LCZ696 attenuates sepsis-induced liver dysfunction in rats; the role of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and JNK1/2-P38 signaling pathways

Clemastine mitigates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in rats; the role of α-Klotho/TLR-4/MYD-88/NF-κB/ Caspase-3/ p-P38 MAPK signaling pathways

Sepsis is a fatal condition, with an annual incidence of more than 48 million cases as well as 11 million deaths resulting from it. Moreover, sepsis continues to rank as the fifth most prevalent cause of mortality globally. The objective of this study is to investigate if Clemastine (CLM) pretreatment protects against acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) via modulating Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD-88), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and caspase-3 signaling pathways. CLM markedly attenuated sepsis-caused molecular, biochemical, and histopathological alterations. CLM downregulated the levels of the proinflammatory markers, suppressed the expression of cleaved caspase-3, TLR-4 and MYD-88 as well as inactivating NF-κB p-P65 and p-P38 proteins, inhibited Bax, NF-κB, and caspase-3 genes expression, and augmented α-Klotho protein expression as well as Bcl-2 gene expression. Finally, CLM pretreatment protected against acute kidney injury by preventing TLR-4/p-P38 pathway-mediated apoptotic cell death in rats.

The protective role of two oxindole derivatives is mediated by modulating NLRP3/caspase-1 and PI3K/AKT pathways in a preclinical animal model of hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury

Aim Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (HIRI) is a leading cause of mortality post liver transplantation, hypovolemic shock and trauma. In this study, we tested, on molecular bases, the possible protective role of two different derivatives of 2-oxindole in a preclinical model of HIRI in rats.

MAIN METHODS

HIRI was operated in male Wistar albino rats and prophylactic treatment with oxindole-curcumin (Coxi) or oxindole-vanillin (Voxi) was carried out before the operation. The biochemical and histopathological investigations, in addition to the mechanistic characterizations of the effect of the tested drugs were performed.

KEY FINDINGS

HIRI was assured with elevated liver enzymes and marked changes in histopathological features, inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Pretreatment with Coxi and Voxi improved the hepatic histopathological alterations, reduced the elevated serum liver enzymes level and hepatic Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, increased the hepatic Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced Glutathione (GSH) content, downregulated the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, Nod-Like Receptor p3 (NLRP3), Cleaved caspase1, Cleaved caspase 3 proteins, alongside the expression level of IL-1β, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and BAX genes, attenuated NF-кB p-P65 Ser536 and Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-positive neutrophils, and activated the PI3K/AKT pathway.

SIGNIFICANCE

Coxi and Voxi have promising hepatoprotective activity against HIRI in rats through ameliorating the biochemical and histopathological alterations, attenuating inflammatory and oxidative stress status by modulating the inflammatory TNF-α/ICAM-1, the pyroptosis NLRP3/Caspase-1, and the antioxidant PI3K/AKT pathways.

The protective effect of vinpocetine against Estradiol-benzoate induced cervical hyperkeratosis in female rats via modulation of SIRT1/Nrf2, and NLRP3 inflammasome

The current study was assigned to determine the putative preventive role of vinpocetine (VIN) in cervical hyperkeratosis (CHK) in female rats. Estradiol Benzoate (EB) was utilized in a dose f (60 μg/100 g, i.m) three times/week for 4 weeks to induce cervical hyperkeratosis. VIN was administered alone in a dose of (10 mg/kg/day, orally) for 4 weeks and in the presence of EB. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total nitrites (NOx), reduced glutathione (GSH), interleukin-18 (IL-18), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured in cervical tissue. The expression of NLRP3/GSDMD/Caspase-1, and SIRT1/Nrf2 was determined using ELISA. Cervical histopathological examination was also done. EB significantly raised MDA, NOx, TNF-α, IL-18, IL-1β, and GSDMD and up-regulated NLRP3/Caspase-1 proteins. However, GSH, SIRT1, and Nrf2 levels were reduced in cervical tissue. VIN significantly alleviates all biochemical and histopathological abnormalities. VIN considerably mitigates EB-induced cervical hyperkeratosis via NLRP3-induced pyroptosis and SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

IRG1/itaconate alleviates acute liver injury in septic mice by suppressing NLRP3 expression and its mediated macrophage pyroptosis via regulation of the Nrf2 pathway

Sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response triggered by infection, has a considerably high mortality rate. However, effective prevention and intervention measures against sepsis remain insufficient. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the protective properties of immune response gene-1 (IRG1) and 4-Octyl itaconate (OI) during acute liver damage in mice with sepsis. A sepsis mouse model was established to compare wild-type and IRG1-/- groups. The impact of IRG1/Itaconate on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was evaluated using J774A.1 cells. IRG1/Itaconate substantially reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. It reduced pathological damage to liver tissues, preserved normal liver function, decreased the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and LDH, and enhanced the GSH/GSSG ratio. Moreover, IRG1 and itaconic acid activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway, regulating the expression of its downstream antioxidative stress-related proteins. Additionally, they inhibited the activity of NLRP3 inflammatory vesicles to suppress the expression of macrophage-associated pyroptosis signaling molecules. Our findings demonstrate that IRG1/OI inhibits NLRP3 inflammatory vesicle activation and macrophage pyroptosis by modulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway, thereby attenuating acute liver injury in mice with sepsis. These findings could facilitate the clinical application of IRG1/Itaconate to prevent sepsis-induced acute liver injury.

Nebivolol ameliorates sepsis-evoked kidney dysfunction by targeting oxidative stress and TGF-β/Smad/p53 pathway

Sepsis is a potential fetal organ destruction brought on through an overzealous immunologic reaction to infection, causing severe inflammation, septic shock, and damage to different organs. Although there has been progress in the identification and controlling of clinical sepsis, the fatality rates are still significant. This study, for the first time, intended to examine the possible ameliorative impact of Nebivolol, a β1-adrenergic antagonist antihypertensive drug, against nephrotoxicity resulted from cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in rats, on molecular basis. Sixty male Wistar albino rats were chosen. Oxidative stress indicators and biochemical markers of kidney activity were evaluated. Inflammatory mediators, fibrosis- and apoptosis-related proteins and gene expressions were investigated. Moreover, renal histopathological investigation was performed. CLP-induced nephrotoxicity characterized by markedly elevated serum levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, and renal malondialdhyde. On the other hand, it decreased serum total protein level, renal superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione level. Additionally, it significantly elevated the renal inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, ilnerlukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β) and Caspase-3 protein, reduced IL-10 level, amplified the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), p-Smad2/3 and alpha-smooth-muscle actin proteins, downregulated the B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) gene and elevated the transcription of Bcl-2-associated X-protein (Bax), p53 and Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) genes. Furtheremor, kidney tissues exhibited significant histopathological changes with CLP. On the contrary, Nebivolol significantly improved all these biochemical changes and enhanced the histopathological alterations obtained by CLP. This research showed, for the first time, that Nebivolol effectively mitigated the CLP-induced kidney dysfunction via its antioxidant, antifibrotic and anti-apoptotic activity through modulation of oxidative stress, TGF-β/NF-κB and TGF-β/Smad/p53 signaling pathways.

Donepezil and quercetin alleviate valproate-induced testicular oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis: Imperative roles of AMPK/SIRT1/ PGC-1α and p38-MAPK/NF-κB/ IL-1β signaling cascades

The mounting evidence of valproate-induced testicular damage in clinical settings is alarming, especially for men taking valproate (VPA) for long-term or at high doses. Both donepezil (DON) and quercetin (QUE) have promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether DON, QUE, and their combination could mitigate VPA-induced testicular toxicity and unravel the mechanisms underlying their protective effect. In this study, male albino rats were randomly categorized into six equal groups: control, VPA (500 mg/kg, I.P., for 14 days), DON (3 and 5 mg/kg), QUE (50 mg/kg), and DON 3 + QUE combination groups. The DON and QUE treatments were administered orally for 7 consecutive days before VPA administration and then concomitantly with VPA for 14 days. VPA administration disrupted testicular function by altering testicular architecture, ultrastructure, reducing sperm count, viability, and serum testosterone levels. Additionally, VPA triggered oxidative damage, inflammatory, and apoptotic processes and suppressed the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling cascade. Pretreatment with DON, QUE, and their combination significantly alleviated histological and ultrastructure damage caused by VPA and increased the serum testosterone level, sperm count, and viability. They also suppressed the oxidative stress by reducing testicular MDA content and elevating SOD activity. In addition, they reduced the inflammatory response by suppressing IL-1β level, NF-κB, and the p38-MAPK expression as well as inhibiting apoptosis by diminishing caspase-3 and increasing Bcl-2 expression. These novel protective effects were mediated by upregulating AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling cascade. In conclusion, these findings suggest that DON, QUE, and their combination possess potent protective effects against VPA-induced testicular toxicity.

Aprepitant boasted a protective effect against olanzapine-induced metabolic syndrome and its subsequent hepatic, renal, and ovarian dysfunction; Role of IGF1/p-AKT/FOXO1 and NFκB/IL-1β/TNF-α signaling pathways in female Wistar albino rats

Olanzapine-induced metabolic syndrome (MS) is a primary risk factor for insulin resistance, hepatorenal damage, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. The objective of the current study was to assess the protective effects of aprepitant (AP) against MS caused by olanzapine and the associated ovarian, renal, and liver dysfunction via modulation of IGF1/p-AKT/FOXO1 and NFκB/IL-1β/TNF-α signaling pathways. AP mitigated all biochemical and histopathological abnormalities induced by olanzapine and resulted in a significant reduction of serum HOMA-IR, lipid profile parameters, and a substantial decrease in hepatic, renal, and ovarian MDA, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, NFκB, and caspase 3. Serum AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, FSH, LH, and testosterone also decreased significantly by AP administration. The FOXO 1 signaling pathway was downregulated in the AP-treated group, while GSH, SOD, and HDL cholesterol levels were elevated.