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Peng M, Biswas D. Environmental Influences of High-Density Agricultural Animal Operation on Human Forearm Skin Microflora. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101481. [PMID: 32993188 PMCID: PMC7650789 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human forearm skin microbiome ecosystem contains rich and diverse microbes, which are influenced by environmental exposures. The microbial representatives can be exchanged between human and environment, specifically animals, by which they share certain or similar epidermal microbes. Livestock and poultry are the microbial sources that are associated with the transmission of community-based pathogenic infections. Here, in this study, we proposed investigating the environmental influences introduced by livestock/poultry operations on forearm skin microflora of on-site farm workers. A total of 30 human skin swab samples were collected from 20 animal workers in dairy or integrated farms and 10 healthy volunteer controls. The skin microbiome was 16S metagenomics that were sequenced with Illumina MiSeq system. For skin microbial community analysis, the abundance of major phyla and genera as well as alpha and beta diversities were compared across groups. We identified distinctive microbial compositional patterns on skin of workers in farm with different animal commodities. Workers in integrated farms containing various animals were associated with higher abundances of epidermal Proteobacteria, especially Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter, but lower Actinobacteria, especially Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium. For those workers with frequent dairy cattle operations, their Firmicutes in the forearm skin microbiota were enriched. Furthermore, farm animal operations also reduced Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, as well as modulated the microbial biodiversity in farm workers' skin microbiome. The alterations of forearm skin microflora in farm workers, influenced by their frequent farm animal operations, may increase their risk in skin infections with unusual pathogens and epidermal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Peng
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
- Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-405-3791
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Pietrosemoli S, Raczkowski C, Green JT, Villamide MJ. Effects of Growing-Finishing Pig Stocking Rates on Bermudagrass Ground Cover and Soil Properties. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091666. [PMID: 32947850 PMCID: PMC7552249 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A common challenge for most livestock industries is to identify more productive, efficient and sustainable pasture-based production systems that have a positive effect on animal welfare, biodiversity and long-term operation profitability without negatively influencing the environment. Implementing best management practices allows producers to achieve profitability and environmental goals. Maintaining an appropriate ground cover, minimizing the use of external inputs as fertilizers and pesticides and adopting agroecological approaches are key for sustainable pasture management. Pasture-based pig production systems are considered animal welfare and environmentally friendly. However, the number of animals grazing can influence the vegetation ground cover and the amount of nutrients imported to the systems. This study compared the effects of four different pig stocking rates (37, 74, 111 or 148 pigs ha−1) over two 14-week grazing periods, on the vegetation ground cover and soil properties of bermudagrass paddocks. Increasing the number of animals aggravated the damage to the vegetative ground cover and raised the amount of nutrients deposited on the soil. For conservation purposes, the number of pigs grazing bermudagrass should be equal to or less than 37 pigs ha−1. Abstract This study compares four stocking rates (37, 74, 111 and 148 pigs ha−1) for growing to finishing pigs (18.4 ± 0.5 kg and 118.5 ± 2.0 kg and 35.7 ± 2.1 kg and 125.7 ± 2.3 kg initial and final BW for grazing periods 1 and 2, respectively) and their effect on ground cover and soil traits in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers) pastures, over two 14-week grazing periods (July–September and May–August). The study was conducted at the Center for Environmental Farming systems at the Cherry Research Station, Goldsboro North Carolina. A continuous stocking method was implemented to manage the pasture. The percent ground cover was estimated with a modified step point technique. Soil samples were collected in three sampling positions (center, inner and outer areas of the paddocks) and two soil sampling depths (0–30 and 30–90 cm). The experimental design was a completely randomized block with three field replicates. Data were analyzed using the PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS/STAT ® Version 9.4. Greater ground cover and lesser soil nutrient concentrations were registered in bermudagrass paddocks managed with 37 pigs ha−1. The results of this study also validated the existence of a spatial pattern of soil properties, which differed among sampling positions and depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Pietrosemoli
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-515-0814
| | - Charles Raczkowski
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
| | - James T. Green
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA;
| | - Maria Jesús Villamide
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Sharifi M, Messiga AJ, Asefpour Vakilian K, Stopford E, Hutchinson T. Spatial distribution of soil phosphorous fractions following 1-year farrowing sows in an outdoor hog-rearing farm in Eastern Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:322. [PMID: 32361825 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor hog-rearing operations are of interest for both producers and consumers due to high product quality, animal welfare status, and low input and potential environmental risks. However, hog manure is rich in phosphorus (P), an environmentally sensitive nutrient, and distribution of different P fractions down the soil profile in these production systems is not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the spatial variability of soil P in different soil depth intervals following 1-year outdoor farrowing sows in a 0.5-ha paddock in cold-temperate climate of Eastern Canada. Soil samples were collected with 0-15, 15-30, and > 30 cm depth intervals (up to 60 cm or the depth that sampling was possible) in grazing/rooting, feeding, wallow, and farrowing hut areas. Soil samples were analyzed for Olsen P (Pol), organic P (PO), and total P (PT). Areas with more frequent presence of hogs showed 45-80% greater Pol concentrations, and movement of soluble PO down the soil profile was higher in these areas compared with the grazing/rooting area. The PO formed 80% of PT throughout the paddock, and the spatial distribution of PO was similar to PT in all soil depth intervals but different from Pol. Results also showed that PO concentrations in the paddock decreased at > 30 cm depth except for the feeding area. Findings of this study reveal that farrowing sow cycle in an outdoor hog-rearing farm setting can result in hot spots of P, which enhance the risk of environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sharifi
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, British Columbia, V0H 1Z0, Canada.
| | - Aime J Messiga
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6947 Lougheed Hwy, Agassiz, British Columbia, V0M 1A2, Canada
| | | | - Emily Stopford
- Environmental and Resource Studies Program, Trent School of Environment, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Tom Hutchinson
- Environmental and Resource Studies Program, Trent School of Environment, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada
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Yeates J. Naturalness and Animal Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E53. [PMID: 29621140 PMCID: PMC5946137 DOI: 10.3390/ani8040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturalness is considered important for animals, and is one criterion for assessing how we care for them. However, it is a vague and ambiguous term, which needs definition and assessments suitable for scientific and ethical questions. This paper makes a start on that aim. This paper differentiates the term from other related concepts, such as species-typical behaviour and wellbeing. It identifies contingent ways in which naturalness might be used, as: (i) prompts for further welfare assessment; (ii) a plausible hypothesis for what safeguards wellbeing; (iii) a threshold for what is acceptable; (iv) constraints on what improvements are unacceptable; and (v) demarcating what is not morally wrong, because of a lack of human agency. It then suggests an approach to evaluating animals' behaviour that is quantitative, is based on reality, and which assesses naturalness by degrees. It proposes classing unaffected wild populations as natural by definition. Where animals might have been affected by humans, they should be compared to the closest population(s) of unaffected animals. This approach could allow us both to assess naturalness scientifically, and to make practical decisions about the behaviour of domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Yeates
- RSPCA Wilberforce Way, Southwater, Horsham, West Sussex RH13 9RS, UK.
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Hammershøj M, Johansen NF. Review: The effect of grass and herbs in organic egg production on egg fatty acid composition, egg yolk colour and sensory properties. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kongsted AG, Jakobsen M. Effect of genotype and level of supplementary concentrate on foraging activity and vegetation cover in an organic free-range pig system. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2016.1156152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kongsted A, Nørgaard J, Jensen S, Lauridsen C, Juul-Madsen H, Norup L, Engberg R, Horsted K, Hermansen J. Influence of genotype and feeding strategy on pig performance, plasma concentrations of micro nutrients, immune responses and faecal microbiota composition of growing-finishing pigs in a forage-based system. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Impacts of Organic Zero Tillage Systems on Crops, Weeds, and Soil Quality. SUSTAINABILITY 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/su5073172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rivero MJ, López IF, Hodgkinson SM. Pasture dry matter consumption in European wild boars (Sus scrofa L.) as affected by herbage allowance. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1758-64. [PMID: 23408813 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of herbage allowance on pasture DM consumption by growing European wild boar. An additional objective was to evaluate the influence of pasture consumption on supplemental diet intake and BW gain. A previously sown grass-clover pasture was managed by cutting to obtain an herbage mass equivalent to 1,500 kg/ha DM. Areas of pasture were limited by fencing to obtain 3 different herbage allowances whereas the pasture was removed in other areas. Forty-eight purebred European wild boars (initial age of 120 d and initial BW of 14.4 kg) were grouped in pairs and each pair was randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments (6 pairs per treatment): no pasture (4 m(2); pasture removed), low (5.33 m(2); 400 g/d pasture DM available/wild boar), medium (8 m(2); 600 g/d pasture DM available/wild boar), and high (16 m(2); 1,200 g/d pasture DM available/wild boar). The treatment areas were moved daily with a 7-d rotation. For a 28-d period, wild boars entered their treatment areas from 0830 to 1630 h, after which they had free access to a supplemental diet for 1 h. Pasture consumption was estimated daily by cutting pasture samples pre- and postgrazing. Supplemental diet consumption was determined daily (feed offered minus remaining feed). Animals were weighed weekly. Pasture consumption differed (P < 0.001) among wild boars receiving different treatments, with cumulative consumptions of 3.0 and 3.9 kg DM/wild boar over 28 d for low and medium herbage allowances, respectively (P < 0.09), and 6.4 kg DM/wild boar over 28 d for high herbage allowance, with the latter consumption being greater (P < 0.001) than the consumption recorded with the decreased herbage allowance treatments. The supplemental diet consumption tended (P = 0.16) to be less in wild boars with greater herbage allowance. European wild boars with access to pasture had greater (8.48 vs. 6.27 kg; P = 0.002) BW gain than those without access to pasture. In conclusion, pasture consumption by European wild boars can be enhanced by increasing herbage allowance and greater BW gains can be achieved in wild boars with access to pasture compared with those with no pasture access.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rivero
- Institute of Animal Production, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
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Horsted K, Kongsted A, Jørgensen U, Sørensen J. Combined production of free-range pigs and energy crops—animal behaviour and crop damages. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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de Almeida GF, Hinrichsen LK, Horsted K, Thamsborg SM, Hermansen JE. Feed intake and activity level of two broiler genotypes foraging different types of vegetation in the finishing period. Poult Sci 2012; 91:2105-13. [PMID: 22912443 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was performed with 2 broiler genotypes (slow and medium growth) restricted in supplementary feed and foraging 2 different mixed vegetations (grass/clover or chicory) to identify possible benefits of herbage on nutrition during the finishing period (80 to 113 d of age). Three hundred birds were included in a 2 × 2 factorial design with groups of 25 birds replicated 3 times. The use of outdoor areas, performance, and forage intake were investigated. To identify possible differences in foraging activity, the use of the range was monitored one day per week at 4 different times of the day. Feed intake from foraging was estimated by killing 4 birds per plot (2 males and 2 females) in the morning and in the evening on 3 d during the experiment and measuring crop content. Vegetation type did not influence broiler use of the free-range area, feed intake, or performance. Differences in the use of the range area, activity level, and feed content in the crops were observed in relation to genotype, sex, age of broilers, and also the time of day. Foraging activity was positively correlated with age. Medium-growth broilers spent more time inside and closer to the broiler houses during the day with increased foraging activity during evenings, in contrast to the slow-growing broilers that showed a more uniform activity during the day. Based on the measurement of crop content it was estimated that the slow-growing genotype had a daily intake of 5 to 8 g of forage per day, whereas the medium-growing genotype had an intake of 9 g for females and 20 g for males. In conclusion, limitation of supplemented protein feed in the finishing period may be acceptable for broilers that have access to highly nutritious vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F de Almeida
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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Developing a HACCP-like system for improving animal health and welfare in organic egg production - based on an expert panel analysis. Animal 2012; 1:1018-25. [PMID: 22444804 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731107000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the process of developing a generic Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP)-like system for securing animal health and welfare in organic egg production, an expert panel analysis was used to perform the initial hazard analysis. Eighteen advisers and researchers in organic egg production were included in the expert panel. In a series of four questionnaires, the expert panel first scored 34 health and welfare problems seen in Danish organic egg production. Based on scorings of severity and occurrence, 10 problems were selected for further analysis. The experts subsequently suggested and scored risk factors for those problems and finally suggested control points, alarm values indicating the need for corrective actions in order to control the risk factors and monitoring frequencies of these. The 10 selected problems were hunger, thirst, piling, crop impaction, blackhead, pasteurellosis, bone fractures, cannibalism, predators and red mites. A total of 154 different risk factors were suggested for these problems. The 41 risk factors which rated highest in a combined scoring of importance and occurrence were selected for further analysis. There was a high degree of consensus between experts when scoring both problems and risk factors. The level of consensus, as defined by an interquartile range 1, was 79% to 100% when scoring the health and welfare problems (scale 1-5) and 77% to 95% when scoring the risk factors (scale 1-4). On average, 5.8 control points were suggested for every risk factor. Alarm values were often not detailed enough to be of practical significance and further analysis is needed in order to define these. The experts were highly diverse in their suggested monitoring frequencies and establishment of monitoring schemes should be part of developing the farm specific systems. An expert panel analysis based on questionnaires was a useful tool during the first steps of developing a HACCP plan, conducting a hazard analysis and suggesting control points. However, care should be taken regarding the panel's size and fields of expertise in order to assure that the panel fully covers the field of interest throughout the study. A further development of the hazard analysis into a farm-specific HACCP system would include assembling an on-farm HACCP team consisting of farmers and advisors for the practical application of control points, alarm values and monitoring schemes. The results from the fourth questionnaire would be useful as input for this work.
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Bokkers EAM, de Boer IJM. Economic, ecological, and social performance of conventional and organic broiler production in the Netherlands. Br Poult Sci 2010; 50:546-57. [PMID: 19904633 DOI: 10.1080/00071660903140999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. In this study, we compared a conventional broiler production system keeping fast growing broilers with an organic broiler production system keeping slow growing broilers in the Netherlands, both managed by one person working a full time year (Full Time Equivalent, FTE). This comparison was based on a quantification of economic, ecological and social indicators. Indicators were quantified using scientific literature and national data sets. 2. The organic system performed better for the economic indicator net farm income per FTE than the conventional system. 3. Regarding ecological indicators, calculations showed a higher on-farm emission of ammonia per kg live weight for the organic system. Moreover, an organic system includes a higher risk for eutrophication per ha due to outdoor access. Emission of green house gasses, use of fossil fuels and use of land required for the production of one kg of live weight is higher for an organic than for a conventional system. This is mainly due to a lower feed conversion in organic production and use of organic feed. 4. The organic system performed better than the conventional system for the social indicators related to animal welfare time spent on walking, footpad lesions, mortality, and sound legs. Regarding the social indicator food safety was found that meat from an organic system contained less antibiotic residues and Salmonella contaminations but more Campylobacter contaminations than meat from a conventional system. 5. Changing from a conventional to an organic broiler production system, therefore, not only affects animal welfare, but also affects economic, ecological and other social issues. In this study, we ran into the situation that some information needed was lacking in literature and quantifications had to be based upon several sources. Therefore, an integrated on-farm assessment is needed, which can be used to develop a broiler production system that is economically profitable, ecologically sound, and acceptable for society.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A M Bokkers
- Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Pattono D, Battaglini L, Barberio A, De Castelli L, Valiani A, Varisco G, Scatassa M, Davit P, Pazzi M, Civera T. Presence of synthetic antioxidants in organic and conventional milk. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sarica M, Ocak N, Karacay N, Yamak U, Kop C, Altop A. Growth, slaughter and gastrointestinal tract traits of three turkey genotypes under barn and free-range housing systems. Br Poult Sci 2009; 50:487-94. [DOI: 10.1080/00071660903110919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kongsted AG, Hermansen JE. The mating behavior and reproduction performance in a multi-sire mating system for pigs. Theriogenology 2008; 69:1139-47. [PMID: 18403004 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An important aim of organic animal production is to allow natural animal behaviour. Regarding reproduction techniques, artificial insemination is permitted but natural mating is preferred. The outdoor multi-sire system, where the sows are placed in large paddocks with a group of boars, is one example of a service system, which complies well with the organic ideals of facilitating natural animal behavior. However, very little knowledge is available about such system. Seven groups of in total of 47 sows and 31 boars were observed to study the mating behavior in an outdoor multi-sire mating system and the subsequent reproduction results. The time of start of courtship, behavior and the cause of disruption if the courtship was terminated, were recorded each time a boar courted a sow. All aggressive interactions between the boars were also recorded to estimate the boar ranking order. The observations revealed numerous poor quality matings, a huge variation in the number of times sows are mated, and overworked boars. Only 35% of all copulations lasted 2min or more and 63% of all copulations were disrupted, mainly by competitor boars. The higher social status of the boar, the more copulations did it disrupt (p<0.05). The outcome was an unacceptable variation in reproduction results. Only 71% of all estrus sows conceived, corresponding to a pregnancy rate of 77% of all mated sows. A large inter-group variation in reproduction performance was observed, indicating scope for improvements. In some groups all sows showed estrus and all sows conceived. Recommendations for improvement of the system are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Kongsted
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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Siegford J, Powers W, Grimes-Casey H. Environmental Aspects of Ethical Animal Production. Poult Sci 2008; 87:380-6. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Rodenburg T, van Harn J, van Krimpen M, Ruis M, Vermeij I, Spoolder H. Comparison of three different diets for organic broilers: effects on performance and body condition. Br Poult Sci 2008; 49:74-80. [DOI: 10.1080/00071660701823085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Siekkinen KM, Nuotio L, Ranta J, Laukkanen R, Hellström S, Korkeala H, Maijala R. Assessing hygiene proficiency on organic and conventional pig farms regarding pork safety: A pilot study in Finland. Livest Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2006.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lassen J, Sandøe P, Forkman B. Happy pigs are dirty! – conflicting perspectives on animal welfare. Livest Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Horsted K, Henning J, Hermansen JE. Growth and sensory characteristics of organically reared broilers differing in strain, sex and age at slaughter. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/09064700500520779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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