding sites on certain GABAAR subtypes and indicate that the flumazenil-insensitive effects depend on the chemical structures of BZD ligands.
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McGrath M, Hoyt H, Pence A, Forman SA, Raines DE. Selective actions of benzodiazepines at the transmembrane anaesthetic binding sites of the GABA A receptor: In vitro and in vivo studies. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4842-4858. [PMID: 34386973 PMCID: PMC8637433 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In addition to binding to the classical high-affinity extracellular benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptor, some benzodiazepines occupy transmembrane inter-subunit anaesthetic sites that bind etomidate (β+ /α- sites) or the barbiturate derivative R-mTFD-MPAB (α+ /β- and γ+ /β- sites). We aimed to define the functional effects of these interactions on GABAA receptor activity and animal behaviour. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH With flumazenil blocking classical high-affinity extracellular benzodiazepine site effects, modulation of GABA-activated currents by diazepam, midazolam and flurazepam was measured electrophysiologically in wildtype and M2-15' mutant α1 β3 γ2L GABAA receptors. Zebrafish locomotive activity was also assessed in the presence of each benzodiazepine plus flumazenil. KEY RESULTS In the presence of flumazenil, micromolar concentrations of diazepam and midazolam both potentiated and inhibited wildtype GABAA receptor currents. β3 N265M (M2-15' in the β+ /α- sites) and α1 S270I (M2-15' in the α+ /β- site) mutations reduced or abolished potentiation by these drugs. In contrast, the γ2 S280W mutation (M2-15' in the γ+ /β- site) abolished inhibition. Flurazepam plus flumazenil only inhibited wildtype receptor currents, an effect unaltered by M2-15' mutations. In the presence of flumazenil, zebrafish locomotion was enhanced by diazepam at concentrations up to 30 μM and suppressed at 100 μM, suppressed by midazolam and enhanced by flurazepam. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Benzodiazepine binding to transmembrane anaesthetic binding sites of the GABAA receptor can produce positive or negative modulation manifesting as decreases or increases in locomotion, respectively. Selectivity for these sites may contribute to the distinct GABAA receptor and behavioural actions of different benzodiazepines, particularly at high (i.e. anaesthetic) concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan McGrath
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helen Hoyt
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea Pence
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stuart A Forman
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas E Raines
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Sharma D, Dixit AB, Dey S, Tripathi M, Doddamani R, Sharma MC, Lalwani S, Gurjar HK, Chandra PS, Banerjee J. Increased levels of α4-containing GABA A receptors in focal cortical dysplasia: A possible cause of benzodiazepine resistance. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105084. [PMID: 34052299 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are the first choice of anti-epileptic drugs used to treat seizures. However, it has been seen that their efficacy decreases with time leading to drug insensitivity, plausibly caused by an alteration in the expression of the benzodiazepine biding site on GABAA receptors. This study was designed to investigate if the differential expression of GABAA receptor subunits α1/α4/γ2/δ across the postsynaptic sites could contribute to benzodiazepine resistance in patients with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), the most common cause of drug resistant epilepsy in pediatric population. Differential gene and cellular expression of GABAA receptor subunits α1, α4, γ2 and δ were evaluated and validated using qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Whole cell patch clamp studies were performed on pyramidal neurons of resected cortical FCD samples to measure the spontaneous GABAA receptor activity. Upregulation of α4-and γ2-subunits containing GABAA receptors were observed at both mRNA and protein level. α1-and δ-subunits containing GABAA receptors did not show any significant changes. Flumazenil treatment did not affect the kinetics of GABAergic events in FCD; however, it significantly reduced the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous GABAergic activity in non-seizure control samples. Our results demonstrate the enhanced expression of α4-containing GABAA receptors and GABAergic activity in pyramidal neurons which in turn may contribute to benzodiazepine resistance in FCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devina Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Aparna Banerjee Dixit
- Dr. B.R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Soumil Dey
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ramesh Doddamani
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - M C Sharma
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sanjeev Lalwani
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Hitesh Kumar Gurjar
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - P Sarat Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Jyotirmoy Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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12
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de F Cesário HPS, Silva FCO, Ferreira MKA, de Menezes JESA, Dos Santos HS, Nogueira CES, de L Silva KSB, Hajdu E, Silveira ER, Pessoa ODL. Anxiolytic-like effect of brominated compounds from the marine sponge Aplysina fulva on adult zebrafish (Danio rerio): Involvement of the GABAergic system. Neurochem Int 2021; 146:105021. [PMID: 33741413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are commonly used to treat disorders of the central nervous system, including anxiety. However, due to their adverse effects, there is a continuing interest in discovering new safe and effective drugs. Marine natural products have emerged as a prolific source of bioactive nitrogenated compounds. Aiming to discover new biologically active natural compounds, the marine sponge Aplysina fulva, a nitrogen-bearing heterocyst producer, was investigated. The main isolated compounds (4, 6, and 9) were evaluated on adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). A group of fishes (n = 6) was preliminarily subjected to acute toxicity, and open field tests using 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL (v. o.) of those compounds was performed. The anxiolytic effect was further investigated in the light/dark assay based on the locomotor response at zebrafish. Interactions through the GABAergic system were investigated using flumazenil, a silent modulator of GABA receptors. To improve the results, a study of molecular docking using the GABAA receptor also was performed. Based on the results, the bromotyrosine derivative compounds 4, 6, and 9 exhibited anxiolytic-like effects mediated by the GABAergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hozana Patrícia S de F Cesário
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60455-760, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jane Eire S A de Menezes
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, CE, 60174-903, Brazil
| | - Hélcio S Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Synthesis and Biocatalysis of Organic Compounds, Vale do Acaraú University, Sobral, CE, 62040-370, Brazil
| | - Carlos E S Nogueira
- Department of Physics, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, 63041-145, Brazil
| | - Karísia S B de L Silva
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Hajdu
- Department of Invertebrates, National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20940-040, Brazil
| | - Edilberto R Silveira
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Otília Deusdênia L Pessoa
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60455-760, Brazil.
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Violence against women and drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA): A review of the main drugs. J Forensic Leg Med 2020; 74:102020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2020.102020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lian JJ, Cao YQ, Li YL, Yu G, Su RB. Flumazenil-Insensitive Benzodiazepine Effects in Recombinant αβ and Neuronal GABA A Receptors. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10030150. [PMID: 32150806 PMCID: PMC7139822 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10030150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid, type A (GABAA) receptors are complex heterogeneous pentamers with various drug binding sites. Several lines of evidence suggest that benzodiazepines modulate certain GABAA receptors in a flumazenil-insensitive manner, possibly via binding sites other than the classical ones. However, GABAA receptor subtypes that contain non-classical benzodiazepine binding sites are not systemically studied. The present study investigated the high-concentration effects of three benzodiazepines and their sensitivity to flumazenil on different recombinant (α1β2, α2β2, α3β2, α4β2, α5β2 and α1β3) and native neuronal GABAA receptors using the whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology technique. The classical benzodiazepine diazepam (200 μmol/L) and midazolam (200 μmol/L) produced flumazenil-insensitive effects on α1β2 receptor, whereas the imidazopyridine zolpidem failed to modulate the receptor. Flumazenil-insensitive effects of diazepam were also observed on the α2β2, α3β2 and α5β2, but not α4β2 receptors. Unlike β2-containing receptors, the α1β3 receptor was insensitive to diazepam. Moreover, the diazepam (200 μmol/L) effects on some cortical neurons could not be fully antagonized by flumazenil (200 μmol/L). These findings suggested that the non-classical (flumazenil-insensitive) benzodiazepine effects depended on certain receptor subtypes and benzodiazepine structures and may be important for designing of subtype- or binding site- specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gang Yu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-66931621; Fax: +86-010-68211656
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