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Beldowska A, Barszcz M, Dunislawska A. State of the art in research on the gut-liver and gut-brain axis in poultry. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:37. [PMID: 37038205 PMCID: PMC10088153 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the intestines and their microbiota, the liver, and the neuronal system is called the gut-liver-brain axis. This relationship has been studied and observed for a relatively short time but is considered in the development of research focused on, e.g., liver diseases and intestinal dysbiosis. The role of the gut microbiota in this relationship is crucial, as it acts on poultry's performance and feed utilization, affecting meat and egg quality. The correct composition of the intestinal microbiota makes it possible to determine the essential metabolic pathways and biological processes of the individual components of the microbiota, allowing further speculation of the role of microbial populations on internal organs such as the liver and brain in the organism. The gut microbiota forms a complex, dense axis with the autonomic and enteric nervous systems. The symbiotic relationship between the liver and gut microbiota is based on immune, metabolic and neuroendocrine regulation, and stabilization. On the other hand, the gut-brain axis is a bidirectional interaction and information transfer system between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. The following paper will discuss the current state of knowledge of the gut-liver-brain axis of poultry, including factors that may affect this complex relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Beldowska
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, Bydgoszcz, 85-084, Poland
| | - Marcin Barszcz
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, Jabłonna, 05-110, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Dunislawska
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, Bydgoszcz, 85-084, Poland.
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Madsen PA, Etheve S, Heegaard PMH, Skovgaard K, Mary AL, Litta G, Lauridsen C. Influence of vitamin D metabolites on vitamin D status, immunity and gut health of piglets. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 257:110557. [PMID: 36709572 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Immediately post-weaning, piglets are prone to gastrointestinal infectious diseases. The active metabolite of vitamin D 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D has direct impact on immune cell function and responses. Thus, a low vitamin D status may compromise the immune responses during infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of supplementation of different forms of vitamin D (25-OH-D3 and vitamin D3) to suckling piglets' vitamin D status at weaning. In addition, to determine whether the vitamin D status could affect the immune development in piglets and their robustness against E. coli challenge. Genetically E. coli F4 susceptible litters of piglets were divided into two treatment groups: group 1 (n = 16) provided milk formula supplemented with vitamin D3 (CON), and group 2 (n = 16) provided milk formula supplemented with 25-OH-D3 (TREAT). Piglets were offered the experimental milk formulas from day 3 after farrowing until weaning (at day 28 of age). A commercial weaner diet with high protein content were provided to induce weaning stress. Milk formulas, sow and weaner diets as well as plasma and milk samples obtained from sows (n = 8) were analysed for vitamin D metabolites. Vitamin D status in piglets was investigated by collection of plasma samples on day 3, 15, 28 and 35 of age. Eight piglets randomly selected from each dietary group (in total 16 pigs) were inoculated with E. coli F4 O149 on day 2 and 3 post-weaning. Blood samples collected on day 2 and 9 post-weaning (pre- and post E. coli inoculation, respectively) were analysed for haematological and immunological parameters including immunoglobulins, antibodies specific to E. coli O149 K88, cytokines and C-reactive protein. In addition, intestinal samples were obtained one week after E. coli inoculation to study the influence of infection and vitamin D status on immune responses at different sites of the intestine. This was accomplished by gene expression of various cytokines and tight junction proteins. In general, vitamin D status of the piglets were low. However, piglets provided TREAT during the suckling period had increased vitamin D status at weaning compared to piglets provided CON. Vitamin D was used during activation of the immune system as pigs inoculated with E. coli had lower plasma concentrations of 25-OH-D3 than non-inoculated pigs possibly due to mobilising of vitamin D in the liver. Hence, increased vitamin D status at weaning might improve piglets' resistance to E. coli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille A Madsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Stephane Etheve
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne-Lise Mary
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Gilberto Litta
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Lauridsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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Fiil BK, Thrane SW, Pichler M, Kittilä T, Ledsgaard L, Ahmadi S, Maigaard Hermansen GM, Jelsbak L, Lauridsen C, Brix S, Laustsen AH. Orally-active bivalent VHH construct prevents proliferation of F4+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in weaned piglets. iScience 2022; 25:104003. [PMID: 35310945 PMCID: PMC8931358 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in industrial pig production is the prevalence of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets, often caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). The increased use of antibiotics and zinc oxide to treat PWD has raised global concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance development and environmental pollution. Still, alternative treatments targeting ETEC and counteracting PWD are largely lacking. Here, we report the design of a pH, temperature, and protease-stable bivalent VHH-based protein BL1.2 that cross-links a F4+ ETEC model strain by selectively binding to its fimbriae. This protein inhibits F4+ ETEC adhesion to porcine epithelial cells ex vivo and decreases F4+ ETEC proliferation when administrated as a feed additive to weaned F4+ ETEC challenged piglets. These findings highlight the potential of a highly specific bivalent VHH-based feed additive in effectively delimiting pathogenic F4+ ETEC bacteria proliferation in piglets and may represent a sustainable solution for managing PWD while circumventing antimicrobial resistance development. A binding protein was designed as a bivalent VHH construct with a (GGGGS)3 linker The protein can cross-link F4+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in vitro The protein can prevent adhesion of F4+ ETEC to porcine epithelial cells ex vivo The protein can prevent proliferation of F4+ ETEC in piglets
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Limbach JR, Espinosa CD, Perez-Calvo E, Stein HH. Effect of dietary crude protein level on growth performance, blood characteristics, and indicators of intestinal health in weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6279783. [PMID: 34019637 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that reducing crude protein (CP) in starter diets for pigs reduces post-weaning diarrhea and improves intestinal health. In total, 180 weanling pigs were allotted to 3 diets containing 22, 19, or 16% CP. Fecal scores were visually assessed every other day. Blood samples were collected from 1 pig per pen on days 1, 6, 13, 20, and 27, and 1 pig per pen was euthanized on day 12. Results indicated that reducing dietary CP reduced (P < 0.01) overall average daily gain, gain to feed ratio, final body weight, and fecal scores of pigs. Pigs fed the 16% CP diet had reduced (P < 0.01) serum albumin compared with pigs fed other diets. Blood urea nitrogen, haptoglobin, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 concentrations in serum were greatest (P < 0.01) on day 13, whereas tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 concentrations were greatest (P < 0.01) on day 6. Villus height in the jejunum increased (P < 0.05) and crypt depth in the ileum was reduced (P < 0.01) if the 19% CP diet was fed to pigs compared with the 22% CP diet. A reduction (P < 0.05) in mRNA abundance of interferon-γ, chemokine ligand 10, occludin, trefoil factor-2, trefoil factor-3, and mucin 2 was observed when pigs were fed diets with 16% CP. In conclusion, reducing CP in diets for weanling pigs reduces fecal score and expression of genes associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Limbach
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Estefania Perez-Calvo
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Village-Neuf, F-68128, France
| | - Hans H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Lauridsen C. From oxidative stress to inflammation: redox balance and immune system. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4240-4246. [PMID: 30371893 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Important intestinal diseases in young pigs and chickens, such as diarrhea and enteritis, may be associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. Especially enteric infectious diseases of weaned pigs and broiler chickens are responsible for a high antibiotic consumption, and there is a major request for alternative strategies to enhance animal disease resistance and robustness. The aim of this presentation was to address the role of oxidative stress and inflammation to combat infectious pathogens, and to elucidate how the reactive processes will contribute to normal immune defense mechanisms of the animal. Furthermore, factors that can enhance oxidative stress (e.g., intensive production, heat stress, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and impaired fat quality), uncontrolled inflammatory reactions (e.g., high ratio of n-6 and n-3 in cellular membranes), and limited immune development (such as micronutrient deficiency) are addressed. In addition, the presentation reviews how micronutrient supplementation during critical phases can support a normal immune system and modulate resistance to infectious diseases of pigs and poultry. The mechanisms concern especially modulation of signal transduction in leukocytes (fat-soluble vitamins and fatty acids) and protection against immunopathology, as exerted by the antioxidative vitamins and selenium. Substantial advances in optimized gut health could be expected by increasing our understanding on how to foster or inhibit production of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory reaction; the relation to enteric pathogens, and how to monitor the effect of disease prevention in farm animals by the use of antioxidant therapy and antibacterial feed components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lauridsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, P.O. Box 50 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Kim JC, Mullan BP, Black JL, Hewitt RJE, van Barneveld RJ, Pluske JR. Acetylsalicylic acid supplementation improves protein utilization efficiency while vitamin E supplementation reduces markers of the inflammatory response in weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic E. coli. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:58. [PMID: 27729974 PMCID: PMC5048668 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that vitamin E (Vit E) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, will additively reduce the production of the immunosuppressive molecule prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and hence reduce inflammatory responses in weaner pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli. Methods The experiment was conducted in a research facility with 192 individually-housed male weaner pigs (Landrace × Large White) weighing 6.6 ± 0.04 kg (mean ± SEM). The pigs were experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli and were allocated to a 2 × 3 factorial design with the respective factors being without and with 125 ppm ASA and three levels of Vit E supplementation (50, 100 or 200 IU/kg diet, dl-α-tocopheryl acetate). Results Acetylsalicylic acid supplementation improved average daily gain (P < 0.05) and tended to improve feed:gain ratio (P < 0.10) during the first 14 d after weaning. Acetylsalicylic acid supplementation also improved (P < 0.001) amino acid utilization efficiency (as assessed by plasma urea level) and tended to decrease (P < 0.10) PGE2 production in the liver without affecting small intestinal histology and tight junction protein mRNA expression in the jejunal epithelium. Vitamin E supplementation greater than 100 IU/kg diet sustained both the plasma Vit E concentration (P < 0.001) and plasma haptoglobin content (P < 0.001) after weaning. However, there was no additive effects of the combined supplementation of ASA and Vit E on performance, intestinal barrier function and inflammatory responses of weaned pigs. Conclusions Although ASA and vitamin E improved amino acid utilization efficiency and reduced acute inflammatory responses, ASA and vitamin E did not additively reduce production of PGE2 and inflammatory responses in weaner pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Cheol Kim
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia ; Present address: AB Vista Asia Pte. Ltd., Balestier Road, The Mezzo, 329682 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bruce P Mullan
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Pork Innovation, South Perth, WA 6151 Australia
| | - John L Black
- John L Black Consulting, Warrimoo, NSW 2774 Australia
| | | | | | - John R Pluske
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
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Barszcz M, Taciak M, Skomiał J. The effects of inulin, dried Jerusalem artichoke tuber and a multispecies probiotic preparation on microbiota ecology and immune status of the large intestine in young pigs. Arch Anim Nutr 2016; 70:278-92. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2016.1184368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Upadhaya SD, Kim JC, Mullan BP, Pluske JR, Kim IH. Vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids independently attenuate plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E2 in Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-challenged growing–finishing pigs1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:2926-34. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. D. Upadhaya
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No.29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714 South Korea
| | - J. C. Kim
- Pork Innovation, Department of Agriculture and Food, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
| | - B. P. Mullan
- Pork Innovation, Department of Agriculture and Food, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
| | - J. R. Pluske
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - I. H. Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No.29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714 South Korea
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Sbardella M, Berenchtein B, de Andrade C, Perina DDP, de Almeida VV, Miyada VS. Rice oil as a soybean oil replacement in weanling pig diets. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Amazan D, Rey A, Fernández E, López-Bote C. Natural vitamin E (d-α-tocopherol) supplementation in drinking water prevents oxidative stress in weaned piglets. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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