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da Silva L, Donato IA, Bezerra SR, Dos Santos HS, Bandeira PN, do Nascimento MTR, Guedes JM, Freitas PR, de Araújo ACJ, de Freitas TS, Coutinho HDM, de Matos YMLS, de Oliveira LCC, da Cunha FAB. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and antibacterial activity of chalcone (2E)-1-(3'-aminophenyl)-3-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one against multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus carrier of efflux pump mechanisms and β-lactamase. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024; 38:60-71. [PMID: 37497790 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus has stood out for presenting a high adaptability, acquiring resistance to multiple drugs. The search for natural or synthetic compounds with antibacterial properties capable of reversing the resistance of S. aureus is the main challenge to be overcome today. Natural products such as chalcones are substances present in the secondary metabolism of plants, presenting important biological activities such as antitumor, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activity. OBJECTIVES In this context, the aim of this work was to synthesize the chalcone (2E)-1-(3'-aminophenyl)-3-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one with nomenclature CMADMA, confirm its structure by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and evaluate its antibacterial properties. METHODS The synthesis methodology used was that of Claisen-Schmidt, and spectroscopic characterization was performed by NMR. For microbiological assays, the broth microdilution methodology was adopted in order to analyze the antibacterial potential of chalcones and to analyze their ability to act as a possible inhibitor of β-lactamase and efflux pump resistance mechanisms, present in S. aureus strain K4100. RESULTS The results obtained show that CMADMA does not show direct antibacterial activity, expressing a MIC of ≥1024 μg/mL, or on the enzymatic mechanism of β-lactamase; however, when associated with ethidium bromide in efflux pump inhibition assays, CMADMA showed promising activity by reducing the MIC of the bromide from 64 to 32 μg/mL. CONCLUSION We conclude that the chalcone synthesized in this study is a promising substance to combat bacterial resistance, possibly acting in the inhibition of the QacC efflux pump present in S. aureus strain K4100, as evidenced by the reduction in the MIC of ethidium bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa da Silva
- Laboratory of Semi-Arid Bioprospecting (LABSEMA), Department of Biological Chemistry, URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | - Isydório Alves Donato
- Laboratory of Semi-Arid Bioprospecting (LABSEMA), Department of Biological Chemistry, URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | - Suieny Rodrigues Bezerra
- Laboratory of Semi-Arid Bioprospecting (LABSEMA), Department of Biological Chemistry, URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- Chemical Laboratory of Natural and Synthetic Products (LQPN), State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Vale do Acaraú State University, Sobral, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Sciences - PPGCN, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nogueira Bandeira
- Chemical Laboratory of Natural and Synthetic Products (LQPN), State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Jesyka Macêdo Guedes
- Chemical Laboratory of Natural and Synthetic Products (LQPN), State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Priscila Ramos Freitas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry, URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Sampaio de Freitas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry, URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Francisco Assis Bezerra da Cunha
- Laboratory of Semi-Arid Bioprospecting (LABSEMA), Department of Biological Chemistry, URCA, Crato, Brazil
- Chemical Laboratory of Natural and Synthetic Products (LQPN), State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Vale do Acaraú State University, Sobral, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Sciences - PPGCN, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Tran TK, Ha PTT, Henry RJ, Nguyen DNT, Tuyen PT, Liem NT. Polyphenol Contents, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Antibacterial Activity of Methanol Extract and Fractions of Sonneratia Caseolaris Fruits from Ben Tre Province in Vietnam. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:94-102. [PMID: 38282409 PMCID: PMC10840467 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2304.04019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Plants contain a large number of phytochemical components, many of which are known as bioactive compounds and responsible for the expression of various pharmacological activities. The extract of Sonneratia caseolaris fruit collected in Vietnam was investigated for its total phenolic and total flavonoid contents using methanol solvent and different fractions of S. caseolaris fruits (hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous). GC-MS analysis was conducted to identify the bioactive chemical constituents occurring in the active extract. Further, the antibacterial activity was tested in vitro on bacterial isolates, namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, using the disc diffusion method on tryptic soya agar (TSA) medium. The methanol extract showed high total flavonoid (82.3 ± 0.41 mg QE/g extract) and phenolic (41.0 ± 0.34 mg GAE/g extract) content. GC-MS of the methanol extract and different fractions of S. caseolaris fruits detected 20 compounds, principally fatty alcohols, fatty acids, phenols, lipids, terpenes derivatives, and carboxylic acids derivatives. A 50 mg/ml concentration of methanol extract had the strongest antibacterial activity on E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis. Furthermore, ethyl acetate, aqueous, and n-butanol fractions inhibited S. aureus and B. subtilis the most. The results of the present study suggested that the fruits of S. caseolaris are rich sources of phenolic compounds that can contribute to safe and cost-effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien khanh Tran
- Chemical Engineering in Advanced Materials and Renewable Energy Research Group, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Thu Ha
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- High Agricultural Technology Research Institute for Mekong Delta, 94955, Vietnam (HATRI)
| | - Robert. J. Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Phung Thi Tuyen
- Department of Forest Plant, Faculty of Forest Resources and Environmental Management, Vietnam National University of Forestry, Hanoi, 13417, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Liem
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quynhon University, Quynhon, Binhdinh 590000, Vietnam
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Liang L, Zhang W, Hao J, Wang Y, Wei S, Zhang S, Hu Y, Lv Y. Estragole Inhibits Growth and Aflatoxin Biosynthesis of Aspergillus flavus by Affecting Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0134823. [PMID: 37289093 PMCID: PMC10434025 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01348-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of essential oils and edible compounds have been widely recognized for their antifungal activity in recent years. In this study, we explored the antifungal activity of estragole from Pimenta racemosa against Aspergillus flavus and investigated the underlying mechanism of action. The results showed that estragole had significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5 μL/mL against spore germination. Additionally, estragole inhibited the biosynthesis of aflatoxin in a dose-dependent manner, and aflatoxin biosynthesis was significantly inhibited at 0.125 μL/mL. Pathogenicity assays showed that estragole had potential antifungal activity against A. flavus in peanut and corn grains by inhibiting conidia and aflatoxin production. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly related to oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and secondary metabolite synthesis following estragole treatment. Importantly, we experimentally verified reactive oxidative species accumulation following downregulation of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase. These results suggest that estragole inhibits the growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis of A. flavus by modulating intracellular redox homeostasis. These findings expand our knowledge on the antifungal activity and molecular mechanisms of estragole, and provide a basis for estragole as a potential agent against A. flavus contamination. IMPORTANCE Aspergillus flavus contaminates crops and produces aflatoxins, carcinogenic secondary metabolites which pose a serious threat to agricultural production and animal and human health. Currently, control of A. flavus growth and mycotoxin contamination mainly relies on antimicrobial chemicals, agents with side effects such as toxic residues and the emergence of resistance. With their safety, environmental friendliness, and high efficiency, essential oils and edible compounds have become promising antifungal agents to control growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis in hazardous filamentous fungi. In this study, we explored the antifungal activity of estragole from Pimenta racemosa against A. flavus and investigated its underlying mechanism. The results demonstrated that estragole inhibits the growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis of A. flavus by modulating intracellular redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuke Liang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Hao
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanyu Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shan Wei
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuaibing Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuansen Hu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yangyong Lv
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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Zheng L, Guo H, Zhu M, Xie L, Jin J, Korma SA, Jin Q, Wang X, Cacciotti I. Intrinsic properties and extrinsic factors of food matrix system affecting the effectiveness of essential oils in foods: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-34. [PMID: 36861257 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2184767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) have been proved as natural food preservatives because of their effective and wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity. They have been extensively explored for potential applications in food industry, and substantial progresses have been achieved. However well EOs perform in antibacterial tests in vitro, it has generally been found that a higher level of EOs is needed to achieve the same effect in foods. Nevertheless, this unsimilar effect has not been clearly quantified and elaborated, as well as the underlying mechanisms. This review highlights the influence of intrinsic properties (e.g., oils and fats, carbohydrates, proteins, pH, physical structure, water, and salt) and extrinsic factors (e.g., temperature, bacteria characteristics, and packaging in vacuum/gas/air) of food matrix systems on EOs action. Controversy findings and possible mechanism hypotheses are also systematically discussed. Furthermore, the organoleptic aspects of EOs in foods and promising strategies to address this hurdle are reviewed. Finally, some considerations about the EOs safety are presented, as well as the future trends and research prospects of EOs applications in foods. The present review aims to fill the evidenced gap, providing a comprehensive overview about the influence of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors of food matrix systems to efficiently orientate EOs applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyou Zheng
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Zhu
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Xie
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jun Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Sameh A Korma
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ilaria Cacciotti
- Department of Engineering, INSTM RU, University of Rome "Niccolò Cusano", Roma, Italy
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Dias KJSDO, Miranda GM, Bessa JR, Araújo ACJD, Freitas PR, Almeida RSD, Paulo CLR, Neto JBDA, Coutinho HDM, Ribeiro-Filho J. Terpenes as bacterial efflux pump inhibitors: A systematic review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:953982. [PMID: 36313340 PMCID: PMC9606600 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.953982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing antibiotic resistance is a significant challenge in modern pharmacotherapy. While molecular analyses have identified efflux pump expression as an essential mechanism underlying multidrug resistance, the targeted drug development has occurred slower. Thus, considering the verification that terpenes can enhance the activity of antibiotics against resistant bacteria, the present study gathered evidence pointing to these natural compounds as bacterial efflux pump inhibitors. A systematic search for manuscripts published between January 2007 and January 2022 was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol and the following search terms: “Terpene”; AND “Efflux pump”; and “Bacteria.” From a total of 101 articles found in the initial search, 41 were included in this review. Seventy-five different terpenes, 63 bacterial strains, and 22 different efflux pumps were reported, with carvacrol, Staphylococcus aureus SA-1199B, and NorA appearing most frequently mentioned terpene, bacterial strain, and efflux pump (EP), respectively. The Chi-Squared analysis indicated that terpenes are significantly effective EP inhibitors in Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, with the inhibitory frequency significantly higher in Gram-positive strains. The results of the present review suggest that terpenes are significant efflux pump inhibitors and, as such, can be used in drug development targeting the combat of antibacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Marinho Miranda
- Laboratory of Genetics and Translational Hematology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Reis Bessa
- Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Justino De Araújo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Ramos Freitas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ray Silva De Almeida
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cícera Laura Roque Paulo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Bezerra De Araújo Neto
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Henrique D. M. Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jaime Ribeiro-Filho
- Laboratory of Genetics and Translational Hematology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Fiocruz Ceará, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Eusébio, Ceará, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Jaime Ribeiro-Filho,
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Cáceres-Vélez PR, Ali A, Fournier-Level A, Dunshea FR, Jusuf PR. Phytochemical and Safety Evaluations of Finger Lime, Mountain Pepper, and Tamarind in Zebrafish Embryos. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071280. [PMID: 35883771 PMCID: PMC9311898 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants play a pivotal role in drug discovery, constituting 50% of modern pharmacopeia. Many human diseases, including age-related degenerative diseases, converge onto common cellular oxidative stress pathways. This provides an opportunity to develop broad treatments to treat a wide range of diseases in the ageing population. Here, we characterize and assess the toxicological effects of finger lime (Citrus australasica), mountain pepper (Tasmannia lanceolata), and small-leaved tamarind (Diploglottis australis) extracts. The characterization demonstrates that these Australian native plants have antioxidant potential and, importantly, they have high concentrations of distinct combinations of different antioxidant classes. Using zebrafish larvae as a high-throughput pre-clinical in vivo toxicology screening model, our experiment effectively discriminates which of these extracts (and at what exposure levels) are suitable for development towards future therapies. The LC50-96h for finger lime and tamarind were >480 mg/L, and 1.70 mg/L for mountain pepper. Critically, this work shows that adverse effects are not correlated to the properties of these antioxidants, thus highlighting the need for combining characterization and in vivo screening to identify the most promising plant extracts for further development. Thus, we present a high-throughput pre-clinical screening that robustly tests natural plant products to utilize the diversity of antioxidant compounds for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolin Rocio Cáceres-Vélez
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Correspondence: (P.R.C.-V.); (P.R.J.)
| | - Akhtar Ali
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.A.); (F.R.D.)
| | | | - Frank R. Dunshea
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.A.); (F.R.D.)
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Patricia Regina Jusuf
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Correspondence: (P.R.C.-V.); (P.R.J.)
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7
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Torres-Martínez R, Moreno-León A, García-Rodríguez YM, Hernández-Delgado T, Delgado-Lamas G, Espinosa-García FJ. The Tagetes lucida Cav. essential oil and the mixture of its main compounds are antibacterial and modulate antibiotic resistance in multi-resistant pathogenic bacteria. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:210-223. [PMID: 35419861 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated an essential oil (EO) of Tagetes lucida Cav. and the mixture of its main compounds against multi-drug resistant bacteria. We found that EO and the partially reconstituted blend of its main components have antibacterial activity and inhibit antibiotic resistance (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, vancomycin, and imipenem) in strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa HIM-MR01. The T. lucida EO alone or added to the antibiotics showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The EO main bioactive compounds were methyl eugenol (46.15%), estragole (32.93%), linalool (2.48%), and geraniol (0.33%). The mixture (PREO) of those compounds at those proportions inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa in 45% at 683.62 µg mL-1 and that of S. aureus in 51.7% at 39.04 µg mL-1 . The PREO had higher antibacterial and modulatory activities than the original EO. In conclusion, we overcame the unpredictability of EO activity (due to their natural variability) by determining which EO components inhibited bacteria and then producing a PREO to generate a reproducible mixture with predictable antibacterial and modulation of resistance activities. Thus, the PREO, and its components, show potential as alternatives to manage multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Torres-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química y Agroecología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ex Hacienda de San José de la Huerta 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Agustín Moreno-León
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química y Agroecología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ex Hacienda de San José de la Huerta 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Yolanda Magdalena García-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química y Agroecología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ex Hacienda de San José de la Huerta 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Tzasná Hernández-Delgado
- Laboratorio de Bioactividad de Productos Naturales, UBIPRO, FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Estado de México, México
| | - Guillermo Delgado-Lamas
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Francisco Javier Espinosa-García
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química y Agroecología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ex Hacienda de San José de la Huerta 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
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Evaluation of isoeugenol in inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus efflux pumps and their toxicity using Drosophila melanogaster model. Life Sci 2021; 285:119940. [PMID: 34508763 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is a pathogen considered opportunistic and that has been acquiring resistance to several classes of antibiotics, mainly due to the synthesis of efflux pumps, which are proteins that expel these drugs intracellularly, reducing their effectiveness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of isoeugenol to inhibit S. aureus efflux pumps and to determine its toxicity against a eukaryotic model (Drosophila melanogaster). IS-58, K2068 and K4414 S. aureus strains were used in the study. Isoeugenol minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiotic modulation were evaluated in efflux pump inhibitory tests as well as in ethidium bromide (EtBr) assays. Toxicity tests against D. melanogaster assessed mortality and negative geotaxis. Isoeugenol obtained a relevant MIC result and a synergism was observed when isoeugenol was associated with the antibiotics, mainly with ciprofloxacin. Isoeugenol was able to affect all three efflux pumps tested, especially in strain K4414. The mortality of D. melanogaster caused by isoeugenol administration started after 12 h of exposure, being volume dependent and having an LC50 of 81.69 μL/L. In the negative geotaxis test, a statistical difference was observed after 24h of exposure compared to the control, demonstrating that damage to the locomotor apparatus had occurred. Based on the results, isoeugenol is a putative efflux pump inhibitor, becoming an alternative in blocking these proteins, and demonstrated acute toxicity against D. melanogaster.
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9
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Nourbakhsh F, Lotfalizadeh M, Badpeyma M, Shakeri A, Soheili V. From plants to antimicrobials: Natural products against bacterial membranes. Phytother Res 2021; 36:33-52. [PMID: 34532918 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial membrane barrier provides a cytoplasmic environment for organelles of bacteria. The membrane is composed of lipid compounds containing phosphatide protein and a minimal amount of sugars, and is responsible for intercellular transfers of chemicals. Several antimicrobials have been found that affect bacterial cytoplasmic membranes. These compounds generally disrupt the organization of the membrane or perforate it. By destroying the membrane, the drugs can permeate and replace the effective macromolecules necessary for cell life. Furthermore, they can disrupt electrical gradients of the cells through impairment of the membrane integrity. In recent years, considering the spread of microbial resistance and the side effects of antibiotics, natural antimicrobial compounds have been studied by researchers extensively. These molecules are the best alternative for controlling bacterial infections and reducing drug resistance due to the lack of severe side effects, low cost of production, and biocompatibility. Better understanding of the natural compounds' mechanisms against bacteria provides improved strategies for antimicrobial therapies. In this review, natural products with antibacterial activities focusing on membrane damaging mechanisms were described. However, further high-quality research studies are needed to confirm the clinical efficacy of these natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Nourbakhsh
- Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marzieh Lotfalizadeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Badpeyma
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Shakeri
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Soheili
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Neto LJDL, Ramos AGB, de Freitas TS, Barbosa CRDS, de Sousa Júnior DL, Siyadatpanah A, Nejat M, Wilairatana P, Coutinho HDM, da Cunha FAB. Evaluation of Benzaldehyde as an Antibiotic Modulator and Its Toxic Effect against Drosophila melanogaster. Molecules 2021; 26:5570. [PMID: 34577039 PMCID: PMC8471095 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Products of natural origin remain important in the discovery of new bioactive molecules and are less damaging to the environment. Benzaldehyde is a product of the metabolism of plants, and similarly to oxygenated terpenes, it can have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and toxic action against Drosophila melanogaster; we aimed to verify these activities. The broth microdilution tests determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of benzaldehyde alone and in association with antibiotics and ethidium bromide (EtBr). Toxicity against Drosophila melanogaster was determined by fumigation tests that measured lethality and damage to the locomotor system. The results indicated that there was an association of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin with benzaldehyde, from 64 μg/mL to 32 μg/mL of ciprofloxacin in the strain K6028 and from 256 μg/mL to 128 μg/mL of norfloxacin in the strain 1199B; however, the associations were not able to interfere with the functioning of the tested efflux pumps. In addition, benzaldehyde had a toxic effect on flies. Thus, the results proved the ability of benzaldehyde to modulate quinolone antibiotics and its toxic effects on fruit flies, thus enabling further studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Jardelino de Lacerda Neto
- Laboratory of Semi-Arid Bioprospecting (LABSEMA), Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (L.J.d.L.N.); (A.G.B.R.); (D.L.d.S.J.); (F.A.B.d.C.)
- Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (T.S.d.F.); (C.R.d.S.B.)
| | - Andreza Guedes Barbosa Ramos
- Laboratory of Semi-Arid Bioprospecting (LABSEMA), Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (L.J.d.L.N.); (A.G.B.R.); (D.L.d.S.J.); (F.A.B.d.C.)
- Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (T.S.d.F.); (C.R.d.S.B.)
| | - Thiago Sampaio de Freitas
- Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (T.S.d.F.); (C.R.d.S.B.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil
| | - Cristina Rodrigues dos Santos Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (T.S.d.F.); (C.R.d.S.B.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil
| | - Dárcio Luiz de Sousa Júnior
- Laboratory of Semi-Arid Bioprospecting (LABSEMA), Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (L.J.d.L.N.); (A.G.B.R.); (D.L.d.S.J.); (F.A.B.d.C.)
- Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (T.S.d.F.); (C.R.d.S.B.)
| | - Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
- Ferdows School of Paramedical and Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717434765, Iran
| | - Morteza Nejat
- Master of Internal Surgery Nursing, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717434765, Iran;
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Assis Bezerra da Cunha
- Laboratory of Semi-Arid Bioprospecting (LABSEMA), Regional University of Cariri, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (L.J.d.L.N.); (A.G.B.R.); (D.L.d.S.J.); (F.A.B.d.C.)
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Evaluation of antibacterial activity and reversal of the NorA and MepA efflux pump of estragole against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:3551-3555. [PMID: 33942156 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of the monoterpene estragole was evaluated against two strains of bacteria with an efflux pump mechanism, which are Staphylococcus aureus 1199B and S. aureus K2068, which have a NorA and MepA pump, respectively. For that, the methodology proposed by CLSI with modifications was followed, and to evaluate the reversal of the efflux pump, subinhibitory concentrations (MIC/8) of estragole and standard pump inhibitors, CCCP and Chlorpromazine were used and it was verified whether they managed to modulate the action of Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Ethidium Bromide, an indicator of an efflux pump. It was observed that estragole positively modulated norfloxacin and ethidium bromide against the strain of S. aureus 1199B and that it also managed to reduce the MIC of ethidium bromide against the strain of S. aureus K2068. In the non-clinical acute toxicity tests with estragole, the animals treated with the dose of 625 mg/kg/v.o. showed no clinical signs of toxicity, according to the parameters evaluated. These results are promising, since it places estragole as a possible inhibitor of the efflux pump, thus managing to inhibit this mechanism of action in the strains tested.
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