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Yan E, Guo J, Yin J. Nutritional regulation of skeletal muscle energy metabolism, lipid accumulation and meat quality in pigs. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 14:185-192. [PMID: 37808951 PMCID: PMC10556049 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The quality of pork determines consumers' purchase intention, which directly affects the economic value of pork. Minimizing the proportion of inferior pork and producing high quality pork are the ultimate goals of the pig industry. Muscle energy metabolism, serving as a regulative hub in organism energy expenditure and storage as a fat deposit, is compatible with myofiber type composition, affecting meat color, intramuscular fat content, tenderness, pH values and drip loss. Increasing data illustrate that dietary nutrients and bioactive ingredients affect muscle energy metabolism, white adipose browning and fat distribution, and myofiber type composition in humans, and rodents. Recently, some studies have shown that modulating muscle energy metabolism and lipid accumulation through nutritional approaches could effectively improve meat quality. This article reviews the progress and development in this field, and specifically discusses the impacts of dietary supply of amino acids, lipids, and gut microbiota as well as maternal nutrition on skeletal muscle energy metabolism, lipid accumulation and meat quality of pigs, so as to provide comprehensive overview with respect to effective avenues for improving meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfa Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingdong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Hu Z, Li H, Liu S, Xue R, Sun J, Ji H. Assessment of black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens) larvae meal as a potential substitute for soybean meal on growth performance and flesh quality of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 14:425-449. [PMID: 37649678 PMCID: PMC10463206 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as a replacement for soybean meal (SM) on growth performance and flesh quality of grass carp. A total of 420 grass carp (299.93 ± 0.85 g) were randomly divided into 7 groups (triplicate) and fed 7 diets with SM substitution of 0% (SM, control), 15% (BSFLM15), 30% (BSFLM30), 45% (BSFLM45), 60% (BSFLM60), 75% (BSFLM75) and 100% (BSFLM100) by BSFLM. The growth performance of grass carp in the BSFLM75 and BSFLM100 groups were significantly lower compared to other groups (P < 0.05). The mid-gut villus height was the lowest in the BSFLM100 group (P < 0.05). Muscle nutritional value was improved due to increased DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), total HUFA (highly unsaturated fatty acids) and glycine levels, and reached the optimum in the BSFLM100 group (P < 0.05). According to the results of principal component analysis and weight analysis of muscle texture and body color, all the BSFLM diets except BSFLM15 could improve muscle texture and body color and reached the optimum level in the BSFLM100 group. Muscle drip loss and hypoxanthine content were the lowest and muscle antioxidant capacity was the highest in the BSFLM75 group, and water- and salt-soluble protein contents reached the optimum level in the BSFLM60 group (P < 0.05). Dietary BSFLM significantly reduced muscle fiber area and diameter, and increased muscle fiber density and the proportion of small fiber (diameter <20 μm) (P < 0.05). Additionally, sarcomere lengths in the BSFLM75 and BSFLM100 groups were significantly higher than that in the SM group (P < 0.05). The mRNA relative expression levels of MyoD, Myf5, MyHC and FGF6b were remarkably up-regulated at an appropriate dietary BSFLM level (P < 0.05). In conclusion, BSFLM could replace up to 60% SM without an adverse effect on growth performance and improve the flesh quality of grass carp. The optimum levels of dietary BSFLM were 71.0 and 69.1 g/kg diet based on the final body weight and feed conversion ratio. The flesh quality was optimal when dietary SM was completely replaced with BSFLM (227 g/kg diet).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sha Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rongrong Xue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Effect of the inclusion of extruded flaxseed in the diet of fattening pigs on performance parameters and blood parameters. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2023-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the inclusion of 2%, 4% and 6% extruded flaxseed in the diet of fattening pigs on their growth performance parameters, carcass parameters, and selected blood parameters. The experiment was conducted on 160 weaners (from about 30 kg to about 110 kg BW) assigned to four experimental groups of 40 animals each (5 replicates with 8 individuals each). The animals in control group received a diet in which the source of fat was soybean oil. The other groups received extruded flaxseed (FE) in place of soybean meal in the amount of 2% (group 2FE); 4% (group 4FE) and 6% (group 6FE). Soybean oil was added to the diets in the experimental treatments to obtain equal amounts of fat. The inclusion of 2% and 4% extruded flaxseed in the diet of fatteners in place of soybean meal significantly improved the digestibility of basic nutrients, i.e. ether extract (by about 5%) and dietary fibre (by more than 20%) and led to better growth performance (higher BW by about 11%; higher ADG by about 20% and lower FCR by about 12%) vs group C. In the groups with 2% and 4% extruded flaxseed there was also an increase in the lean meat content of the carcasses (by about 6%) and the thickness of the backfat (by about 6.5%) vs group C. The inclusion of extruded flaxseed did not affect the animals' condition, as indicated by the haematological and biochemical parameters of the blood, which were within reference ranges. The results for production, nutrient digestibility and carcass analysis between groups 2FE and 4FE were similar, and at this stage of research indicate that the use of 2% extruded flaxseed is economically more justified.
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Hou Y, Liu C, Su L, Zhao L, Yang Z, Bai Y, Dou L, Yao D, Jin Y. Dietary linseed supplementation improves meat quality and flavor of sheep by altering muscle fiber characteristics and antioxidant capacity. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13801. [PMID: 36606309 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Linseed as a common oil crop that has been implicated in regulating the meat quality of animals. The aim of this investigation was to establish the effects of dietary linseed supplementation on carcass traits, meat quality, muscle fiber characteristics, volatile compounds and antioxidant capacity of sheep. Twenty-four Sunit sheep were distributed into 2 groups with different diet: control (CO) fed a standard diet and linseed (LS, 8% of extruded linseed). The results showed that linseed not only increased M. longissimus thoracis (LT) increased the loin-eye area but also decreased pH24h, L* and shear force. Meanwhile, linseed increased mRNA expression of MyHCI and MyHCIIx and decreased in cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscle fiber diameter. In addition, linseed altered the composition of meat volatile flavor compounds, such as Z-10-Pentadecen-1-ol, pentanal, 2-Octenal, (E)-, decanal, butane, and 2-heptanone. Moreover, linseed increased total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) activity, the mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT), decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Overall, the results suggest that linseed is an effective feed additive in improving meat quality and flavor. The underlying mechanisms for its effectiveness may be partly due to a change in muscle fiber characteristics and antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,College of Food and Win, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhihao Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanping Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lu Dou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Duo Yao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ye Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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Bartkovský M, Sopková D, Andrejčáková Z, Vlčková R, Semjon B, Marcinčák S, Bujňák L, Pospiech M, Nagy J, Popelka P, Kyzeková P. Effect of Concentration of Flaxseed ( Linum usitatissimum) and Duration of Administration on Fatty Acid Profile, and Oxidative Stability of Pork Meat. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091087. [PMID: 35565513 PMCID: PMC9105188 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaxseed is a common ingredient used for livestock feed. The aim of this work was to study the effect of a diet supplemented with flaxseed at 5% and 10% concentrations in the intervals of 3 and 6 weeks prior slaughter on fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of pork meat. Meat samples were collected after slaughter from each animal (five groups, n = 6). Samples of the musculus longissimus dorsi (MLD) and the musculus gluteobiceps (MGB) were selected. Chemical composition, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability during the storage of meat under chilling conditions (4 °C, 7 days) was analyzed. The addition of flaxseed significantly affected the composition of fatty acid profile and the shelf life of the produced meat. The fat content was changed in the experimental groups with 10% flaxseed supplementation (10.84% in MGB and 9.56% MLD) versus the control group. Despite the different concentrations of flaxseed, the best EPA/AA ratio was observed in the experimental groups fed with flaxseed supplementation for 3 weeks. The worst oxidative stability of meat samples (p < 0.05) was recorded in the experimental groups with the addition of flaxseed for 6 weeks, which was related to higher PUFA content in samples of the experimental groups and higher susceptibility of PUFAs to lipid oxidation. The oxidative stability of meat in the experimental group fed 5% flaxseed supplementation for 3 weeks was not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bartkovský
- Department of Food Hygiene, Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.M.); (J.N.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (D.S.); Tel.: +421-917-124-764 (M.B.); +421-915-984-767 (D.S.)
| | - Drahomíra Sopková
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (Z.A.); (R.V.)
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (D.S.); Tel.: +421-917-124-764 (M.B.); +421-915-984-767 (D.S.)
| | - Zuzana Andrejčáková
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (Z.A.); (R.V.)
| | - Radoslava Vlčková
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (Z.A.); (R.V.)
| | - Boris Semjon
- Department of Food Hygiene, Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.M.); (J.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Slavomír Marcinčák
- Department of Food Hygiene, Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.M.); (J.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Lukáš Bujňák
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Matej Pospiech
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého Tr. 1946/1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Jozef Nagy
- Department of Food Hygiene, Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.M.); (J.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Peter Popelka
- Department of Food Hygiene, Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.M.); (J.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Petronela Kyzeková
- Clinic of Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
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Monnard CR, Dulloo AG. Polyunsaturated fatty acids as modulators of fat mass and lean mass in human body composition regulation and cardiometabolic health. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 2:e13197. [PMID: 33471425 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is now recognized that the amount and type of dietary fat consumed play an important role in metabolic health. In humans, high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been associated with reductions in cardiovascular disease risk, improvements in glucose homeostasis, and changes in body composition that involve reductions in central adiposity and, more recently, increases in lean body mass. There is also emerging evidence, which suggests that high intakes of the plant-based essential fatty acids (ePUFAs)-n-6 linoleic acid (LA) and n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA)-have a greater impact on body composition (fat mass and lean mass) and on glucose homeostasis than the marine-derived long-chain n-3 PUFA-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In addition, high intake of both ePUFAs (LA and ALA) may also have anti-inflammatory effects in humans. The purpose of this review is to highlight the emerging evidence, from both epidemiological prospective studies and clinical intervention trials, of a role for PUFA, in particular ePUFA, in the long-term regulation of body weight and body composition, and their impact on cardiometabolic health. It also discusses current notions about the mechanisms by which PUFAs modulate fat mass and lean mass through altered control of energy intake, thermogenesis, or lean-fat partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathriona R Monnard
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Abdul G Dulloo
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Dahl N, Albrecht E, Dannenberger D, Uken KL, Hammon HM, Maak S. Consequences of Maternal Essential Fatty Acid and Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation on the Development of Calf Muscle and Adipose Tissue. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091598. [PMID: 32911793 PMCID: PMC7552164 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Common silage and concentrate-based diets in dairy and beef production may deliver insufficient amounts of essential fatty acids (EFA), thereby also reducing conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in body tissues and milk. An impaired maternal EFA and CLA supply can have an important impact on calf postnatal development. The current study investigates how maternal supplementation with EFA and CLA affects muscle and adipose tissue development in neonatal calves. Holstein cows (n = 40) were abomasaly supplemented with coconut oil (control), CLA or EFA, or both combined during the transition period. Calves were fed their dam's colostrum until slaughter at day 5 of life. Fatty acid composition and tissue morphology were analyzed. In muscle and adipose tissues, EFA, CLA, and metabolites were elevated, indicating the effective transfer of maternally-supplemented FA to the offspring. Muscle fiber types, fiber nuclei, myosin heavy chain isoform distribution, capillarization, and fat cell size of intramuscular and other adipose tissues did not differ among groups. The results confirm that maternal nutrition during the transition period can alter the FA composition of the calf tissues. This could influence the offspring's development and health in the long-term, even though only minor effects were observed in the neonatal calves' tissue morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dahl
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (N.D.); (D.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Elke Albrecht
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (N.D.); (D.D.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38208-68-858
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (N.D.); (D.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Katrin L. Uken
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (K.L.U.); (H.M.H.)
| | - Harald M. Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (K.L.U.); (H.M.H.)
| | - Steffen Maak
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (N.D.); (D.D.); (S.M.)
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Chen J, Li J, Liu X, He Y. Effects of dietary fat saturation level on growth performance, carcass traits, blood lipid parameters, tissue fatty acid composition and meat quality of finishing pigs. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:895-903. [PMID: 32898947 PMCID: PMC8100467 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of various dietary unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratios (UFA to SFA ratios) on growth performance, carcass traits, blood lipid parameters, tissue fatty acid (FA) composition, and meat quality of finishing pigs. Methods A total of 45 crossbred pigs ([Duroc×Landrace]×Yorkshire), with an average initial body weight of 60.3±2.4 kg, were randomly allocated to three treatment groups of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 dietary UFA to SFA ratios. Results Both average daily gain and average daily feed intake of pigs were decreased linearly (p<0.05), whereas backfat thickness was decreased linearly (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary UFA to SFA ratio. Serum triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were decreased quadratically or linearly (p<0.05) respectively, whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased quadratically (p<0.05) with increasing dietary UFA to SFA ratio. In M. longissimus thoracis, the proportion of C18:1 and monounsaturated FA was decreased linearly (p<0.05), whereas the proportion of C18:2n-6, C20:4n-6 and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were increased linearly (p<0.05) as dietary UFA to SFA ratio increased. In the subcutaneous adipose tissue, the proportion of SFA was decreased linearly (p<0.05), whereas the proportion of n-6 PUFA, n-3 PUFA, and the UFA to SFA ratios were increased linearly (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary UFA to SFA ratio. Meat color scores and shear force of pigs were decreased linearly (p<0.05), whereas drip loss and cooking loss were increased linearly (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary UFA to SFA ratio. Conclusion Appropriately boosted dietary UFA to SFA ratio could be conductive to optimize blood lipid parameters and tissue FA composition. However, when the ratio is too high or too low it tends to have negative effects on growth performance and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jiantao Li
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.,Shenyang Wise Diligence AgricultureTechnology Company Limited, Xinmin 110300, China
| | - Xianjun Liu
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yang He
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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NEVRKLA PAVEL, VÁCLAVKOVÁ EVA. Meat quality and fatty acid profile in M. longissimus lumborum et thoracis in Prestice Black-Pied pigs fed with linseed diet. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i3.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to evaluate the effect of diet with supplementation of linseed scrap fed to Prestice Black-Pied pigs on carcass parameters, meat quality and oxidative stability. We also evaluated the effect of the diet on fatty acid profile in M. longissimus lumborum et thoracis. Barrows (30) of an indigenous breed Prestice Black- Pied pig were included in the experiment. The pigs fed with the linseed diet (L) were characterized by intramuscular fat lower by 1.1% in comparison with the control group (C). Of the saturated fatty acids, C6:0, C8:0 increased while C16:0, C17:0, C18:0 decreased in the experimental group of pigs fed with the L diet when compared to pigs of the C group. Of the monounsaturated fatty acids, a significant decrease of C18:1 n-9 was recorded in the experimental group. The most significant differences were found in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), where the L group showed an increase in C18:3 n-3, C20:3 n-3, C20:4 n-3 and also C20:5 n-3 a C22:5 n-3. These findings corresponded to higher content of n-3 PUFA and more favourable n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the meat of L group against the C group. A higher PUFA/SFA ratio was recorded in the experimental group.
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Huang C, Chiba L, Magee W, Wang Y, Rodning S, Bratcher C, Bergen W, Spangler E. Effect of flaxseed oil, poultry fat, and vitamin E supplementation on physical and organoleptic characteristics and fatty acid profile of pork, and expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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11
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Shahid MS, Wu Y, Xiao Z, Raza T, Dong X, Yuan J. Duration of the flaxseed diet promotes deposition of n-3 fatty acids in the meat and skin of Peking ducks. Food Nutr Res 2019; 63:3590. [PMID: 31839790 PMCID: PMC6901031 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v63.3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly n-3, have beneficial effects on human health, and for this reason foodstuffs with increased content of n-3 PUFA are now very common and widely available. DESIGN This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the duration of a flaxseed diet on Peking duck's growth performance, antioxidant status, gene expression, and fatty acid profile of the meat. A total of 792 12-day-old white Peking ducks were divided into four groups. In the control group, animals were provided with a basal diet. In the three experimental groups, animals were fed a 10% flax seed diet with vitamin E at 13, 23, and 33 days of age for 30, 20, and 10 days, respectively. RESULTS The growth performance of the ducks decreased with flaxseed diet's duration. Both body weight and body weight gain decreased linearly while Feed conversion ratios (FCR) increased in the group of ducks fed flaxseed compared to control ducks. Serum triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) linearly decreased while high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels increased by feeding flaxseed up to 30 days. The expression of lipin-1 gene (LPIN-1) and fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) linearly increased in ducks fed flaxseed for 30 days. Linolenic acid (n-3) and its long-chain metabolites like eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total n-3 fatty acids (FA) linearly increased while the ratio of n-6 to n-3 was reduced with increased duration of flaxseed supplementation. CONCLUSION Overall, we found that increasing the duration of flaxseed diet with vitamin E for more than 10 days had a mild adverse effect on duck's growth performance but enrichedits meat with long-chain PUFA and decreased the n-6 to n-3 ratio, providing quality meat for health-conscious consumers. A period of 20 days is good for producing n-3 enriched Peking duck meat and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhaib Shahid
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tausif Raza
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Alfaia CM, Lopes PA, Madeira MS, Pestana JM, Coelho D, Toldrá F, Prates JAM. Current feeding strategies to improve pork intramuscular fat content and its nutritional quality. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 89:53-94. [PMID: 31351530 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pork, one of the most consumed meats worldwide, has been facing major challenges regarding its low sensory quality and unhealthy image of fat. This chapter addresses current feeding strategies to ameliorate pork sensory attributes and nutritional quality by increasing intramuscular fat deposition and improving fatty acid composition, respectively. Dietary protein reduction, alone or combined with some components, contributes to satisfy consumer requirements and enhances the competitiveness of the meat industry with higher pork quality and lower production costs. In addition, feeding sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to pigs, mainly from marine origin (rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids), increases their content in pork, thus improving the health value of its fatty acid profile. In the near future, the inclusion of microalgae and seaweeds in feed represents a promising approach for the maintenance and development of the livestock sector, as an environmental friendly alternative to balance food and feed industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Alfaia
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P A Lopes
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M S Madeira
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J M Pestana
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D Coelho
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fidel Toldrá
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - J A M Prates
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Huang C, Chiba L, Magee W, Wang Y, Griffing D, Torres I, Rodning S, Bratcher C, Bergen W, Spangler E. Effect of flaxseed oil, animal fat, and vitamin E supplementation on growth performance, serum metabolites, and carcass characteristics of finisher pigs, and physical characteristics of pork. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kumar F, Tyagi PK, Mir NA, Tyagi PK, Dev K, Bera I, Biswas AK, Sharma D, Mandal AB, Deo C. Role of Flaxseed Meal Feeding for Different Durations in the Lipid Deposition and Meat Quality in Broiler Chickens. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faneshwar Kumar
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Praveen K. Tyagi
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Nasir Akbar Mir
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Pramod K. Tyagi
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Kapil Dev
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Indrajit Bera
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Ashim K. Biswas
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Divya Sharma
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Asit Baran Mandal
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Chandra Deo
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
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Intramuscular fat content in different muscles, locations, weights and genotype-sexes and its prediction in live pigs with computed tomography. Animal 2019; 13:666-674. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118002021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Sobol M, Raj S, Skiba G. Relationship between pork fatty acid content in selected muscles and carcass tissues. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pork plays a central role in culinary tradition in Central Europe. Most of the studies determine the fatty acid (FA) content separately in muscles and subcutaneous fat. However, it is also important to determine the FA content of meat products, which contain a mixture of muscles and fat. The determination of FA in carcass tissues is difficult and leads to the destruction of the whole carcass. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate the FA content of carcass meat (muscles with inter- and intramuscular fat, MC), and carcass soft tissues (muscles with inter- and intramuscular fat and subcutaneous fat, SC) based on a single muscle. Fatty acids were analysed using gas chromatography. Thirty crossbred pigs were fed diets differing in their fatty acid content and n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio. Samples of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LL), Biceps femoris (BF), Semitendinosus (ST), and Semimembranosus (SM) muscles, MC, and SC were taken. Correlation between linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids contents and n-6:n-3 PUFA in examined muscles and MC ranged from 0.809 (SM) to 0.961 (LL), from 0.708 (LL) to 0.954 (ST), from 0.907 (SM) to 0.941 (ST), respectively (P = 0.000). Correlation between linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids contents and n-6:n-3 PUFA in examined muscles and SC ranged from 0.773 (SM) to 0.954 (LL), 0.763 (LL) to 0.983 (BF), and from 0.909 (LL) to 0.940 (ST), respectively (P = 0.000). Results allow estimate the FA content of MC and SC based on their content in single muscles.
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Cheng C, Xia M, Zhang X, Wang C, Jiang S, Peng J. Supplementing Oregano Essential Oil in a Reduced-Protein Diet Improves Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility by Modulating Intestinal Bacteria, Intestinal Morphology, and Antioxidative Capacity of Growing-Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8090159. [PMID: 30235792 PMCID: PMC6162377 DOI: 10.3390/ani8090159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of supplementing oregano essential oil (OEO) to a reduced-protein diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal bacteria, intestinal morphology, and antioxidative capacity of growing-finishing pigs. Forty-eight barrows were randomly allotted to four treatments including normal-protein diet (NPD), reduced-protein, amino acid-supplemented diet (RPD), the same RPD supplemented with chlortetracycline (RPA), and RPD supplemented with OEO (RPO). The data showed that dietary OEO supplementation increased the average daily gain of pigs compared with NPD and RPD. The gain:feed in RPO- and NPD-fed pigs was higher than those in RPD- and RPA-fed pigs. Increased average daily feed intake and 10th-rib backfat thickness were detected in RPA-fed pigs. Pigs fed the RPO had higher apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein than those fed the other diets. The RPD and RPA treatments showed reduced counts of Lactobacillus spp. in ileal digesta of pigs. The RPA and RPO treatments also showed lower Escherichia coli counts in ileal digesta than the NPD and RPD treatments. Dietary OEO supplementation increased villous height of the jejunum and the ileal and plasma total antioxidative capacity of pigs. In conclusion, dietary OEO supplementation could improve the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of pigs by modulating intestinal bacteria, intestinal morphology, and antioxidative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshang Cheng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Mao Xia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaming Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Siwen Jiang
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Juodka R, Juska R, Juskiene V, Leikus R, Stankeviciene D, Nainiene R. The effect of feeding with hemp and Camelina cakes on the fatty acid profile of duck muscles. Arch Anim Breed 2018. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-61-293-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) and hemp
(Cannabis sativa L.) seed cakes are rich sources of n-3
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). This study was carried out to
investigate the effects of Camelina and hempseed cakes in the diet of ducks
on the intramuscular fatty acid profile. Male ducks (n = 99) were
randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments: Control or C group
(wheat–soybean-meal–barley-based diet with 15–20 % rapeseed cake),
Experimental 1 or HEM group (with hempseed cake added at 15–20 % instead
of rapeseed cake), and Experimental 2 or CAM group (with Camelina cake added
at 15–20 % instead of rapeseed cake). All groups received the diets ad
libitum. At 49 days of age, six ducks from each group were slaughtered for
analysis of the fatty acid composition in the breast and leg muscles. Feeding ducks with the diet enriched with Camelina cake resulted in
significantly higher amounts of n-3 α-linolenic fatty acid (ALA)
(P≤0.01) and total n-3 PUFA (P≤0.01) in breast and leg muscles, while eicosatrienoic fatty acid (ETE) (P≤ 0.01) was higher in the leg
muscle. The ratios of n-6 ∕ n-3 and linoleic ∕ α-linolenic
fatty acids (P≤ 0.01) decreased significantly compared to the Control
and HEM groups of ducks. Feeding ducks with the diet enriched with hempseed cake resulted in
significantly higher amounts of linoleic (LA) (P≤ 0.01), total n-6
PUFA (P≤ 0.05–P≤ 0.01) and n-6 γ-linolenic (GLA) (P≤ 0.01) fatty acid. Our study showed that using Camelina cake as supplementation in duck diets
opens a possibility to develop functional food, i.e. meat with a
significantly higher content of ALA, total n-3 PUFA and the lowest ratios
of n-6 ∕ n-3 fatty acids in ducks' muscles. A duck diet with hempseed cake
produces exceptional-quality meat with an enriched content of n-6 GLA.
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Li M, Zhai S, Xie Q, Tian L, Li X, Zhang J, Ye H, Zhu Y, Yang L, Wang W. Effects of Dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA Ratios on Lipid Levels and Fatty Acid Profile of Cherry Valley Ducks at 15-42 Days of Age. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9995-10002. [PMID: 29084426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio on growth performance, serum and tissue lipid levels, fatty acid profile, and hepatic expression of fatty acid synthesis genes in ducks. A total of 3168 15-day old ducks were fed different n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios: 13:1 (control), 10:1, 8:1, 6:1, 4:1, and 2:1. The feeding trial lasted 4 weeks. Our results revealed that dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios had no effects on growth performance. The 2:1 group had the highest serum triglyceride levels. Serum total cholesterol and HDL levels were higher in the 13:1 and 8:1 groups than in the 6:1 and 2:1 groups. The concentration of C18:3n-3 in serum and tissues (liver and muscle) increased with decreasing dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios. The hepatic expression of FADS2, ELOVL5, FADS1, and ELOVL2 increased on a quadratic function with decreasing dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios. These results demonstrate that lower dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios had strong effects on the fatty acid profile of edible parts and the deposition of n-3 PUFAs in adipose tissue of ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science and College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science and College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science and College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lu Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science and College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaocun Li
- Henan Huaying Agriculture Development Co., Ltd, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Henan Huaying Agriculture Development Co., Ltd, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science and College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongwen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science and College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science and College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wence Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science and College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, China
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Xu X, Liu L, Long SF, Piao XS, Ward TL, Ji F. Effects of Chromium Methionine Supplementation with Different Sources of Zinc on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Meat Quality, Serum Metabolites, Endocrine Parameters, and the Antioxidant Status in Growing-Finishing Pigs. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 179:70-78. [PMID: 28108862 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-0935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of chromium methionine with/without zinc sulfate or zinc amino acid complex on the growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, serum parameters, endocrine parameters, and antioxidant status of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 180 (32.0 ± 1.7 kg body weight, BW) crossbred pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) were used in a completely randomized design with three dietary treatments and 10 replicates per treatment (five pens of barrows and five pens of gilts with six pigs per replicate). Three treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets supplemented with 100 mg Zn/kg from zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), 100 mg Zn/kg from ZnSO4 + 0.2 mg Cr/kg from chromium methionine complex (CrMet), or 50 mg Zn/kg from ZnSO4 + 50 mg Zn/kg from zinc amino acid complex (ZnAA) + 0.2 mg Cr/kg from CrMet, respectively. The experiment lasted 105 days, of which was divided into three stages including phase 1 (30 to 50 kg BW), phase 2 (50 to 80 kg BW), and phase 3 (80 to 110 kg BW). Results showed that supplementation with CrMet and ZnAA improved (P < 0.05) the feed conversion of the pigs in phase 2, phase 3, and the overall experiment. Hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, and a longissimus dorsi muscle area were increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed with diets supplemented with both CrMet and ZnAA compared with pigs fed with diets containing only ZnSO4 (P < 0.05). There was also an increase (P < 0.01) pH24 h in the longissimus dorsi muscle in pigs fed with diets supplemented with CrMet and ZnAA. The concentration of serum glucose in pigs fed with diets containing CrMet and ZnAA was decreased (P < 0.05) compared with that in pigs fed with the diet containing ZnSO4. Supplementation with CrMet and ZnAA increased (P < 0.05) the circulating levels of insulin and decreased (P < 0.05) cortisol. There was an increase (P < 0.05) in total serum antioxidant capacity and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activity as well as a decrease (P < 0.05) in serum malondialdehyde concentrations in pigs fed with diets supplemented with CrMet and ZnAA compared with pigs fed with the diet supplemented only with ZnSO4. In conclusion, supplementation of CrMet only or CrMet together with ZnAA improved feed conversion, carcass traits, and meat quality in the growing-finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shen-Fei Long
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiang-Shu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Terry L Ward
- Zinpro Corporation, 10400 Viking Drive, Suite 240, Eden Prairie, MN, 55344, USA
| | - Fei Ji
- Zinpro (Wuxi) Additives Bio-Technology Co., LTD., No. 1839, Fortune 108 Plaza, South Building, Room 1812, Qixin Road, Minhang, Shanghai, 201101, China
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Adhikari C, Chiba L, Brotzge S, Vieira M, Huang C, Bergen W, Bratcher C, Rodning S, Welles E. Early dietary amino acid restrictions and flaxseed oil supplementation on the leanness of pigs and quality of pork: Growth performance, serum metabolites, carcass characteristics, and physical and sensory characteristics of pork. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ma X, Jiang Z, Lai C. Significance of Increasing n-3 PUFA Content in Pork on Human Health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:858-70. [PMID: 26237277 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.850059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for the health-promoting effects of food rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) is reviewed. Pork is an important meat source for humans. According to a report by the US Department of Agriculture ( http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics ), the pork consumption worldwide in 2011 was about 79.3 million tons, much higher than that of beef (48.2 million tons). Pork also contains high levels of unsaturated fatty acids relative to ruminant meats (Enser, M., Hallett, K., Hewett, B., Fursey, G. A. J. and Wood, J. D. (1996) . Fatty acid content and composition of English beef, lamb, and pork at retail. Meat Sci. 44:443-458). The available literature indicates that the levels of eicosatetraenoic and docosahexaenoic in pork may be increased by fish-derived or linseed products, the extent of which being dependent on the nature of the supplementation. Transgenic pigs and plants show promise with high content of n-3 PUFA and low ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids in their tissues. The approaches mentioned for decreasing n-6/n-3 ratios have both advantages and disadvantages. Selected articles are critically reviewed and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyong Ma
- a The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- a The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chaoqiang Lai
- b Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
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Urrutia O, Mendizabal JA, Insausti K, Soret B, Purroy A, Arana A. Effects of Addition of Linseed and Marine Algae to the Diet on Adipose Tissue Development, Fatty Acid Profile, Lipogenic Gene Expression, and Meat Quality in Lambs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156765. [PMID: 27253325 PMCID: PMC4890764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of linseed and algae on growth and carcass parameters, adipocyte cellularity, fatty acid profile and meat quality and gene expression in subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissues (AT) in lambs. After weaning, 33 lambs were fed three diets up to 26.7 ± 0.3 kg: Control diet (barley and soybean); L diet (barley, soybean and 10% linseed) and L-A diet (barley, soybean, 5% linseed and 3.89% algae). Lambs fed L-A diet showed lower average daily gain and greater slaughter age compared to Control and L (P < 0.001). Carcass traits were not affected by L and L-A diets, but a trend towards greater adipocyte diameter was observed in L and L-A in the subcutaneous AT (P = 0.057). Adding either linseed or linseed and algae increased α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid contents in both AT (P < 0.001); however, docosahexaenoic acid was increased by L-A (P < 0.001). The n-6/n-3 ratio decreased in L and L-A (P < 0.001). Algae had adverse effects on meat quality, with greater lipid oxidation and reduced ratings for odor and flavor. The expression of lipogenic genes was downregulated in the subcutaneous AT (P < 0.05): acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACACA) in L and L-A and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in L-A. Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) and fatty acid elongase 5 (ELOVL5) were unaffected. In the subcutaneous AT, supplementing either L or L-A increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and CAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) (P < 0.05), although it had no effect on sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1 (SREBF1). In the intramuscular AT, expression of ACACA, SCD, FADS1 and FADS2 decreased in L and L-A (P < 0.001) and LPL in L (P < 0.01), but PPARG, CEBPA and SREBF1 were unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaia Urrutia
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Mendizabal
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Kizkitza Insausti
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Soret
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Purroy
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Arana
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Wei H, Zhou Y, Jiang S, Huang F, Peng J, Jiang S. Transcriptional response of porcine skeletal muscle to feeding a linseed-enriched diet to growing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:6. [PMID: 26862397 PMCID: PMC4746901 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effect of feeding a linseed-enriched diet to growing-finishing pigs on gene expression in skeletal muscle, pigs were fed with a linseed-enriched diet for 0, 30, 60 and 90 d. Transcriptional profiles of longissimus dorsi muscle were measured using Affymetrix Genechip. RESULTS Results showed that 264 genes were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The strongest transcriptional response was clearly observed at 30 d. DEGs were assigned to several main functional terms, including transcription, apoptosis, intracellular receptor-mediated signaling, muscle organ development, fatty acid metabolic process, cell motion, regulation of glucose metabolic process, spermatogenesis and regulation of myeloid cell differentiation. We also found that transcriptional changs of several transcription cofactors might contribute to n-3 PUFAs regulated gene expression. In addition, the increased expression of IGF-1, insulin signaling pathway and the metabolism of amino acids might involve in the muscle growth induced by feeding a linseed-enriched diet. The results also provide the new evidence that the expression changes of PTPN1, HK2 and PGC-1α might contribute to the regulation of insulin sensitivity by n-3 PUFAs. CONCLUSIONS Our finding provided correlative evidence that feeding the linseed enriched diet affact expression of genes involved in insulin signaling pathway and the metabolism of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkui Wei
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
| | - Yuanfei Zhou
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
| | - Shuzhong Jiang
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
| | - Feiruo Huang
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
| | - Jian Peng
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
| | - Siwen Jiang
- />Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
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Xu X, Wang H, Piao X. Validation of metabolisable energy prediction equation for de-oiled corn distillers dried grains with solubles fed to finishing pigs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2015.1128690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pork as a Source of Omega-3 (n-3) Fatty Acids. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1999-2011. [PMID: 26694475 PMCID: PMC4693156 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4121956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pork is the most widely eaten meat in the world, but typical feeding practices give it a high omega-6 (n-6) to omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid ratio and make it a poor source of n-3 fatty acids. Feeding pigs n-3 fatty acids can increase their contents in pork, and in countries where label claims are permitted, claims can be met with limited feeding of n-3 fatty acid enrich feedstuffs, provided contributions of both fat and muscle are included in pork servings. Pork enriched with n-3 fatty acids is, however, not widely available. Producing and marketing n-3 fatty acid enriched pork requires regulatory approval, development costs, quality control costs, may increase production costs, and enriched pork has to be tracked to retail and sold for a premium. Mandatory labelling of the n-6/n-3 ratio and the n-3 fatty acid content of pork may help drive production of n-3 fatty acid enriched pork, and open the door to population-based disease prevention polices (i.e., food tax to provide incentives to improve production practices). A shift from the status-quo, however, will require stronger signals along the value chain indicating production of n-3 fatty acid enriched pork is an industry priority.
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Mirshekar R, Boldaji F, Dastar B, Yamchi A, Pashaei S. Longer consumption of flaxseed oil enhances n-3 fatty acid content of chicken meat and expression of FADS2 gene. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mirshekar
- Faculty of Animal Science; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Golestan Iran
| | - Fathollah Boldaji
- Faculty of Animal Science; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Golestan Iran
| | - Behrouz Dastar
- Faculty of Animal Science; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Golestan Iran
| | - Ahad Yamchi
- Faculty of Plant Production; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Golestan Iran
| | - Somayeh Pashaei
- Faculty of Animal Science; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Golestan Iran
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Effects of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio on fatty acid composition, free amino acid profile and gene expression of transporters in finishing pigs. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:739-48. [PMID: 25704496 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514004346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Revealing the expression patterns of fatty acid and amino acid transporters as affected by dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio would be useful for further clarifying the importance of the balance between n-6 and n-3 PUFA. A total of ninety-six finishing pigs were fed one of four diets with the ratio of 1:1, 2·5:1, 5:1 and 10:1. Pigs fed the dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio of 5:1 had the highest (P< 0·05) daily weight gain, and those fed the dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio of 1:1 had the largest loin muscle area (P< 0·01). The concentration of n-3 PUFA was raised as the ratio declined (P< 0·05) in the longissimus dorsi and subcutaneous adipose tissue. The contents of tryptophan, tasty amino acids and branched-chain amino acids in the longissimus dorsi were enhanced in pigs fed the dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 1:1-5:1. The mRNA expression level of the fatty acid transporter fatty acid transport protein-1 (FATP-1) was declined (P< 0·05) in the longissimus dorsi of pigs fed the dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 1:1-5:1, and increased (P< 0·05) in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of pigs fed the dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 5:1 and 10:1. The expression profile of FATP-4 was similar to those of FATP-1 in the adipose tissue. The mRNA expression level of the amino acid transceptors LAT1 and SNAT2 was up-regulated (P< 0·05) in the longissimus dorsi of pigs fed the dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 1:1 and 2·5:1. In conclusion, maintaining the dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 1:1-5:1 would facilitate the absorption and utilisation of fatty acids and free amino acids, and result in improved muscle and adipose composition.
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Effect of dietary linseed on the nutritional value and quality of pork and pork products: systematic review and meta-analysis. Meat Sci 2014; 98:679-88. [PMID: 25089794 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional quality of pork is a significant factor for consumers' health. Feeding n-3 PUFA to pigs, using linseed, improves pork nutritional quality. A meta-analysis involving 1006 pigs reported in 24 publications was carried out to assess the effects of dietary linseed on alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in muscle and adipose tissue. Data showed positive effects of n-3 PUFA on muscle fatty acid composition: ALA+137%, EPA+188%, DPA+51% and DHA+12%. Same results were observed in adipose tissue: ALA+297%, EPA+149%, DPA+88% and DHA+18%. A positive correlation between dietary treatment and ALA and EPA content in muscle (P<0.001) and adipose tissue (P=0.036) was observed. A significant association between DPA (P=0.04) and DHA (P=0.011) and live weight in muscle was observed. Feeding linseed to pig improves the nutritional pork quality, raising the n-3 PUFA content in muscle and adipose tissue.
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Andrés S, Morán L, Aldai N, Tejido M, Prieto N, Bodas R, Giráldez F. Effects of linseed and quercetin added to the diet of fattening lambs on the fatty acid profile and lipid antioxidant status of meat samples. Meat Sci 2014; 97:156-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Turner T, Mapiye C, Aalhus J, Beaulieu A, Patience J, Zijlstra R, Dugan M. Flaxseed fed pork: n−3 fatty acid enrichment and contribution to dietary recommendations. Meat Sci 2014; 96:541-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Martínez-Ramírez HR, Kramer JKG, de Lange CFM. Retention of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in trimmed loin and belly is independent of timing of feeding ground flaxseed to growing-finishing female pigs1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:238-49. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. R. Martínez-Ramírez
- Centre for Nutritional Modeling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J. K. G. Kramer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - C. F. M. de Lange
- Centre for Nutritional Modeling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Responses of growth performance and proinflammatory cytokines expression to fish oil supplementation in lactation sows' and/or weaned piglets' diets. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:905918. [PMID: 24078926 PMCID: PMC3773922 DOI: 10.1155/2013/905918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to investigate whether dietary fish oil could influence growth of piglets via regulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. A split-plot experimental design was used with sow diet effect in the main plots and differing piglet diet effect in the subplot. The results showed that suckling piglets from fish oil fed dams grew rapidly (P < 0.05) than control. It was also observed that these piglets had higher ADG, feed intake, and final body weight (P < 0.05) during postweaning than those piglets from lard fed dams. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the expression of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor- α in longissimus dorsi muscle. In contrast, there was a tendency (P < 0.10) towards lower ADG and higher feed:gain in weaned piglets receiving fish oil compared with those receiving lard. Meanwhile, splenic proinflammatory cytokines expression was increased (P < 0.01) in piglets receiving fish oil during postweaning period. The results suggested that 7% fish oil addition to sows' diets alleviated inflammatory response via decreasing the proinflammatory cytokines expression in skeletal muscle and accelerated piglet growth. However, 7% fish oil addition to weaned piglets' diets might decrease piglet growth via increasing splenic proinflammatory cytokines expression.
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Ayuso D, González A, Hernández F, Peña F, Izquierdo M. Effect of sex and final fattening on ultrasound and carcass traits in Iberian pigs. Meat Sci 2013; 96:562-7. [PMID: 24013697 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A hundred and twenty-five castrated Iberian pigs (61 males and 64 females, from 106.9 kg of live weight at star to 160.3 kg at slaughter) was used to investigate the effect of feeding system on carcass attributes (backfat thickness and loin area measured with ultrasound before slaughter, and intramuscular fat and weights and yields of hams, forelegs and loins after slaughter). Pigs were fattened outdoor under extensive conditions. There were 4 treatments: "montanera", M; "recebo", R; "cebo a campo", C; and high oleic fed, O). Ultrasound images were collected at two rib locations (10th and 14th). M and O groups had the highest fat thickness and loin area was lower in M than in C group. M and O showed higher carcass weight and yield than the other groups. The largest ham weight was for C and the lowest for M groups. Loin weight and yield were higher in M and R than the other two groups (O and C).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ayuso
- Research Center of Extremadura "La Orden Valdesequera", Spain.
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35
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Feeding a DHA-enriched diet increases skeletal muscle protein synthesis in growing pigs: association with increased skeletal muscle insulin action and local mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor 1. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:671-80. [PMID: 23433177 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512005740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dietary n-3 PUFA have been demonstrated to promote muscle growth in growing animals. In the present study, fractional protein synthesis rates (FSR) in the skeletal muscle of growing pigs fed a DHA-enriched (DE) diet (DE treatment) or a soyabean oil (SO) diet (SO treatment) were evaluated in the fed and feed-deprived states. Feeding-induced increases in muscle FSR, as well as the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin and protein kinase B, were higher in the DE treatment as indicated by the positive interaction between diet and feeding. In the fed state, the activation of eIF4E-binding protein 1 in the skeletal muscle of pigs on the DE diet was higher than that in pigs on the SO diet (P<0·05). Feeding the DE diet increased muscle insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) expression (P<0·05) and insulin action (as demonstrated by increased insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylation, P<0·05), resulting in increased IR substrate 1 activation in the fed state. However, no difference in plasma IGF-1 concentration or hepatic IGF-1 expression between the two treatments was associated. The increased IGF-1 expression in the DE treatment was associated with increased mRNA expression of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A and decreased mRNA expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 3 in skeletal muscle. Moreover, mRNA expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 1 (PTPN1), the activation of PTPN1 and the activation of NF-κB in muscle were significantly lower in the DE treatment (P<0·05). The results of the present study suggest that feeding a DE diet increased feeding-induced muscle protein synthesis in growing pigs, and muscle IGF-1 expression and insulin action were involved in this action.
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Botsoglou E, Govaris A, Ambrosiadis I, Fletouris D. Lipid and protein oxidation of α-linolenic acid-enriched pork during refrigerated storage as influenced by diet supplementation with olive leaves (Olea europea L.) or α-tocopheryl acetate. Meat Sci 2012; 92:525-32. [PMID: 22710099 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet supplementation with olive leaves or α-tocopheryl acetate on lipid and protein oxidation of raw and cooked n-3 enriched-pork during refrigerated storage. Enrichment of pork with α-linolenic acid through diet supplementation with linseed oil enhanced (p≤0.05) lipid oxidation in both raw and cooked chops but had no effect (p>0.05) on protein oxidation during refrigerated storage while decreasing (p≤0.05) the sensory attributes of cooked pork. Diet supplementation with olive leaves or α-tocopheryl acetate had no effect (p>0.05) on the fatty acid composition of pork but decreased (p≤0.05) lipid oxidation while exerting no effect (p>0.05) on protein oxidation in both raw and cooked α-linolenic acid-enriched chops stored and chilled for 9 days. Moreover, olive leaves and α-tocopheryl acetate supplemented at 10 g/kg and 200mg/kg diet, respectively, exerted (p≤0.05) a beneficial effect on the sensory attributes of cooked α-linolenic acid-enriched pork chops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evropi Botsoglou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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37
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Juárez M, Dugan MER, Larsen IL, Thacker R, Rolland DC, Aalhus JL. Oxidative stability in grinds from omega-3 enhanced pork. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2011-059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Juárez, M., Dugan, M. E. R., Larsen, I. L., Thacker, R., Rolland, D. C. and Aalhus, J. L. 2011. Oxidative stability in grinds from omega-3 enhanced pork. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 623–634. In order to investigate the effect of enhancing n-3 fatty acid levels in carcasses on the retail and sensory characteristics of pork grinds, as well as the ability of increasing dietary levels of vitamin E to stabilize the increase in PUFA levels from flaxseed supplementation, 81 pigs were used in a 3×3 factorial experiment. Dietary treatments included three lengths of time (0, 3 and 6 wk) of flaxseed supplementation and three levels of vitamin E (40, 200 and 400 mg kg feed−1). α-Tocopherol tissue levels increased with dietary vitamin E supplementation (P<0.001), and fat softness (P=0.018) and total PUFA and n-3 fatty acids (P<0.001) increased with flaxseed supplementation. Most other animal performance, carcass and lean pork quality traits were not affected (P>0.05) by dietary treatments. In ground pork, the increase in TBARS after 6 d in retail was lower (P<0.001) with increasing dietary vitamin E levels. However, vitamin E had no effect (P>0.05) on the higher (P<0.001) TBARS levels observed in grinds from flaxseed fed pigs. The dietary addition of flaxseed negatively modified (P<0.05) all the sensory attributes of both cooked and reheated products. Increasing the fat content of the grinds up to 30% seemed to counteract (P>0.05) the negative effects of feeding flaxseed for 3 wk. Feeding vitamin E was not able to prevent negative effects (P<0.05) observed during retail display in grinds with either increasing fat content or higher n-3 fatty acids from dietary flaxseed. However, increasing dietary vitamin E only showed a protective effect (P<0.05) on retail appearance after long periods of ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Juárez
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - M. E. R. Dugan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - I. L. Larsen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - R. Thacker
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - D. C. Rolland
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - J. L. Aalhus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
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Increasing omega-3 levels through dietary co-extruded flaxseed supplementation negatively affects pork palatability. Food Chem 2010; 126:1716-23. [PMID: 25213949 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the impact of feeding co-extruded flaxseed on carcass quality and pork palatability, 96 pigs (48 barrows and 48 gilts) were fed three different levels of flaxseed (0%, 5% and 10% of dietary intake) for 76days. Carcass quality and meat quality characteristics of pure loin muscle and ground pork (20% fat) were evaluated. Fat hardness and belly firmness decreased (P<0.001) with increasing co-extruded flaxseed. Pigs fed co-extruded flaxseed levels had higher lean yield (P=0.045) and total lean content (P=0.034). Loin from barrows had higher fat content compared to gilts (P<0.001). Co-extruded flaxseed supplementation increased (P<0.001) omega-3 content in loin and ground pork. Pork flavour intensity and off-flavour intensity scores lowered (P<0.001) with increasing levels of co-extruded flaxseed, being more accentuated (P=0.023) in reheated pork chops from barrows. Diet affected all texture and flavour sensory characteristics (P<0.05) as tissue levels of omega-3 fatty acids increased, likely as a result of increased lipid oxidation.
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39
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Yang KX, Ma JW, Guo YM, Guo TF, Zhao YG, Ding NS, Betti M, Plastow GS, Huang LS. Correlations between fat depot traits and fatty acid composition in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and longissimus muscle: Results from a White Duroc × Erhualian intercross F2 population1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:3538-45. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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40
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Feeding co-extruded flaxseed to pigs: Effects of duration and feeding level on growth performance and backfat fatty acid composition of grower–finisher pigs. Meat Sci 2010; 84:578-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Huang F, Zhan Z, Luo J, Jiang S, Peng J. Duration of feeding linseed diet influences peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and tumor necrosis factor gene expression, and muscle mass of growing–finishing barrows. Livest Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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