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Lubisi MW, Baloyi JJ, Fushai F. Nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in different pig breeds fed raw, sprouted, or roasted (Vigna unguiculata) diets. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:334. [PMID: 37768421 PMCID: PMC10539186 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03742-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The study examined effects of feeding iso-nutrient (150 g CP, 17.3 MJ ME kg-1) raw (RCP), sprouted (SPC), or roasted (RSCP) cowpea diets to Windsnyer (W), Large White (LW) × Landrace (LR), and the 3-way crossbred (W × LW × LR) growing pigs. Diet dry matter (DM) digestibility was estimated using standard, 3-step (gastric, small intestines, colon) in vitro digestion. Dietary in vivo nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance were evaluated using 3 weaned pigs of each genotype. Pigs were housed in individual metabolic cages. The diets were assigned to pigs in a 3 × 3 change-over factorial experiment within three balanced, 3 × 3 Latin squares. Feeding periods consisted of 7 days adaption + 5 days' measurement of feed intake, and the total faecal and urine excretions. The SPC diet increased step 3 in vitro DM digestibility compared to RSCP (P < 0.05). Metabolic size-scaled feed consumption was higher on the RCP compared to the RSCP diet (P < 0.05). Cowpea processing reduced apparent DM and ash digestibility (P < 0.05). LW × LR pigs exhibited lower digestibility of ash and acid detergent fiber (ADF) compared to 3-way crossbred pigs (P < 0.05). Significant genotype-diet interactions were observed for nitrogen intake (P < 0.0001), digestible nitrogen (P = 0.043), urinary nitrogen output (P < 0.0001), faecal nitrogen output (P < 0.0001), total nitrogen excretion (P < 0.0001), and nitrogen retention (P < 0.001). The biological value of feed protein was higher for W pigs than 3-way crossbred pigs (P < 0.05). Genotype-diet interactions suggested unique digestive and, or metabolic adaptive traits in the utilization of the differently processed cowpeas, which need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Lubisi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - J J Baloyi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - F Fushai
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, Limpopo, South Africa.
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Hoogeveen AME, Moughan PJ, Hodgkinson SM, Stroebinger N, Yu W, Rettedal EA, McNabb WC, Montoya CA. In Vitro Ileal Fermentation is Affected More by the Fiber Source Fermented than the Ileal Microbial Composition in Growing Pigs. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:100076. [PMID: 37180852 PMCID: PMC10172865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The fermentation of undigested material in the ileum is quantitatively important. However, the respective contributions of the microbial composition and the substrate to ileal fermentation are unclear. Objective This aim was to investigate the contribution of microbial composition and fiber source to in vitro ileal fermentation outcomes. Methods Thirteen ileal cannulated female pigs (Landrace/Large White; 9-wk-old; 30.5 kg body weight) were given diets containing black beans, wheat bread, chickpeas, peanuts, pigeon peas, sorghum, or wheat bran as the sole protein source for 7 d (100 g protein/kg dry matter diet). On day 7, ileal digesta were collected and stored at -80°C for microbial analysis and in vitro fermentation. For each diet, a pooled ileal inoculum was prepared to ferment different fiber sources (cellulose, pectin, arabinogalactan, inulin, fructooligosaccharides, and resistant starch) for 2 h at 37°C. Organic matter fermentability and organic acid production were determined following in vitro fermentation. Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA (inoculum × fiber). Results Forty-five percent of the identified genera in the digesta differed across diets. For instance, the number of Lactococcus was 115-fold greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the digesta of pigs fed the pigeon pea diet than for pigs fed the wheat bran diet. For both in vitro organic matter fermentability and organic acid production, there were significant (P ≤ 0.05) interactions between the inoculum and the fiber source. For instance, pectin and resistant starch resulted in 1.6- to 31-fold more (P ≤ 0.05) lactic acid production when fermented by the pigeon pea inoculum than other inocula. For specific fiber sources, statistically significant correlations were found between the number of bacteria from certain members of the ileal microbial community and fermentation outcomes. Conclusions Both the fiber source fermented and the ileal microbial composition of the growing pig affected in vitro fermentation; however, the effect of the fiber source was predominant.Curr Dev Nutr 2023;x:xx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna ME. Hoogeveen
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul J. Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne M. Hodgkinson
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Natascha Stroebinger
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wenjun Yu
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth A. Rettedal
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Smart Foods and Bioproducts, AgResearch Limited, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Warren C. McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carlos A. Montoya
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Smart Foods and Bioproducts, AgResearch Limited, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Corresponding author.
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Zhou H, Yu B, Chen H, Chen D. Carbohydrates effects on nutrition and health functions in pigs. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13557. [PMID: 33899995 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The greatest improvement in carbohydrates studies on pig nutrition and health is that carbohydrates are classified more clearly, which is based not only on their chemical structure but also on their physiological characteristics. Besides its primary energy source, different types and structures of carbohydrates are a benefit for nutrition and health functions in pigs, which are involved in promoting growth performance and intestinal functions, regulating the community of gut microbiota, and modulating the lipids and glucose metabolism. The underlying mechanism of carbohydrates regulates the lipids and glucose metabolism through their metabolites (short-chain fatty acids [SCFAs]) and mainly via the SCFAs-GPR43/41-PYY/GLP1, SCFAs-AMP/ATP-AMPK, and SCFAs-AMPK-G6Pase/PEPCK pathways. Emerging research had evaluated an optimal combination in different types and structures of carbohydrates, which could enhance growth performance and nutrient digestibility, promote intestinal functions, and increase the abundances of butyrate-producing bacteria in pigs. Overall, compelling evidence supports the notion that carbohydrates play important roles in both nutrition and health functions in pigs. Moreover, identifying the carbohydrates combinations will be of both theoretical and practical values for developing the technology of carbohydrates balance in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Large intestine morphology and microflora activity in piglets fed diets with two levels of raw or micronized blue sweet lupin seeds. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zduńczyk Z, Jankowski J, Mikulski D, Zduńczyk P, Juśkiewicz J, Slominski B. The effect of NSP-degrading enzymes on gut physiology and growth performance of turkeys fed soybean meal and peas-based diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kraler M, Ghanbari M, Domig KJ, Schedle K, Kneifel W. The intestinal microbiota of piglets fed with wheat bran variants as characterised by 16S rRNA next-generation amplicon sequencing. Arch Anim Nutr 2016; 70:173-89. [PMID: 27032029 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2016.1160534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota of piglets fed with a Control diet low in dietary fibre and modified wheat bran variants as an additional source of insoluble dietary fibre was characterised. In this context, variances in the microbiota of three different gut segments were assessed. Wheat bran was either included in its native form or modified by fermentation and extrusion before added at 150 g/kg to a basal diet for 48 piglets (12 animals per treatment). Total DNA was extracted from digesta samples from the jejunum, the end of the ileum and the colon ascendens. Samples were prepared accordingly for subsequent sequencing with the Illumina MiSeq. The obtained results revealed distinct location-specific differences in microbial composition. While Firmicutes were most predominant in all three gut segments, Bacteroidetes were additionally found in the colon at high abundance. The parameters of alpha and beta diversity analysis showed significant differences (p < 0.01) between the colon and the other two gut segments. Specialised bacterial groups like Prevotella and Ruminococcaceae were among the most predominant ones found in the colon, as they possess cellulolytic properties to degrade (at least partially) non-starch polysaccharides, while their abundance was negligible in the jejunum and the ileum. Conversely, the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Veillonella, for example, were among the most predominant groups in the jejunum and ileum, while in the colon they were hardly found. Although statistical taxonomical evaluation, following p-value correction, did not reveal pronounced differences in abundance related to bran modification, alpha and beta diversity analysis showed an influence regarding the various feeding strategies applied. Based on these findings, a more in-depth view on intestinal microbial composition within the gastrointestinal tract of young pigs fed with low- and high-fibre diets was generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Kraler
- a Institute of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria.,b Christian Doppler Research Laboratory for Innovative Bran Biorefinery, Department of Food Science and Technology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Mahdi Ghanbari
- a Institute of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Konrad J Domig
- a Institute of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Karl Schedle
- c Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology, Department of Agrobiotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kneifel
- a Institute of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria.,b Christian Doppler Research Laboratory for Innovative Bran Biorefinery, Department of Food Science and Technology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
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Potential of cereal grains and grain legumes in modulating pigs׳ intestinal microbiota – A review. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Screening the ability of natural feed ingredients to interfere with the adherence of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) K88 to the porcine intestinal mucus. Br J Nutr 2013; 111:633-42. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513003024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of the attachment of bacteria to the intestine by receptor analogues could be a novel approach to prevent enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) K88-induced diarrhoea in piglets. The objective of the present study was to screen the ability of different feed ingredients (FI) to bind to ETEC K88 (adhesion test, AT) and to block its attachment to the porcine intestinal mucus (blocking test, BT) usingin vitromicrotitration-based models. In the AT, wheat bran (WB), casein glycomacropeptide (CGMP) and exopolysaccharides exhibited the highest adhesion to ETEC K88 (P< 0·001). In the BT, WB, CGMP and locust bean (LB) reduced the number of ETEC K88 attached to the intestinal mucus (P< 0·001). For WB and LB, fractionation based on their carbohydrate components was subsequently carried out, and each fraction was evaluated individually. None of the WB fractions reduced the adhesion of ETEC K88 to the mucus as did the original extract, suggesting that a protein or glycoprotein could be involved in the recognition process. With regard to the LB fractions, the water-extractable material reduced the adhesion of ETEC K88 (P< 0·001) to the mucus similar to the original extract (P< 0·001), indicating, in this case, that galactomannans or phenolic compounds could be responsible for the recognition process. In conclusion, among the FI screened, the soluble extracts obtained from WB, LB and CGMP exhibited the highest anti-adhesive properties against ETEC K88 in the BT. These results suggest that they may be good candidates to be included in diets of weaned piglets for the prevention of ETEC K88-induced diarrhoea.
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Mateos G, Jiménez-Moreno E, Serrano M, Lázaro R. Poultry response to high levels of dietary fiber sources varying in physical and chemical characteristics. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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