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Tang T, van der Peet-Schwering C, Soede N, Laurenssen B, Bruininx E, Bos E, Gerrits W. A dual marker technique to estimate individual feed intake in young pigs. Animal 2022; 16:100451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Smith WB, Galyean ML, Kallenbach RL, Greenwood PL, Scholljegerdes EJ. Understanding intake on pastures: how, why, and a way forward. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab062. [PMID: 33640988 PMCID: PMC8218867 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An assessment of dietary intake is a critical component of animal nutrition. Consumption of feed resources is the basis upon which feeding strategies and grazing management are based. Yet, as far back as 1948, researchers have lauded the trials and tribulations of estimation of the phenomenon, especially when focused on grazing animals and pasture resources. The grazing environment presents a unique situation in which the feed resource is not provided to the animal but, rather, the animal operates as the mechanism of harvest. Therefore, tools for estimation must be developed, validated, and applied to the scenario. There are a plethora of methods currently in use for the estimation of intake, ranging from manual measurement of herbage disappearance to digital technologies and sensors, each of which come with its share of advantages and disadvantages. In order to more firmly grasp these concepts and provide a discussion on the future of this estimation, the Forages and Pastures Symposium at the 2020 ASAS-CSAS-WSASAS Annual Meeting was dedicated to this topic. This review summarizes the presentations in that symposium and offers further insight into where we have come from and where we are going in the estimation of intake for grazing livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Smith
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Technology,
Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX
76401, USA
| | - Michael L Galyean
- Office of the Provost, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Robert L Kallenbach
- College of Agriculture, Food & Natural Resources,
University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211,
USA
| | - Paul L Greenwood
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Armidale Livestock
Industries Centre, University of New England, Armidale,
NSW 2351, Australia
- F. D. McMaster Research Laboratory Chiswick, CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, Armidale, NSW 2350,
Australia
| | - Eric J Scholljegerdes
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State
University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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Andriarimalala H, Dubeux J, Jaramillo D, Rakotozandriny J, Salgado P. Using n-alkanes to estimate herbage intake and diet composition of cattle fed with natural forages in Madagascar. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Andriarimalala JH, Dubeux JCB, DiLorenzo N, Jaramillo DM, Rakotozandriny JDN, Salgado P. Use of n-alkanes to estimate feed intake in ruminants: a meta-analysis. J Anim Sci 2021; 98:5903675. [PMID: 32910189 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise techniques to estimate feed intake by ruminants are critical to enhance feed efficiency and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient losses to the environment. Using a meta-analysis, we evaluated the accuracy of the n-alkane technique to predict feed intake in cattle and sheep and assessed the relationships between feed intake and fecal recovery (FR) of n-alkanes. The database was composed of 28 studies, including 129 treatments (87 and 42 for cattle and sheep, respectively) and 402 animals (232 cattle and 170 sheep) fed at troughs, from published studies. Relationships between observed (in vivo measurement) and predicted feed intake by C31:C32 and C32:C33 n-alkane pairs were evaluated by regression. Meta-regression addressed the relationships between the difference in FR of n-alkane pairs and the error in intake estimation, as well as the amount and duration of C32 n-alkane dosing. Regression of observed intake on n-alkane-based estimates revealed good relationships in cattle (adjusted R2 = 0.99 for C31:C32, and adjusted R2 = 0.98 for C32:C33; P < 0.0001) and in sheep (adjusted R2 = 0.94 for C31:C32, and adjusted R2 = 0.96 for C32:C33; P < 0.0001). FR of natural n-alkanes showed a coefficient of variation of about 15% and 16% for C31 and C33, respectively, in cattle. In sheep, the coefficient of variation was 8% and 14% for C31 and C33, respectively. The relationships between the difference of FR of n-alkane pairs and the error in feed intake estimation in cattle were characterized by an adjusted R2 = 0.83 for C31:C32 (P < 0.0001) and adjusted R2 = 0.93 for C32:C33 (P < 0.0001). In sheep, they were characterized by an adjusted R2 = 0.69 for C31:C32 (P < 0.001) and adjusted R2 = 0.76 for C32:C33 (P < 0.001). The n-alkane technique provided the reliability for estimating feed intake in cattle and sheep in barn experiments. The present meta-analysis demonstrated that without correction for differences in FR of n-alkane pairs, deviation in feed intake prediction would occur. However, further research is necessary to determine the relationship between the n-alkane dosing procedure (daily amount and duration of dosing) and FR of n-alkane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Carlos B Dubeux
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL
| | - Nicolas DiLorenzo
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL
| | | | | | - Paulo Salgado
- UMR SELMET, CIRAD, Antsirabe, Madagascar.,UMR SELMET, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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The potential application of plant wax markers from alfalfa for estimating the total feed intake of sheep. Animal 2019; 13:2782-2791. [PMID: 31218987 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119001381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimating the feed intake of grazing herbivores is critical for determining their nutrition, overall productivity and utilization of grassland resources. A 17-day indoor feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential use of Medicago sativa as a natural supplement for estimating the total feed intake of sheep. A total of 16 sheep were randomly assigned to four diets (four sheep per diet) containing a known amount of M. sativa together with up to seven forages common to typical steppes. The diets were: diet 1, M. sativa + Leymus chinensis + Puccinellia distans; diet 2, species in diet 1 + Phragmites australis; diet 3, species in diet 2 + Chenopodium album + Elymus sibiricus; and diet 4, species in diet 3 + Artemisia scoparia + Artemisia tanacetifolia. After faecal marker concentrations were corrected by individual sheep recovery, treatment mean recovery or overall recovery, the proportions of M. sativa and other dietary forages were estimated from a combination of alkanes and long-chain alcohols using a least-square procedure. Total intake was the ratio of the known intake of M. sativa to its estimated dietary proportion. Each dietary component intake was obtained using total intake and the corresponding dietary proportions. The estimated values were compared with actual values to assess the estimation accuracy. The results showed that M. sativa exhibited a distinguishable marker pattern in comparison to the other dietary forage species. The accuracy of the dietary composition estimates was significantly (P < 0.001) affected by both diet diversity and the faecal recovery method. The proportion of M. sativa and total intake across all diets could be accurately estimated using the individual sheep or the treatment mean recovery methods. The largest differences between the estimated and observed total intake were 2.6 g and 19.2 g, respectively, representing only 0.4% and 2.6% of the total intake. However, they were significantly (P < 0.05) biased for most diets when using the overall recovery method. Due to the difficulty in obtaining individual sheep recovery under field conditions, treatment mean recovery is recommended. This study suggests that M. sativa, a natural roughage instead of a labelled concentrate, can be utilized as a dietary supplement to accurately estimate the total feed intake of sheep indoors and further indicates that it has potential to be used in steppe grassland of northern China, where the marker patterns of M. sativa differ markedly from commonly occurring plant species.
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Bachmann M, Hepp J, Zech M, Bulang M, Zeyner A. Application of natural wax markers in equine nutrition studies – current state, limitations and perspectives. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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López CL, Celaya R, Santos AS, Rodrigues MA, Osoro K, Ferreira LM. Combination of long-chain alcohols and fatty acids with alkanes as faecal markers to estimate feed intake and digestibility in horses and cattle fed on grass-heathland vegetation communities. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2015-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Application of long-chain alcohols (LCOH) and long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) combined with alkanes as faecal markers to estimate dry matter intake (DMI) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) of equines and cattle was assessed. Six crossbred mares, randomly divided in two groups (H1 and H2), and three nonlactating cows (C) were housed in individual stalls. Groups H1 and C were fed on a diet of ryegrass (Lolium perenne, 0.7) and heather (Erica spp., Calluna vulgaris, 0.3), and H2 received ryegrass (0.4), heather (0.3) and gorse (Ulex gallii, 0.3). Digestibility was estimated using LCOH (C28-OH and C30-OH) and LCFA (C28-FA, C30-FA, and C32-FA) as internal markers. For DMI estimation, animals received daily a paper pellet containing C24, C32, and C36n-alkanes. Intake was estimated from the faecal ratio of naturally occurring LCOH, LCFA, and dosed n-alkanes, and was compared with the known DMI values. In horses, all markers provided accurate estimates of DMD. Similarly, LCOH provided accurate estimates of DMD in cattle, whereas LCFA underestimated it (P < 0.05). Intake estimates were affected (P < 0.05) by the marker pair used in calculations. In general, the C24:C24-FA pair provided the most accurate DMI estimates. Results suggest the usefulness of combining epicuticular compounds as faecal markers to estimate DMI, DMD and diet composition of horses and cattle grazing grass-heathland communities, simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López López
- SERIDA—Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, P.O. Box 13, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Rafael Celaya
- SERIDA—Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, P.O. Box 13, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Sofia Santos
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Miguel A.M. Rodrigues
- CECAV—Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Koldo Osoro
- SERIDA—Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, P.O. Box 13, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Luis M.M. Ferreira
- CECAV—Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
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Santana MCA, Vieira BR, Costa DF, Dian PHM, Fiorentini G, Canesin RC, Pereira GT, Reis RA, Berchielli TT. Source and frequency of dry season lipid supplementation of finishing grazing cattle. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sources of soybean oil [ground soybean (GS), soybean oil (SO) and calcium salts of soybean oil (CS)] on DM intake (DMI), ingestive behaviour and average daily gain (ADG) of heifers grazing marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) supplemented in two frequencies [daily and 3 days a week (Monday, Wednesday and Friday – MWF)]. The experiment was conducted from July until November of 2007. Forty-two crossbred heifers (1/4 Nellore × 1/4 Santa Gertrudis × 1/2 Braunvieh), 17-months old and 297.1 kg ± 30.5 BW ± s.e.m., were used. Supplements were offered at 0.75% BW.day. Treatments were allocated in a completely randomised design and distributed in a factorial arrangement (3 × 2 – SO from three different sources and two supplementation frequencies). Total DMI was greater in August and October (2.2 kg DM/kg BW) than in November (1.5 kg DM/kg BW). There was an effect of SO source on total DM, herbage and nutrients intake, but no effects of supplementation frequency. The animals supplemented with SO had greater DMI (P < 0.05) than the ones fed GS and CS. Average daily gain (0.580 g) was not affected by supplement sources or feeding frequency. Therefore, GS and CS are more efficient supplements. Supplementation frequency altered grazing time differently according to source. The MWF treatment resulted in a decreased grazing time when GS and SO were fed. However, in days when supplements were not offered, grazing time was increased for GS and CS. It was concluded that a decreased frequency of supplementation may be implemented without effect on weight gain and will reduce labour and machinery costs.
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Casasús I, Albanell E. Prediction of faecal output and hay intake by cattle from NIRS estimates of faecal concentrations of orally-dosed polyethyleneglycol. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Morais J, Queiroz M, Keli A, Vega A, Fiorentini G, Canesin R, Reis R, Berchielli T. Effect of supplementation frequency on intake, behavior and performance in beef steers grazing Marandu grass. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kozloski G, Stefanello C, Mesquita F, Alves T, Ribeiro Filho H, Almeida J, Moraes Genro T. Technical note: Evaluation of markers for estimating duodenal digesta flow and ruminal digestibility: Acid detergent fiber, sulfuric acid detergent lignin, and n-alkanes. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:1730-5. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Coleman SW, Gunter SA, Sprinkle JE, Neel JPS. Beef Species Symposium: difficulties associated with predicting forage intake by grazing beef cows. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2775-84. [PMID: 24398834 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current NRC model to estimate DMI is based on a single equation related to metabolic size and net energy density of the diet; this equation was a significant improvement over previous models. However, observed DMI by grazing animals can be conceptualized by a function that includes animal demand, largely determined by metabolic or linear size, physiological state, genetics, or any combination of these. Even in the database used to generate the current NRC equation, DMI by cows is poorly predicted at the extremes. In fact, across a wide range of actual DMI, predicted DMI is rather flat, indicating an insensitivity of prediction, so the model requires further refinement. A broad-based database was developed that includes pasture and confinement studies with growing, nonlactating, and lactating cattle. New equations are presented for consideration in the new model. It was found that the premise behind earlier NRC equations based on diet digestibility and BW are sound but that for cows, additional drivers based on milk production or calf performance were stronger than BW. Future models should be based on multiple variables, including functions for physiological state, animal suitability to the environment, and activity to modify the predicted DMI. Further, the model could possibly account for imbalances of protein to energy, particularly as they relate to ruminal function. Further, the issue of how reference data were collected (pen vs. pasture) and how the methods or constraints influence DMI must be evaluated. Overall, the new NRC model needs to be more robust in its ability to account for the wide variation in the environment, dietary characteristics, and metabolic demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Coleman
- USDA-ARS, Grazinglands Research Laboratory, El Reno, OK 73801
| | - S A Gunter
- USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Range Research Station, Woodward, OK 73801; and
| | - J E Sprinkle
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721
| | - J P S Neel
- USDA-ARS, Grazinglands Research Laboratory, El Reno, OK 73801
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Cottle DJ, Romero C. Improving pasture intake predictions by variable weighting of plant marker concentrations. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cottle DJ. The trials and tribulations of estimating the pasture intake of grazing animals. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/an13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present paper reviews estimation methods for measuring pasture intake of individual grazing animals, in particular, the use of indigestible plant markers. Natural alkanes and alcohols function essentially as an internal marker and thus accommodate differences in forage digestibility among individuals and those arising from interactions between supplement and forage. An estimate of diet composition partitions total intake into its component plant species. Estimates of diet composition require correction for incomplete faecal marker recovery, where relative recoveries (i.e. the recovery of the alkanes relative to each other) suffice. If estimates of whole-diet digestibility are also wanted, actual faecal alkane recoveries must be used. Using known labelled supplement intakes as a means of estimating the intake of all other diet components avoids the need to dose animals separately with synthetic alkanes. The results, problems and possible workarounds for a commercial system under development to estimate individual animal pasture intakes using known labelled-supplement intakes are outlined. A prototype bin system was trialled and, despite many initial technological problems, it showed enough promise for Sapien Technology to continue to develop the system with Proway Livestock.
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Canesin RC, Fiorentini G, Berchielli TT. Inovações e desafios na avaliação de alimentos na nutrição de ruminantes. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402012000400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A avaliação de alimentos é um dos principais pontos a serem observados no setor de nutrição animal, a qual diz respeito à utilização de métodos para descrever alimentos ao seu público e à sua capacidade de sustentar diferentes tipos e níveis de desempenho animal. Atualmente, as pesquisas têm buscado relacionar o conteúdo de nutrientes dos alimentos com seu aproveitamento digestivo e metabólico. A nutrição animal é uma ciência bastante dinâmica, sempre lança mão de novas tecnologias e estratégias para melhorar o aproveitamento dos alimentos e busca novas metodologias para respondem às demandas emergenciais.. Dessa forma, o estabelecimento de estratégias apropriadas para obtenção de respostas é essencial para que o sucesso na pesquisa seja atingido. Assim, esta revisão irá abordar e discutir as principais técnicas utilizadas na avaliação de alimentos aplicadas à nutrição de ruminantes.
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The importance of grasslands for animal production and other functions: a review on management and methodological progress in the tropics. Animal 2012; 6:748-62. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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